UMASS/AMHERST 


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A 


COMPENDIUM 


OF   THE 


Census  of  Massachusetts; 


1875. 


PREPARED   BY 

CAREOLL    D.    WEIGHT, 

Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  Labor. 


BOSTON : 

ALBERT    J.     WRIGHT,     STATE     PRINTER, 
79  Milk  Street  (corner  of  Federal). 

1877. 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


Page 

Letter  of  transmittal  to  Legislature, 1,  2 

lutroductiou, 3-17 

Part  L    Population  and  Social  Statistics. 

Population  and  Sex, 21-34 

Population  and  Sex,  by  Towns  and  Cities, 22-26 

Gain  and  loss,  1865  and  1875,  in  34  Towns  and  Cities,      ....  27 

Gain  in  the  19  Cities  since  1865, 28 

Increase  in  200  Towns  and  Cities, 29 

Decrease  in  142  Towns, 29 

Percentages  of  increase  and  decrease,  for  the  Counties  and  State,        .  30 

Censuses  of  Population  during  100  years, 31 

Percentages  of  gain  during  100  years, 32 

Population  computed  for  each  year,  1865  to  1875, 33 

Population,  estimated,  1875  to  1885, 33 

Population  per  square  mile  in  Massachusetts,  and  foreign  countries,     .  33,  34 

Polls  and  Voters, 34,  35 

Families  and  Dwelling-houses, 35 

Size  of  Families, 35,  36 

Color  and  Race, 37 

Conjugal  Condition, 38,  39 

Ages, 39-42 

Ages,  each  month  and  year, 39,  40 

Dependent  and  Productive  Ages, 41 

Place  of  Birth, 42 

Foreign  Born,  by  Nationalities, 43 

Nativities,  with  Ages :  Aliens, 43-50 

Nativities,  with  Ages, 43,  44 

Nativity  of  Population,  1855,  1865  and  1875, 45,  46 

Foreign  Population,  1855,  1865  and  1875, 46 

Foreign  Population  in  leading  manufacturing  towns,  1875,     ...  47,  48 

Native  and  Foreign  born,  by  Ages, 48 

Emigration  to  and  from  others  of  the  United  States,  1860  and  1870,      .  49,  50 

Births :  Nativities  of  Mothers, 50-57 

Nativities  of  Mothers,  and  number  of  Births  to  each,     ....  50-53 

Average  number  of  Births  to  Mothers  of  different  nationalities,  .        .  53,  54 
Percentage  of  American  and  Foreign  Living  Births  in  each  of  the  years, 

1867  to  1874, 54 

Parent  Nativity  of  all  Deceased  in  1874, 55 

Parent  Nativity  of  Decedents,  1867  to  1874, 55-57 


IV 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Page 

Blind,  Deaf,  Dumb,  Deaf  aucl  Dumb,  Idiotic  and  Insane, 57-64 

Deaf,  Dumb,  etc.,  with  Sex, 57,  58 

Ages  of  the  Blind, 59 

Causes  of  blindness, 59,  60 

Ages  of  the  Deaf, 60 

Canses  of  deafness, 60,  61 

Ages  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb, 61 

Causes  of  deaf-mutism, 61,  62 

Ages  of  the  Idiotic, 62 

Causes  of  idiocy, 62 

Ages  of  the  Insane, 63 

Causes  of  insanity, 63,  64 

Paupers  and  Convicts, 64-76 

Paupers  and  Convicts,  with  Sex, 64 

Paupers  and  Convicts,  by  Place  of  Birth, 64-66 

Causes  of  Pauperism,  with  Ages, 66-68 

Conjugal  Condition  of  Paupers, 68 

Illiteracy  of  Pau^iers, 69 

Ages  of  Paupers, 69 

Ages  of  Illiterate  Paupers, 70 

Place  of  birth  of  Illiterate  Paupers, 70 

Birthplaces  of  Convicts, 70,  71 

Causes  of  Imprisonment, 71-73 

Conjugal  Condition  of  Convicts, 74 

Ages  of  Convicts, 74 

Illiteracy  of  Convicts, 75 

Ages  of  Illiterate  Convicts, 75 

Place  of  Birth  of  Illiterate  Convicts, 75,  76 

Occupations, 76-86 

Classified  Occupations, 76,  77 

Occupations,  by  Name, 78-80 

Occupations,  by  Name,  with  Ages, 80-82 

Productive  and  Dependent  Ages, 85 

Engaged  in  leading  industries, 85,  86 

Schools  and  School  Property, 86, 87 

School  Attendance, 87-90 

Kind  of  School  attended,    . 88 

Children  at  Work  and  at  School, 90,  91 

lUiteracy, 91-94 

Illiteracy,  with  Sex,  Age  and  Nativity, 91,  92 

Illiteracy,  by  Place  of  Birth, 93,  94 

Libraries, 94-96 

Number  of  Libraries, 95 

Volumes,  Circulation,  etc., 95 

Private  Libraries, 96 

Part  II.    Manufactures  and  Occupations. 


General  subdiAdsions  of  Manufactures, 
General  subdivisions  of  Related  Occupations,     . 
Manufactures  and  Related  Occupations, 
Increase  in  Manufactures  in  73  Cities  and  Towns, 


99 

100 

102,  103 

104, 105 


CONTENTS.  V 

Page 

Manufactures  and  Occupations,  by  Name,  . 106-126 

Manufactures,  by  Name, 106-122 

Occupations,  by  Name, 122-125 

Eecapitulation  of  Aggregates, 125, 126 

Principal  Industries, 127, 128 

Principal  Manufactures  for  1845,  1855,  1865  and  1875, 129-134 

Stock  Used :  by  Industries, 136-138 

Selected  Stock, 139 

Values  of  Buildings,  Stock  on  Hand  and  Machinery, 139 

Values  of  Buildings,  etc.,  by  Industries, 140,  141 

Motive  Power, 141,  142 

Steam  and  Water  Power, 142 

Steam  and  Water  Power  :  by  Industries, 142-144 

Steam  Power, 142,  143 

Water  Power, 144 

Persons  Employed  in  Manufactures  and  Occupations,  with  Age,  Sex,  etc.,     .  146, 147 

Manufactures, 146 

Occupations, 147 

Manufactures  and  Occupations, 147 

Persons  Employed  and  Wages, .  149 

Average  Yearly  Wages, .  149 

Persons  Employed  in  Manufactures  and  Occupations,  by  Industries,  with 

Sex,  Age,  Wages,  etc., 150-156 

Persons  Employed,  with  Sex  and  Ages, 151, 152 

Average  Yearly  and  Total  Wages, 153, 154 

Number  of  Day  and  Piece  Hands, 155, 156 

Summary  of  the  General  Statistics  of  Manufactures, 158 

Summary  of  Manufactures :  by  Industries, 159-161 

Basis  for  Estimated  Wages, 162-164 

Special  Statistics  of  Manufactures  and  Related  Occupations,  ....  164-171 

Machinery  for  Cotton,  Woollen  and  Worsted  Goods,       .  164 
Saws,  Vats,  Paper  Engines  and  Machines  and  Euns  of 

Stone, 164,165 

Kinds  of  Saws  in  Lumber  Mills, 165 

Capacities  of  Vats  in  Tanneries, 165 

Capacity  of  Paper  Engines,  and   kinds  of  Paper  Ma- 
chines,          165 

Newspapers, 166-168 

Number  by  Periods  of  Issue, 166 

Circulation  by  Periods  of  Issue, 166 

Objects  to  which  devoted, 166, 167 

Date  of  establishment, 168 

Gas  Companies, 168 

Ship  Building, 169 

Kinds  of  Vessels  Built, 169 

Women  furnished  with  Work  at  Home,    ....  169, 170 

Fishing, 171-174 

Classification  of  Products,  by  Name, 172, 173 

Coastwise  and  Ocean  Commerce, 174, 175 

Kinds  of  Vessels  engaged, 174, 175 

Commerce  of  Boston, 176 

Publishing, 176 


VI  CENSUS    OF   MASS. -1875.       COMPENDIUM. 

Page 

Eeservoirs, 176 

Team  Work, 176, 177 

Manufactures  and  Occupations  for  1865,      .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .  177 

Manufactures, 177 

Occupations, 177 

FisMng  and  Commerce  for  1865, 178 

Massachusetts  Manufactories :  Persons  Employed  in  each  Story,  and  their 

Means  of  Escape  in  case  of  Fire, 178-194 

Persons  Employed  in  each  Story, 179, 180 

Persons  Employed  in  each  Establishment, 181, 182 

Persons  Employed  as  Regards  Size  of  Establishment,    ....  182,  183 

Height  of  Buildings,  and  Persons  Employed, 184, 185 

Means  of  Escape  (2d  Story  and  above), 186-192 

Doors, 193 

Height  of  Buildings  used  as  Manufactories  ;  Attics,  Basements,  etc.,   .  193,  194 

Part  III.    Agriculturax  Products  and  Property. 

Domestic  and  Agricultural  Products, 198 

Domestic  and  Agricultural  Products,  by  Name, 199-208 

Domestic  Products, 199-201 

Agricultural  Products, 201-204 

Agricultural  Products  (with  Acreage), 204 

Agricultural  Products,  by  Counties  (with  Acreage),        ....  205-208 

Principal  Products  for  1845,  1855,  1865  and  1875, 209-214 

Domestic  Products, 209 

Agricultural  Products, 209-214 

Farm  Property, 216-224 

Farms, 217 

Buildings, 217 

Land, 218,219 

Fruit  Trees  and  Vines, 219,  220 

Domestic  Animals, .*  220-222 

Recapitulations  of  Aggregates, 222-224 

Average  Acreage  and  Average  Value  of  Farms, 224 

Acreage  and  Average  Value  per  acre  of  Market-Gardens,          ....  225,  226 

Size  of  Farms, 226, 227 

Farms  in  Cities, 228 

Land  in  Farms  in  1865  and  1875, 228 

Area  of  the  State, 229 

Value  of  Farm  Land  in  Towns  and  in  Cities, 230-232 

Cultivated  Land, 230 

Unimproved  Land, 230 

Unimprovable  Laud, 231 

Woodland 231 

Farm  Land  in  Cities, 232 

Persons  Employed  in  Agriculture,  with  Ages,  Wages,  etc.,       ....  232 

Mines,  Quarries,  Pits,  etc., 234,  235 

Products  of  Mining,  etc.,  by  Name, 234 

Quarrying, 235 

Valuation,  Property,  etc.,  for  1865, 235,  236 


co:n'tents.  vii 

Page 

Products  and  Property,  by  Name,  for  1865, 237-240 

Domestic  Products, 237 

Agricultural  Products, 237,  238 

Agricultural  Products  (with  Acreage),      .        .        .        .        ,        .        .  239 

Mining  Products, 239 

Farms, 239 

Land, 240 

Fruit  Trees  and  Vines, 240 

Domestic  Animals, 240 

Part  IV.    Wage  and  Salary  Receivers. 

Explanation  of  inquiries  made  of  Wage  and  Salary  Receivers,        .        .        .  245-248 

Number  answering  inquiries, 249 

Yearly  Wages  of  Wage  Receivers, 250 

Occupations  of  Wage  Receivers, 252-260 

Presentation  by  Schedule  Questions,  for  the  State,  Wage  Receivers,        .        ,  260,  261 

Exhibit  of  County  Averages, 261-263 

Remarks  upon  County  Averages, 263-270 

Exhibit  of  State  Averages, 270-276 

Occupations  of  Salary  Receivers, 277 

Presentation  by  Schedule  Questions,  for  the  State,  Salary  Receivers,      .        .  278 

Exhibit  of  County  Averages, 278-280 

Remarks  upon  County  Averages, 280-284 

Appendix. 
Valuation  and  Products  for  the  Year  ending  May  1,  1875,          ....  287-299 
Aggregates  of  Polls,  Valuation,  Taxes,  etc.,  for  15  years,  1861-1875,        .        .  300,  301 
Notes  on  Incorporatioa  of  Counties,  Cities  and  Towns ;  Unusual  Changes  in 
Population,  with  causes  for  same,  etc. ;  Changes  in  Town  Names,  Bounda- 
ries, etc., 302-321 


Commontocaltb:  of  IHiissacbuscffs, 


Au  OP  Statistics  of  Labor,      > 
Square,  Boston,  June  1,  1877./ 


Office  of  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  Labor, 
No.  33  Pemherton 


To  the  Honorable  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 

The  results  of  the  Census  of  Massachusetts  for  1875,  comprised  in 
four  vohimes,  have  been  hiicl  before  the  Legislature. 

The  first  volume,  designated  Volume  I.,  in  the  Census  series,  is 
entitled  "Population  and  Social  Statistics,"  and  was  published  in 
October,  1876.  Volume  II.  is  entitled  "Manufactures  and  Occupa- 
tions," and  was  published  in  May,  1877.  Volume  III.  is  entitled 
"  Agricultural  Products  and  Property,"  and  was  published  in  Decem- 
ber, 1876.  The  fourth  volume  (not  in  the  Census  series)  was  pub- 
lished in  May,  1876,  as  the  Seventh  Annual  Report  of  tliis  Bureau, 
and  consisted  of  the  tal)ulatioiis  derived  from  what  was  known  as  the 
Individual  Schedule,  relating  entirely  to  the  condition  of  those  persons 
engaged  in  wage  labor  aiyl  in  salaried  positions.  Averages  only 
resulted  from  the  returns  (see  Part  IV.  this  volume),  but  they  are 
exceedingly  valuable  and  interesting  when  used  in  comparison  with 
the  tallies  in  Volume  II. 

The  Fisheries  returns  are  contained  in  Volume  II.,  and  the  Mining 
returns  in  Volume  III. 

Besides  the  volumes  mentioned  above,  one  entitled  "The  Census 
System  of  Massachusetts  for  1875,"  prepared  more  especially  for  the 
Centennial  Exposition  at  Philadelphia,  has  been  issued,  and  contains 
all  schedules,  blanks,  instructions,  circulars,  forms  and  methods  of 
tabulation,  etc.,  employed  in  prosecuting  the  work  of  the  Decennial 
Census  of  the  State.  Inasmuch  as  this  Census  has  been  taken  under 
a  system  never  before  attempted  upon  any  considerable  scale  in  this, 
and  only  partially  in  any  country,  it  was  thought  best  to  preserve  all 
these  matters  in  permanent  form,  and  to  that  end  the  principal  portion 
of  the  "Census  System"  volume  was  printed  at  the  time  of  use,  or 
from  stereotype  plates  in  the  possession  of  the  State.  The  "Census 
System"  is  not,  of  course,  for  general  distribution;  but  any  one 
engaged  in  kindred  work  can  be  supplied  on  application. 


2  CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 

The  Legislature  of  1877,  by  Resolve,  chapter  38,  authorized  the 
preparation  of  this  Compendium,  to  meet  the  wants  of  those  who  do 
not  care  for  the  details  by  towns  which  make  the  Census  volumes  so 
bulky.  This  Compendium  contains  aggregates.  State  and  county,  of 
all  presentations  in  Volumes  I.,  II.  and  III.  of  the  Census,  with  all 
the  matter  in  the  introductions  to  those  volumes,  and  the  most  valua- 
ble features  of  the  seventh  Report  of  this  Bureau.  Some  of  the 
most  important  showings  are  also  given  by  towns  ;  for  instance,  popu- 
lation and  sex,  and  aggregates  of  products.  These  matters  will  be 
presented  under  sub-titles  corresponding  to  the  titles  of  the  different 
volumes ;  that  is,  Part  I.  takes  the  place  of  Volume  I.,  etc. 

We  wish  to  acknowledge  the  valuable  aid  rendered  by  Dr.  Edward 
Jarvis,  of  Boston,  and  the  encouragement  we  have  received,  in  estab- 
lishing and  carrying  out  the  new  methods  which  have  been  employed, 
from  General  F.  A.  Walker,  of  New  Haven. 

Mr.  Charles  F.  Pidgin,  chief  clerk,  has  been  of  invaluable  service  in 
all  matters  of  forms,  tabulations  and  presentations,  while  Mr.  Oren 
W.  Weaver  has  contributed  largely  to  the  success  of  the  Census  by 
his  labor  in  proof  reading  and  verifying  results,  and  the  literary 
assistance  he  has  rendered  from  the  first. 

In  the  make-up  of  the  volumes,  the  experience  of  the  State  Printers 
has  been  of  inestimable  value,  and  they  have  given  far  more  thought 
and  care  to  the  satisfactory  presentation  o'f  the  various  matters,  than 
could  legitimately  be  expected  of  them. 

We  can  not  speak  in  too  high  terms  of  the  enumerators,  and  of 
our  clerical  force  ;  nor  should  we  close  without  thanking  the  manu- 
facturers and  farmers  of  the  State,  who  have  so  generally  aided 
in  making  the  Census  of  Industries  more  complete  than  our  own 
expectations  demanded. 

The  system  under  which  the  Decennial  Census  of  Massachusetts 
for  1875  was  taken,  is  such  a  radical  departure  from  that  of  the  past, 
that  a  brief  account  of  it  is  given  in  the  introduction  to  this  volume. 
The  results  of  the  new  plans  have  fully  justified  their  adoption. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

CARROLL  D.  WRIGHT,   Chief. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Censuses  of  the  people,  relating  to  but  few  particulars,  have  been 
taken  at  various  times.  There  were  colonial  censuses  in  1754,  1765 
and  1776,  and  state  censuses  were  ordered  in  1837,  1840  and  1850. 
The  census  has,  also,  been  taken  in  INIassachusetts  under  the  national 
government,  each  tenth  year,  since  1790.  The  regular  decennial 
enumeration  of  the  inhabitants,  under  state  authorization,  was  begun 
in  1855,  in  connection  with  the  collection  of  the  industrial  statistics, 
which  were  also  gathered  in  1837,  1845,  1855  and  1865.  Thus  the 
present  is  the  fifth  census  of  the  industrial  statistics  of  the  State,  and 
the  third  constitutional  decennial  enumeration  of  the  people.  A  brief 
sketch  of  the  recent  censuses  taken  under  the  authority  of  the  State 
will  show  the  necessity  of  a  change  in  methods,  and  secure  a  better 
comprehension  of  the  reasons  which  governed  the  officers  of  the 
Bureau  in  their  endeavors  to  give  the  Commonwealth  the  best  possible 
results  for  the  great  outlay  essential  to  a  proper  prosecution  of  their 
duties. 

The  Legislature  of  1837  passed  a  law  [chapter  199]  entitled  "An 
Act  to  obtain  statistical  information  in  relation  to  certain  branches  of 
industry,"  the  first  section  of  which  states,  that  "the  assessors  of  each 
town  in  the  Commonwealth  shall,  between  the  first  day  of  May  and 
the  first  day  of  October  next,  make  a  return  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Commonwealth,  of  the  following  facts,  as  they  exist  in  each  town  on 
the  first  day  of  April  preceding."  The  remainder  of  the  section 
specifies  the  facts  desired.  They  are,  substantially,  the  quantity  and 
value  of  stock  used,  of  goods  manufactured,  of  capital  invested,  and 
hands  employed,  for  about  forty  industries  which  are  enumerated  by 
name,  and  which  were  at  that  time,  doubtless,  the  principal  industries 
carried  on  in  the  State.  A  saving  clause  provides  for  obtaining  the 
same  facts  respecting  any  "other  industries."  By  this  Act,  the  prod- 
ucts of  the  soil  were  not  asked  for.  The  only  productive  property 
inquired  about,  were  Saxony,  merino  and  other  sheep ;  and  the  ques- 
tions were  in  respect  to  the  number  of  each  breed,  and  to  the  quan- 
tity of  each  kind  of  wool  produced,  "  the  average  weight  of  fleece  per 


4:  ce:n'sus  of  mass.  — ists.     compendium. 

head,"  the  vahie  of  the  product,  and  the  capital  invested.  Inquiries 
were  provided  respecting  the  fisheries  of  the  State,  such  as  the  num- 
ber of  vessels  engaged  in  fishing,  their  tonnage,  the  kind,  quantity 
and  value  of  the  fish  caught,  and  of  salt  consumed.  Section  4  declares 
that  "  each  assessor  shall  receive  from  the  treasury  of  the  Common- 
wealth, one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  a  day  for  every  day  that  he 
shall  be  employed  in  making  the  return  aforesaid";  section  6,  that 
"  if  the  assessors  of  any  town  shall  wilfidly  neglect  to  make  the  return 
aforesaid,  in  the  manner  aforesaid,  such  assessors  shall  forfeit  to  the 
Commonwealth  a  sum  not  exceeding  one  hundred  dollars."  No  part 
of  the  Act  authorizes  the  use  of  a  legal  process  to  enforce  the  ol)liga- 
tions  laid  upon  assessors,  it  either  being  considered  that  compulsion 
was  unnecessary  in  a  work  of  such  general  usefulness  to  all,  or  that, 
as  the  native  New  Englander  has  always  been  impatient  of  much 
interference  with  what  he  is  pleased  to  term  "  private  rights,"  it  was 
thought  expedient  to  trust  to  the  good  sense  and  discretion  of  the 
assessors  to  elicit,  in  the  most  practicable  way,  the  information 
desired.  It  is  probable  that  the  latter  was  the  chief  reason  for 
leaving  the  Act  in  this  comparatively  inoperative  state. 

March  21,  1845,  an  Act  [chapter  171]  was  passed,  having  the  same 
title  as  the  preceding,  and  similar  in  form,  authorizing  the  collection 
of  industrial  statistics  in  that  year,  the  facts  to  be  presented  "  as  they 
exist  in  each  city  or  town,  on  the  first  day  of  April  next."  This  Act 
differed  in  no  way  from  that  of  1837, — the  language  employed,  even, 
being  identical  with  it, — except  that  additions  were  made  to  the  heads 
of  industries  enumerated,  making  the  number  mentioned  aliout  ninety, 
inclusive  of  some  having  reference  to  products  and  productive  prop- 
erty. The  principal  items  in  the  latter  class,  are  certain  domestic 
animals,  such  as  horses,  asses,  mules,  neat  cattle  and  swine,  of  which 
the  number  and  value  were  asked.  In  regard  to  agricultural  products, 
the  quantity  raised  and  the  value  of  the  following  were  called  for : 
Indian  corn,  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  millet,  "potatoes  and  other 
esculent  vegetables,"  hay,  hemp,  flax,  hops,  tobacco,  raw  silk,  teasels, 
"fruit  of  various  kinds,"  butter,  cheese,  honey  and  beeswax. 

May  21,  1855,  an  Act  was  passed,  having  the  same  title  as  the  two 
preceding,  making  provision  for  again  gathering  statistics  of  "indus- 
try" in  the  Commonwealth,  a  decade  having  elapsed  since  the  previous 
census  was  taken,  and  it  being  the  intermediary  year  between  the 
decennial  censuses  taken  by  the  national  government.  This  Act 
required  "the   facts  as  they  exist  on  the  first  day    of  June    next," 


INTRODUCTION.  5 

instead  of  April,  as  had  Ijeeii  required  by  the  former  Acts,  and  it 
was  provided  that  assessors  should  be  paid  two  dollars  per  day,' 
instead  of  one  dollar  and  a  quarter.  Otherwise  there  was  hardly  a 
chanii'e  in  the  whole  text  of  the  Act. 

April  24,  1865,  there  was  passed  "an  Act  to  obtain  the  industrial 
statistics  of  the  Commonwealth "  [chapter  146] ,  the  first  section  of 
which  provided  that  "the  aldermen  of  each  city,  and  the  selectmen  of 
each  town  in  the  Commonwealth,  shall,  between  the  first  day  of  May 
and  the  first  day  of  September,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and 
sixty-five,  and  also,  between  the  first  day  of  May  and  the  first  day  of 
September  in  every  tenth  year  thereafter,  make  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  Commonwealth  the  returns  hereinafter  specified,"  such  returns 
being  required  to  relate  to  the  facts  as  they  exist  on  said  first  day  of 
May,  or  to  the  facts  for  the  year  ending  on  that  day.  By  this  Act, 
it  is  seen  that  the  collection  of  the  statistics  was  transferred  from 
assessors  to  the  aldermen  of  cities  and  the  selectmen  of  towns.  This 
change  was  made,  doubtless,  to  secure  greater  fulness  and  accuracy 
in  the  returns.  The  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth,  in  his  letter 
submitting  to  the  Senate  a  statement  of  the  statistics  of  1855,  says  ; 
"It  is  next  to  impossible  for  the  tax-payer,  when  called  upon  by  the 
assessors  to  answer  such  questions  as  were  propounded  under  the  law, 
to  divest  his  mind  of  the  impression  of  an  intimate  connection  between 
his  answers  and  the  assessment  of  his  taxes  ;  hence  the  general  ten- 
dency to  understate  results,  and  an  absolute  refusal,  in  numerous 
instances,  to  answer  at  all."  The  Act  of  1865  makes  a  third  change 
in  the  date  to  which  the  statistics  should  relate,  fixing  it  as  the  first 
day  of  May.  Section  5  provides  that  "  if  any  person  shall  refuse  to 
give  the  information  required  in  said  first  section,  he  shall  forfeit  and 
pay  a  sum  not  exceeding  one  hundred  dollars."  The  general  inquiries 
provided  by  this  Act  were  substantially  the  same  as  for  the  Acts  of 
1837,  1845  and  1855  ;  but  the  specific  heads  of  "industries"  (as  by 
a  legislative  misnomer  the  statistics  of  the  Commonwealth  haA^e  con- 
tinued to  be  called),  respecting  which  the  information  was  desired, 
were  increased  to  two  hundred  and  seventeen,  nearly  one-third  of 
which  had  reference  to  the  land  and  its  products,  domestic  animals 
and  fisheries. 

Section  2  of  the  Act  passed  May  21,  1855,  entitled  "An  Act  to 
secure  a  Decennial  Census,"  specifies  that  "this  enumeration  shall 
distinguish  the  males  and  the  females,  and  the  color  of  each  ;  the 
natives  and  the  foreigners,  and  of  the  latter,  the  country  in  which 


6  .  CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1ST5.      COMPEXDIUM. 

they  were  born ;  and  it  shall  determine  the  ages  of  the  population 
within  decennial  periods."  The  occupations  of  the  people,  the  num- 
ber of  dwellings,  the  number  of  families,  and  the  number  of  deaf, 
dumb,  blind,  insane  and  idiotic  persons,  and  of  convicts,  were  also 
determined. 

The  decennial  census  of  1865  was  taken  under  authority  of  chapter 
69  of  that  year.  This  Act  is  still  operative,  and  formed  the  authority 
under  which  the  present  work  has  been  done,  so  far  as  it  relates  to 
the  enumeration  of  the  people. 

The  industrial  statistics  of  1875  were  collected  in  accordance  with 
chapter  146  of  1865,  as  amended  by  chapter  386  of  1874.  There  was 
no  schedule  of  heads  of  industries  incorporated  in  this  latter  Act ; 
but  section  3  provides  that  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  Labor  shall 
revise  the  schedule  of  1865,  and  also  make  such  alterations  and  addi- 
tions as  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  and  the  Insurance  Coilimissioner  should  sug- 
gest, and  that  such  revised  schedule  should  be  laid  before  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Council,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  December  following, 
and  when  approved  by  them,  should  be  substituted  for  the  schedule 
of  1865.  In  compliance  with  this  law,  the  officers  of  the  Bureau,  to 
whom  was  committed  the  duty  of  securing  the  enforcement  of  its 
provisions,  prepared  the  "Industrial  Statistics  Schedule  for  1875." 
December  12,  1874,  it  was  submitted  to  the  Governor  and  Council  and 
was  l)y  them  referred  to  a  special  committee,'  which,  ten  days  later, 
reported,  recommending  its  approval.  It  was  immediately  approved, 
and,  with  the  unrepealed  portions  of  chapters  69  and  146  of  1865, 
formed  the  complete  authority  under  which  the  census  of  the  people 
and  statistics  of  industries,  products,  etc.,  of  1875,  were  taken.  This 
"  Industrial  Statistics  Scliedule  "  is  contained  in  full  in  the  "  Census 
System"  volume  referred  to. 

In  previous  decades,  there  had  been  considerable  dissatisfaction 
among  statisticians,  on  account  of  the  inexactness  and  incompleteness 
of  the  information  obtained.  But  how  to  provide  for  securing  inform- 
ation fuller  and  more  exact,  is  easier  to  be  seen  now,  than  foreseen 
then.  In  future  years,  it  will  doubtless  be  an  easy  matter  to  perform 
a  work  of  this  kind,  so  that  far  more  satisfactory  results  even  than  the 
present  shall  be  obtained.  The  causes  of  miscarriage,  hitherto,  seem 
to  have  lain  mainly  in  five  points  :  firstly,  that  the  work  was  done  l^y 
assessors  ;  secondly,  that  they  were  not  properly  instructed  how  to 
do  it ;  thirdly,  that  the  people  themselves  were  wholly  uninstructed ; 


INTRODUCTION.  7 

fourthly,  that  hundreds  of  industries  and  products  were  not  inquired 
about  specifically,  but  only  as  "  other  industries " ;  fifthly,  that  the 
people  were  not  compelled  to  reply.  In  regard  to  the  first,  it  is  plain 
that,  from  the  very  nature  of  their  duties,  there  could  be  no  more 
ill-chosen  men  for  such  a  work,  than  those  whose  business  it  is,  under 
other  laws,  to  appraise  property  and  assess  taxes.  In  regard  to  the 
second,  the  instructions  and  blanks  which  they  received  for  carrying 
out  the  work  were  the  meagre  and  ill-digested  products  of  hasty  legis- 
lation, the  best  that  could  be  prepared,  no  doubt,  under  the  circum- 
stances, but  none  the  less  imperfect  and  poorly  calculated  to  secure 
valuable  results ;  for  instance,  the  schedule  for  1845  contained 
inquiries  respecting  carcU,  without  mentioning  whether  playing, 
visiting,  wool  or  animal  cards  were  meant.  In  regard  to  the  third, 
the  people  were,  to  a  great  extent,  ignorant  of  the  scientific,  political 
and  economic  objects  of  such  a  work,  and  consequently  suspicious  of 
the  uses  to  which  the  information  would  be  put.  In  regard  to  the 
fourth,  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of  manufactures  were 
returned  in  1845  and  1855  simply  as  "other  industries,"  and  in  1865, 
about  thirteen  millions  of  dollars'  worth  were  so  returned.  In  regard 
to  the  fifth,  it  could  scarcely  be  expected  that  there  would  be  universal 
compliance  with  a  law  which  provided  no  punitive  means  to  secure  it, 
and  which  was,  therefore,  in  the  nature  of  a  recommendation,  rather 
than  a  demand.  There  were  various  other  causes  which  more  or  less 
afiected  the  value  of  the  results.  Some  assessors  made  no  return  of 
industries  not  inquired  for  by  name.  On  many  of  the  blanks,  notably 
in  1845,  but  a  single  question  would  be  answered,  and  in  the  work  of 
tabulation,  estimates  inserted. 

In  view  of  all  these  facts,  it  was  deemed  essential  that  the  schedule 
for  1875  should  be  prepared  with  the  utmost  care.  The  principal 
features  of  divergence  from  former  schedules  are  as  follows  :  its 
classification  of  subjects  into  manufactures,  occupations,  products  and 
property ;  the  uniformity  of  all  queries  in  each  division ;  the  minute 
specification,  under  each  general  head,  of  the  subjects  inquired  about. 

The  exchange  of  commodities  by  trade,  and  the  valuation  of  property, 
were  beyond  the  pale  of  the  law.  The  ol^ject  desired  was  the  ^>»ro- 
duction  of  the  State  and  the  condition  of  its  people,  and  investigation 
showed  that  the  former  was  all  included  under  the  four  divisions 
mentioned.  The  first  division  contains  fifty  general  heads,  and  one 
thousand  and  seventy-six  special ;  the  second  contains  three  general, 
and  eighty-six  special ;  the  third,  two  general,  and  one  hundred  and 


8  CENSUS    or   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 

twenty-five  special ;  the  fourth,  three  general,  and  fifty  special.  The 
entire  number  of  special  heads,  that  is,  reference  to  things  by  name, 
is  one  thousand  three  hundred  and  thirty-seven.  Experience  has 
shown  that  too  much  care  can  not  be  exercised  in  the  form  of  a  ques- 
tion which  it  is  desirable  should  be  undei'stood  alike  by  thousands  of 
persons.  What  was  intended  to  lie  the  same  question  in  the  schedules 
of  some  former  censuses,  is  asked  in  as  many  as  fifteen  different  ways. 
While  such  literary  carelessness  can  not  be  admired,  it  would  yet  be 
hypercritical  to  notice  it,  were  it  not  that  the  various  writings  received 
various  interpretations,  and  produced  results  sometimes  difterent  from 
what  was  intended.  In  the  second,  third  and  fourth  divisions,  the 
same  regard  was  paid  to  exactness  and  agreement  in  the  queries.  In 
the  whole  list  of  questions,  the  same  care  was  exercised  that  each 
shoidd  express  exactly  what  was  meant.  In  spite  of  all  the  thought 
given  to  these  apparently  trifling  matters,  it  lia})pened  that  misappre- 
hension arose  in  regard  to  the  intent  of  some  of  them. 

The  inquiries  so  far  considered,  relate  to  the  first  object  to  be 
attained  by  the  work, — the  2)roduction  of  the  State.  The  second 
object — the  condition  of  its  peojtle — is  provided  for  by  thirty-four 
supplemental  questions,  relating  to  persons  employed  in  the  manufact- 
ures enumerated,  by  forty-two  relating  to  persons  employed  in  the 
occupations  enumerated,  and  by  certain  special  inquiries.  These 
latter  embrace  twenty-six  inquiries,  relating  mainly  to  employers  and 
their  establishments,  twenty-four  relating  to  individuals,  eighteen 
submitted  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  three 
sul)mitted  by  the  Insurance  Commissioner.  The  whole  number  of 
inquiries  amount  to  two  hundred  and  eighty-five.  There  were  four- 
teen inquiries  (by  sul) divisions,  making  nineteen)  relating  to  the 
enumeration  of  the  people,  which  formed  a  portion  of  the  law  of  1865, 
and  are  still  operative.  The  whole  numlier  of  different  questions 
asked,  then,  by  this  census,  is  three  hundred  and  four. 

Of  course  these  did  not  all  apply  to  any  one  individual,  but  that 
number  of  difterent  inquiries  was  requisite  to  meet  all  cases  in  all 
industries  and  in  all  conditions.  The  whole  number  of  topics  inquired 
a\)out,  as  has  been  stated,  was  one  thousand  three  hundred  and 
thirty-seven. 

In  regard  to  the  third  principal  feature  of  divergence  from  the 
schedules  of  former  years, — the  minute  specification,  under  each 
general  head,  of  the  subjects  inquired  about, — a  few  words  will  be  of 
value,  in  order  to  show  how  this  object  was  attained.     An  examina- 


INTEODUCTION".  9 

tion  of  the  previous  reports  of  decennial  statistics  will  show  plainly, 
that  if  the  system  inaugurated  in  1837  of  enumerating  subjects  about 
"which  inquiry  should  be  made  was  to  be  continued,  as  it  has  been  in 
all  censuses  since,  including  the  present,  too  much  particularity  could 
not  be  employed.  There  is  no  doubt  but  manufactures  and  products, 
amounting  to  large  sums,  have  not  been  returned  in  former  years,  and, 
in  many  cases,  this  was  owing  to  there  being  no  inquiry  for  the  thing 
by  name.  In  the  preparation  of  the  schedule  for  this  census,  fulness 
of  detail  was  attained  by  the  following  means  :  'A  printed  list  of  the 
articles  manufactured  and  the  products  raised,  mentioned  in  the 
schedule  of  1865,  was  prepared  and  sent  to  the  assessors  of  every 
town  and  city,  with  a  request  to  add  the  names  of  all  manufactures  or 
products  belonging  to  their  respective  towns  or  cities  not  appearing 
thereon.  Large  additions  were  obtained  in  this  way.  Recourse  was 
then  had  to  the  census  statistics  of  other  States  and  countries,  to 
gazetteers,  directories,  the  trade  lists  of  mercantile  houses,  the  adver- 
tising columns  of  newspapers,  to  the  publications  of  florists  and 
nurserymen,  agricultural  and  other  works  devoted  to  special  lines  of 
inquiry,  and  to  many  more  sources  which  it  is  not  necessary  to  par- 
ticularize, from  each  of  which  the  names  of  new  industries  or  products, 
known  to  pertain  to  some  part  of  the  State,  were  acquired. 

The  Industrial  Statistics  Schedule,  upon  its  approval  by  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Council,  became  not  only  part  of  the  laws  of  1865  and 
1874, — chapters  146  and  386  respiectively, — but  the  basis  of  work. 
Every  inquiry  in  it  is  to  be  found  on  some  one  of  the  six  schedules  or 
blanks  afterwards  issued,  and  no  others  appear  on  them,  with  jjerhaps 
one  or  two  exceptions. 

In  April,  1875,  the  active  work  of  the  Census  l)egan.  Six  blanks, 
or,  as  they  have  been  invariably  termed  by  all  engaged  in  the  work, 
schedules,  were  prepared  for  distri])ution.  These  blanks,  or  "prior 
schedules,"  were  denominated  the  Family,  Individual,  Manuf^ictures, 
Occupation,  Products  and  Property,  and  Special  Schedules,  and  their 
names  sufficiently  indicate  their  use.  The  Family  Schedule  was 
accompanied  by  a  sheet  of  instructions  to  the  head  of  the  family. 

Enumerators  were  appointed  under  authority  of  chapter  37,  Ee- 
solves  of  1875,  the  persons  appointed  first  having  been  approved  by 
the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  cities  or  the  selectmen  of  towns.  The 
enumerators  were  assigned  their  districts,  supplied  with  blanks,  in- 
structions, record-books,  etc.,  and  began  their  field  work  early  in 
May,  1875.     The  work  was  prosecuted  with  diligence,  and  the  results 

2 


10  CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 

of  the  enumeration  of  the  people,  polls,  voters  and  dwelling-houses 
reported  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  Septeml^er  first,  as  the  law  demands. 

On  the  completion  of  their  labors,  enumerators  responded  to  a  set 
of  inquiries  as  to  their  work,  forwarding  the  replies  to  this  oflice.  By 
these  replies,  it  appeared  that  thirty-six  and  three-fourths  per  cent  of 
heads  of  families  filled  out  the  family  schedule  without  assistance  from 
the  enumerators.  The  testimony  respecting  the  accuracy  of  the  enu- 
meration was  universal  in  its  favor.  There  was  occasional  reference  to 
some  migratory  family,  whose  wanderings  had  defeated  the  endeavors 
of  the  census  taker ;  but  these  cases  were  apparently  very  few.  The 
enumerator  gave  the  causes  for  any  unusual  growth  or  decrease  of 
population.  He  was  obliged  to  serve  penalty  notices  in  all  cases 
of  absolute  refusal  to  fill  blanks,  or  give  information  which  would 
enable  the  enumerator  to  do  so. 

The  returns  of  industries  were  not  generally  made  till  September 
and  October,  while  a  few  were  not  received  till  later.  Full  returns 
were  received  from  every  town  in  the  Commonwealth. 

Tabulation  commenced  as  soon  as  returns  began  to  be  received,  in 
any  quantity,  on  July  6,  1875,  and  was  constantly  pushed  to  the 
close. 

As  the  blanks  upon  which  returns  were  made  were  new  in  their 
construction,  tabulation,  of  course,  involved  new  methods,  and  a  sys- 
tem was  evolved,  not  describable  w^ithout  forms,  by  which  work  was 
rapidly  done,  a  single  clerk  actually  checking  thirty  thousand  names 
in  six  hours.  This  system  is  fully  described  in  the  "  Census  System" 
volume  already  referred  to. 

The  aim  has  been,  in  all  the  volumes,  to  make  every  presentation 
simple  and  capable  of  being  comprehended  at  once,  and  we  feel  con- 
fident that  the  various  plans  of  tables  will  meet  the  approval  of  all 
having  occasion  to  study  them.  All  points  have  been  thoroughly 
proven,  and  if  errors  are  discovered,  they  are  entirely  accidental. 
The  system  of  proof  has  been  exceedingly  searching,  and  the  result  is 
gratifjang.  When  the  total  population  was  obtained  and  proven,  the 
number,  1,651,912,  was  taken  as  the  basis,  and  all  other  points  tabu- 
lated with  that.  To  illustrate  :  the  tabulation  of  occupations  should 
mathematically  account  for  every  man,  woman  and  child  in  the  State  ; 
practically,  had  it  come  within  five  thousand,  it  would  have  been  con- 
sidered accurate  for  census  purposes  ;  in  reality,  we  had  over  twenty 
different  clerks  engaged  upon  the  same  tabulation,  and  the  footings 
of  the  several  parts  of  the  whole  showed  a  numl)er  in  all  occupations, 


INTRODUCTION".  11 

considering  conditions,  as  paupers,  convicts,  students,  etc.,  for  the 
time  as  people  engaged  in  occupations,  only  forty-three  out  of  the 
way.  The  same  accuracy  has  been  secured  by  the  system  of  answers 
and  tabulations  of  same  in  all  matters.  Failures  in  the  collection  of 
information  will  be  carefully  pointed  out  in  each  Part,  and  causes 
fully  o-iven. 

The  greatest  difficulty  experienced  in  making  the  various  presenta- 
tions has  ])een  to  close  them ;  so  many  and  such  varied  manipulations 
of  the  returns  come  to  mind,  by  which  valuable  and  exceedingly 
interesting  showings  might  be  made,  that  the  question  has  not  been, 
"What  can  we  do?"  but,  "What  can  we  leave  undone?"  As  it  is, 
we  have  carried  tabulation  to  as  full  an  extent  as  we  felt  warranted 
in  doing,  but  have  left  many  points,  of  value  to  the  social  scientist, 
for  the  succeeding  reports  of  the  Bureau,  where  they  would  be  more 
appropriate. 

The  feature  that  distinguishes  the  present  decennial  census  of  the 
population,  of  industries,  etc.,  of  Massachusetts,  from  all  preceding, 
is,  that  written  replies  to  printed  questions  on  properly  prepared 
blanks  have  been  required  from  the  people  ;  whereas,  hitherto,  ques- 
tions have  been  proposed  and  answered  verbally.  The  advantages  of 
this  method  are  important,  and  the  disadvantages  no  greater  than 
under  the  other.  The  advantages  are,  superior  accuracy,  a  saving  of 
time,  and  a  reflex  action  upon  the  people  themselves,  who  are,  by  it, 
informed  in  much  larger  measure  in  regard  to  the  uses,  scientific, 
economical  and  political,  to  which  statistical  facts  can  be  applied.  It 
certainly  is  not  the  least  of  its  advantages,  that  it  is  liighly  educa- 
tional. 

By  this  plan,  also,  every  intelligent  person  who  desires  to  further 
the  interests  of  the  State  has  ample  time  to  prepare  answers  to  all 
the  inquiries  made  of  him.  Exact  statements  will  thus  be  secured 
generally,  in  place  of  the  mere  guesses  of  the  old  method  :  fur  the 
business  man,  overtaken  in  the  midst  of  business  by  the  old-time 
census  gatherer,  will  get  rid  of  him  as  quickly  as  possible ;  but  if  he 
can  have  a  few  days'  time,  he  will  fill  out,  or  cause  to  be  filled  out, 
correctly,  the  answers  to  a  printed  list  of  queries.  A  saving  of  time, 
therefore,  in  the  enumeration,  is  sure  to  result. 

By  this  system,  the  central  office  is  put  iu  possession  of  the  name 
and  residence  of  every  one  who  fills,  personally  or  by  proxy,  a  blank 
of  any  kind,  accompanied  by  the  name  of  the  enumerator  receiving 
and  accepting  it.     Thus,  in  every  case  of  failure  to  answer  any  par- 


12  CEXSUS    OF    MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 

ticular  question,  whether  from  carelessness  on  the  part  of  either  the 
enumerator  or  citizen,  or  from  any  other  cause,  the  record  furnishes 
the  facts  necessary  to  allow  its  reiteration.  In  the  case  of  all  mis- 
statements, accidental  or  otherwise,  which  are  sure  to  occur,  and 
which  the  office  examination  is  as  sure  to  disclose,  facility  is  thus 
afforded  for  correction.  The  questions  found  upon  any  one  of  the 
blanks  used  in  the  present  work  are  so  linked  together,  and  have 
usually  such  a  dependence  upon  each  other,  that  an  error  in  a  single 
reply  is  discovered  immediately  upon  examination,  by  the  incongru- 
ity, thus  introduced,  with  other  replies.  Thousands  of  such  errors, 
especially  in  regard  to  manufactures,  during  the  progress  of  the  pres- 
ent work,  have  been  corrected  through  the  medium  of  the  mail. 

It  has  been  seen  that  thirty-six  and  three-fourths  per  cent  of  the 
people  filled  out,  without  assistance  from  the  census  taker,  the  family 
blank  containing  the  usual  census  questions.  A  large  proportion  of 
the  remaining  sixty-three  and  one-fourth  per  cent,  who  did  not  them- 
selves fill  out  the  blanks,  had  undoubtedly  considered  the  questions, 
and  debated  in  family  conclave  the  answers  proper  to  be  given.  The 
age,  the  occupation,  the  birthplace,  and  all  the  particulars  inquired 
about,  were  talked  over  naturally,  and  when  the  enumerator  called 
for  the  schedule,  he  Avas  enabled  to  get  truthful  replies,  and  get  them 
quickly,  so  that  no  more  time  was  coilsumed  in  the  two  visits,  in  the 
aggi'egate,  even  in  the  case  of  the  sixty-three  and  one-fourth  per  cent 
of  the  Family  Schedules  that  he  was  obliged  to  fill  himself,  than 
would  have  been  necessary  had  he  made  all  the  explanations  demand- 
ed, and  assisted  in  the  family  consultation  likely  to  have  been  held  to 
secure  the  answers  at  the  first  visit,  while  much  greater  accuracy  was 
arrived  at.  The  superior  value  of  this  plan  as  compared  with  the 
methods  formerly  in  use,  was,  perhaps,  still  more  apparent  in  collect- 
ing the  manufacturing  and  agricultural  statistics.  Vast  numbers  of 
schedules  were  received  from  manufacturers  and  fiirmers  which  showed, 
plainly,  that  great  care  had  been  taken,  and  the  ledger  and  the  farm 
book  consulted,  that  the  answers  might  be  exact,  as  was  demanded. 

To  make  these  statements  a  little  clearer,  we  will  explain  the  modus 
oj)erandi  of  the  office.  The  first  work  performed  upon  the  reception 
of  the  schedules  was  their  examination.  This  work  was  done  by 
clerks  selected  for  their  special  knowledge  of  the  subjects  likely  to 
be  brought  under  their  observation,  and  was  for  the  purpose  of  noting, 
first,  all  omissions  of  replies  to  any  inquiries  ;  second,  all  inconsist- 
encies in  replies  that  were  given.      Every  omission  was  of  course 


INTRODUCTION.  13 

apparent.  These  could  sometimes  be  supplied,  at  once,  by  the  exam- 
iner, although  the  highest  degree  of  caution  needed  to  be  exercised 
in  this  matter,  For  instance,  if  we  have  a  Family  Schedule  before 
us,  on  -which  George  Jones  is  set  down  as  a  carpenter,  and  a  legal 
voter,  there  is  no  doubt  Init  Jones  is  a  male,  although  the  sex  space 
is  unfilled.  So  in  regard  to  the  Manufactures,  the  Occupation,  the 
Products  and  Property,  and  all  the  schedules  used ;  in  short,  there 
were  omissions  that  could  be  supplied  without  a  possibility  of  error. 
In  the  case  of  omissions  that  could  not  thus  be  supplied,  the  schedule 
afforded  the  name  and  address  of  the  person  from  whom  it  was 
received,  and  of  the  enumerator  transmitting  it  to  the  oifice,  and  a 
postal  card  or  a  letter  rarely  failed  to  secure  the  desired  inform- 
ation. Now,  in  regard  to  those  Avho  failed  to  answer  any  inquiries, — 
in  other  words,  who  refused  utterly  to  fill  out  a  schedule, — the  names 
and  post-ofiice  addresses  of  all  such  persons,  engaged  in  manufactur- 
ing or  farming,  came  into  the  office  in  response  to  a  question  on  the 
circular  sent  to  enumerators,  as  well  as  on  the  penalty  notices  trans- 
mitted liy  enumerators,  and,  as  stated  l^efore,  by  means  of  corre- 
spondence, properly  filled  schedules  have  been  secured  from  nearly 
all.  Persons  refusing  to  fill  the  Family,  Individual  or  Special 
Schedules  were  reported  to  the  office  on  the  penalty  notice,  and  the 
matter  was  immediately  attended  to.  Thus  it  can  be  seen  that  the 
department  can  guarantee  to  the  people,  that  it  has  a  return  of  all 
the  industries  of  the  Commonwealth. 

In  regard  to  the  truthfulness  of  these  returns,  it  may  be  stated  that 
the  questions  are  so  many  in  number,  so  various  in  the  matters 
inquired  about,  and  hinge  upon  each  other  in  such  unseen  waj^s,  that 
a  careless  slip  of  the  pen,  or  a  purposely  untruthful  statement  is 
recognized  at  once. 

If  the  people  of  any  community  imagine  their  manufactures  or 
agriculture  make  too  small  a  showing,  and  do  not  realize  their 
ambition,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  fiiult  lies  at  the  doors  of 
their  oAvn  citizens,  manufacturers  or  farmers,  and  with  no  one  else. 
It  is  extremely  gratifying  to  record  the  fact,  that  the  returns  are 
exceedingly  full  and  accurate,  as  a  rule.  Of  course,  some  have  pre- 
ferred to  injure  their  own  neighborhood,  rather  than  tell  the  truth  ; 
but  these  instances  are  rare,  and  each  community  where  it  has  occurred 
can  readily  perceive  the  result. 

The  enumerators,  as  a  class,  have  been  faithful,  patient  and  indus- 
trious.    If  poor  appointments  have  occurred,  it  is  because  poor  rec- 


14  CENSUS    or   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 

ommenclatioiis  have  been  made  by  city  and  town  authorities ;  but  the 
poor  enumerators  have  been  so  few,  tliat  we  must  commend  the  whole 
body,  to  whose  earnest  endeavors  the  success  of  the  field  work  is  due. 
A  small  corps  of  supervisors  of  enumerators  rendered  most  excellent 
service.  Six  were  employed,  and  had  the  number  been  doubled,  the 
result  would  have  warranted  the  expenditure. 

In  closing  this  brief  outline  of  the  Massachusetts  census  system  of 
1875,  a  few  facts  may  be  summarized,  that  wall  prove  of  use  in  the 
future.  The  whole  number  of  enumerators  em23loyed  was  529.  The 
aggregate  of  days  worked  by  them  was  26,979.  The  average  number 
of  days  worked  by  each  was  51.  The  whole  number  of  schedules,  of 
all  kinds,  returned  into  the  oiEce  by  them  was  506,702.  The  average 
number  of  schedules  collected  by  each  was  957^5^^^.  The  average 
numl)er,  per  day,  collected  by  each  was  18^^^.  The  number  of 
schedules  of  each  kind  returned  to  the  office,  and  accepted  as  prop- 
erly filled,  was  as  follows  :  the  Family,  359,000  ;  the  Individual, 
80,893  ;  the  Manufactures,  10,730  ;  the  Occupation,  11,641  ;  the 
Products  and  Property,  42,207;  the  Special,  2,231.  The  number 
of  penalty  notices  served  on  persons  refusing  to  fill  schedules  was 
about  one  hundred.  There  were  no  prosecutions  under  section  6  of 
the  Act,  as  correspondence  between  the  officers  of  the  Bureau  and  the 
persons  refusing  to  answer  obviated  all  necessity  for  it.  There  were 
less  than  twenty  manufacturers  who  failed  to  comply  with  the  law, 
while  the  number  of  farmers  declining  to  make  returns  was  so 
insignificant,  as  to  make  no  perceptible  difference  in  the  aggregate. 

The  expense  of  the  enumeration  was  as  follows  :  Paid  to  enumer- 
ators, $81,497.70;  to  supervisors,  $2,808.76;  for  printing  blanks, 
schedules,  etc.,  $11,053.62  ;  total,  $95,360.08.  The  persons  referred 
to  as  supervisors  were  employed  to  travel  among  enumerators,  instruct 
them  personally,  and  overlook  their  work.  They  were  six  in  number. 
This,  it  must  be  understood,  was  the  expense  incurred  in  gathering 
the  statistics.  The  expense  of  examining  and  tabulating  was  about 
$40,000  paid  for  clerical  services,  and  $2,897.58  for  rent,  stationery, 
messenger,  etc.,  and  $900  for  expressage  and  postage,  making 
$43,799.68  as  the  cost  of  preparing  the  returns  for  the  printer.  The 
total  expense  is  thus  seen  to  be  about  $139,159,  and  there  was  an 
ao-o-regate  of  about  thirteen  millions  of  answers. 

The  work  of  tabulating  the  returns  consumed  nearly  thirteen 
months.  The  clerical  force  employed  w\as  of  men  and  women,  and 
was  equivalent  to  350  of  the  former  and  400  of  the  latter  working 


INTEODUCTIOX.  15 

together  for  one  month,  or  about  the  same  as  the  combined  hibor  of 
27  men  and  31  women  for  thirteen  months.  The  largest  number 
employed  at  one  time  was  68. 

It  will  be  seen  that  a  distinct  feature  of  the  system  adopted  was 
the  complete  separation  of  the  work  of  collecting  facts  from  that 
of  combining  and  arranging  them.  Each  schedule  contains  upon 
it  the  isolated  facts  respecting  one  family,  establishment  or  farm. 
The  duty  of  the  enumerator  Ijegan  and  ended  in  securing  this  result. 
The  work  of  tabulating  and  aggregating  was  performed  entirely  in 
the  central  office,  under  the  direct  and  constant  supervision  of  the 
officers  of  the  Bureau  and  their  assistants.  By  this  division  of  labor, 
the  highest  degree  of  efficiency  and  accuracy  was  secured.  Under 
the  plan  followed  in  many  States  and  countries,  much  of  the  labor  of 
aggregating  is  performed  by  those  employed  as  census  takers,  each  of 
whom  makes  return  only  of  the  total  for  his  district,  respecting  each 
inquiry.  This  has  been  the  case,  hitherto,  in  this  State.  By  this 
latter  plan,  the  clerical  force  employed  would  not  be  required  for  as 
long  a  time,  nor  need  it  be  as  large  ;  however,  the  time  consumed  by 
enumerators  would  be  extended,  and  the  likelihood  of  as  valuable 
results  being  secured  would  be  much  diminished. 

The  system  is  founded  on  the  plan  followed  in  England,  of  collect- 
ing returns  of  population  by  means  of  what  is  known  as  the  "  prior 
family  schedule."  It  has  been  extended,  in  the  present  work  in  this 
State,  to  the  gathering  of  statistics  of  all  kinds.  Experience  indicates 
that  a  greater  elaboration  of  it — perhaps  to  the  extent  of  providing 
a  distinct  prior  schedule  for  every  great  industry — would  be  advan- 
tageous. 

To  those  who  are  unfamiliar  with  the  official  machinery  of  the  State 
of  Massachusetts,  a  few  words  of  explanation  may  be  necessary ; 
otherwise  it  may  appear  that  the  collection  of  facts  in  some  of  the 
most  important  departments  of  science,  educational,  social  or  politi- 
cal, is  unprovided  for.  There  are  various  points  upon  which  the  State 
does  not,  through  its  census,  seek  information,  for  the  reason  that  her 
general  system  of  statistics  supplies  much  matter  that  other  States 
obtain  only  through  the  census  takers.  Under  the  direction  of  the 
Secretary  of  State,  there  is  published  annually,  a  Registration  Report, 
giving  the  most  vital  points  respecting  births,  deaths  and  marriages, 
and  a  Report  of  the  aggregates  of  polls,  property  and  taxes.  Under 
the  direction  of  the  State  Treasurer,  there  is  issued  every  year  by  the 
Tax  Commissioner,  a  Report  embodying  all  important  facts  resjDecting 


16  CENSUS    OF    MASS.  — 1 875.       COMPENDIUM. 

corporations.  Yearly  Reports  upon  the  matters  under  their  charge, 
are  made  l)y  the  Raih'oad  Commissioners,  Insurance  Commissioner, 
the  Board  of  Education,  Board  of  Health,  Board  of  Agriculture, 
Board  of  State  Charities,  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  Labor,  and  various 
other  departments.  Through  these  avenues,  there  is  annually  pre- 
sented a  mass  of  information,  the  importance  of  which  can  not  be 
estimated  by  ordinary  standards ;  and  the  Reports  of  these  various 
departments,  Avith  the  Decennial  Census  and  Industrial  Statistics, 
reall}^  make  up  the  Statistics  of  Massachusetts,  and  they  illustrate  a 
system  which  is  not  surpassed  in  thoroughness  and  minuteness.  Its 
l)ractical  working,  however,  might  be  greatly  simplified  by  a  consoli- 
dation of  forces,  and  thus  avoid  the  duplication  of  work  which  now 
exists  in  some  cases,  and  also  ensure  uniformity  and  intimacy  of 
connection  in  all. 

Many  obstacles  stood  in  the  way  of  the  prosecution  of  the  present 
work.  It  was  diflicult,  in  the  first  place,  to  disabuse  people's  minds 
of  the  idea  of  taxation  in  some  way  supposed  to  be  associated  with 
the  Census.  Again,  while  the  Boston  press  gave  the  ofiice  great 
encouragement,  we  can  not  say  the  same  of  the  papers  generally 
throughout  the  State. 

Injustice  to  many  leading  papers,  however,  we  are  glad  to  say  that 
as  soon  as  the  principles  of  the  enumeration  were  understood,  they 
gave  us  great  aid  l3y  urging  the  people  to  comply  with  the  require- 
ments of  the  law.  The  fact  that  it  was  the  first  time  census  questions 
were  ever  l)rought  to  the  direct  attention  of  heads  of  families,  inquiries 
having  heretofore  been  answered  verbally  by  a  servant  or  some  mem- 
ber of  the  family  in  the  absence  of  the  head,  was  sufiicient  to  cause 
great  opposition.  This  will  not  occur  again,  because  the  people  will 
fully  understand  that  information  is  not  wanted  for  the  sake  of  knowl- 
edge of  individual  afiairs. 

One  o-reat  obstacle  to  securino-  correct  or  the  best  information  rela- 
tive  to  agriculture,  is  the  time  of  year  provided  by  law  for  gathering 
the  statistics.  Facts  are  now  called  for  as  they  existed  May  1 ;  if  the 
time  could  be  changed  to  October  15,  or  after  the  crops  are  secured, 
the  advantages  would  be  very  great. 

We  have  not  endeavored  to  make  a  complete  analj^sis  of  the  various 
tables  in  the  several  volumes  ;  to  do  so  would  require  another  work  of 
considerable  size  ;  but  we  have  aimed  to  bring  into  summaries  and  com- 
binations simply  those  features  a  casual  examiner  would  expect  to  find 
pointed  out  for  him,  and  to  indicate  the  study  which  might  be  made  of 


INTEODUCTIOI^'.  17 

the  facts  j)resented.  So  many  manipulations  of  totals  can  be  made, 
and  so  various  are  the  lessons  to  be  taught,  that  it  is  simply  impossi- 
ble for  us  to  do  more  than  has  been  done.  We  could  not  expect  to 
make  all  the  combinations,  additions  and  special  presentations  which 
at  once  suggest  themselves,  nor  to  make  those  which  the  student  of 
statistics  will  want ;  he  must  make  up  his  own  special  showings.  Our 
province  has  been  to  furnish  him  with  all  the  results  of  the  enumera- 
tion, and  leave  mathematical  work  to  take  such  shape  as  his  investiga- 
tions dictate. 

3 


Part  I. 


POPULATION  AND  SOCIAL  STATISTICS. 


Part   I. 


POPULATION  AND  SOCIAL  STATISTICS. 


The  presentations  in  this  Part  are  the  tabulated  answers  to  the 
niquiries  upon  the  Family  Schedule,  used  in  the  Census  of  1875, 
relating  to  population  and  to  the  various  conditions  of  the  people  ; 
viz.,  sex,  polls  and  voters,  families  and  dwelling-houses,  size  of 
families,  color  and  race,  conjugal  condition  (single,  married,  widowed 
and  divorced),  ages  (by  month  and  year),  place  of  birth,  foreign 
born,  nativities,  with  age  classification,  aliens  (meaning  all  foreign 
born  males  above  20  years  of  age,  not  naturalized),  nativities  of 
mothers  and  number  of  births  to  each  mother,  the  blind,  deaf,  dumb, 
etc.,  paupers  and  convicts,  classified  occupations,  selected  occupa- 
tions, occupations  by  name,  school  buildings  and  school  property, 
school  attendance,  children  at  school  and  at  work,  illiteracy,  libraries, 
each  for  May  1,  1875,  and  also  population  for  1865  and  1875, 
increase  and  decrease,  and  population  for  one  hundred  years  with 
percentage  of  increase  or  decrease  for  each  decade.  A  chapter  of 
Notes,  "  On  incorporation  of  counties,  cities  and  towns ;  unusual 
changes  in  population,  with  causes  for  same  ;  changes  in  town  names, 
boundaries,  etc.,"  has  been  supplied  and  will  be  found  at  the  end  of 
this  volume,  and  is  referred  to  in  discussing  the  tables  given  in 
Part  I. 

Every  table  has  been  made  with  a  view  to  simplicity,  comprehen- 
siveness and  compactness,  and  usually  has  its  distinct  title.  This 
latter  feature  was  considered  much  better  than  to  use  numbers, 
because  a  reference  to  a  specific  title  gives  an  idea  of  what  is  shown 
under  it,  while  if  numbers  are  used  the  title  must  be  stated  also. 
The  analysis  of  these  tables  exhibits  many  special  features  illustrative 
of  the  facts  presented  and  serving  for  a  better  understanding  of  the 
condition  of  the  people. 

The  first  presentation  which  claims  attention,  follows,  and  is 
entitled, — 

[21] 


22 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Population  and  Sex. 


Cities  and  Towns. 

Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

Cities  and  Towns. 

Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

Barnstable  Co 

> 

15,643 

16,501 

32,144 

Bristol  County,     . 

63,362 

67,725 

131,087 

Barnstable,    . 

2,013 

2,289 

4,302 

Acushnet,    . 

530 

529 

1,059 

Brewster, 

588 

631 

1,219 

Attleborough, 

•        . 

4,578 

4,646 

9,224 

Chatham, 

1,093 

1,181 

2,274 

Berkley, 

380 

401 

781 

Dennis,  , 

1,630 

1,739 

3,369 

Dartmouth, 

1,738 

1,696 

3,434 

Eastham, 

331 

308 

639 

Dighton, 

853 

902 

1,755 

Falmouth, 

1,052 

1,159 

2,211 

Easton, 

1,987 

1,911 

3,898 

Harwich, 

1,690 

1,665 

3,355 

Fairhaven,   . 

1,306 

1,462 

2,768 

Mashpee, 

139 

139 

278 

Fall  River,  . 

21,686 

23,654 

45,340 

Orleans, 

646 

727 

1,373 

Freetown,    . 

667 

729 

1,396 

Provincetowr 

> 

2,170 

2,187 

4,357 

Mansfield,    . 

1,301 

1,355 

2,656 

Sandwich, 

1,648 

1,769 

3,417 

New  Bedford, 

12,144 

13,751 

25,895 

Truro,    . 

534 

564 

1,098 

Norton, 

770 

825 

1,595 

Wellfleet, 

1,012 

976 

1,988 

Raynham,    • 

847 

840 

1,687 

Yarmouth, 

1,097 

1,167 

2,264 

Rehoboth,    . 

909 

918 

1,827 

Berkshire  Coun 

Adams,  . 
Alford,  . 
Becket,  . 
Cheshire, 
Clarksburg,  . 

TY,    . 

33,685 

7,775 
185 
699 
876 
351 

34,585 

7,985 
204 
630 
817 
319 

68,270 

15,760 

389 

1,329 

1,693 

670 

Seekonk, 
Somerset,    . 
Swansea, 
Taunton, 
Westport,    . 

Dukes  County, 

595 

987 

662 

9,950 

1,472 

1,949 

572 

953 

646 

10,495 

1,440 

2,122 

1,167 
1,940 
1,308 
20,445 
2,912 

4,071 

Dalton,  . 

815 

944 

1,759 

Chilmark,     . 

252 

256 

508 

Egremont, 

434 

456 

890 

Edgartown, 

816 

891 

1,707 

Florida, . 

306 

266 

572 

Gay  Head,  . 

103 

113 

216 

Great  Barrington, 

2,046 

2,339 

4,385 

Gosnold, 

65 

50 

115 

Hancock, 

376 

354 

730 

Tisbury, 

713 

812 

1,525 

Hinsdale, 
Lanesborough, 

759 
691 

812 
666 

1,571 
1,357 

Essex  County,  . 

106,001 

117,341 

223,342 

Lee, 

1,865 

2,035 

3,900 

Amesbury,  . 

1,787 

2,029 

3,816 

Lenox,   . 

934 

911 

1,845 

Andover, 

2,381 

2,716 

5,097 

Monterey, 

366 

337 

703  1 

Beverly, 

3,478 

3,793 

7,271 

Mt.  Washington,  . 

89 

93 

182 

Boxford, 

421 

413 

834 

New  Ashford, 

87 

73 

160 

Bradford, 

1,067 

1,280 

2,347 

New  Marlborough 

1         • 

1,051 

986 

2,037 

Danvers, 

3,062 

2,962 

6,024 

Otis, 

429 

426 

855 

Essex,  . 

859 

854 

1,713 

Peru, 

243 

200 

443 

Georgetown 

1,079 

1,135 

2,214 

Pittsfield, 

5,799 

6,468 

12,267 

Gloucester, 

8,576 

8,178 

16,754 

Richmond,     . 

564 

577 

1,141 

Groveland, 

1,026 

1,058 

2,084 

Sandisfteld,    . 

603 

569 

1,172 

Hamilton, 

386 

411 

797 

Savoy,    . 

385 

345 

730 

Haverhill, 

6,897 

7,731 

14,628 

Sheffield, 

1,099 

1,134 

2,233 

Ipswich, 

1,796 

1,878 

3,674 

Stockbridge, . 

1,013 

1,076 

2,089 

Lawrence, 

15,810 

19,106 

34,916 

Tyringham,  . 

253 

264 

517 

Lynn,   . 

15,277 

17,323 

32,600 

Washington, 

322 

281 

603 

Lynnfield, 

362 

407 

769 

West  Stockbridge 

1,059 

922 

1,981 

Manchester, 

774 

786 

1,560 

Williamstown, 

1,871 

1,812 

3,683 

Marblehead, 

3,773 

3,904 

7,677 

Windsor, 

340 

284 

624 

Merrimac,    . 

1,132 

1,039 

2,171 

POPULATION^   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


23 


Population  and  Sex — Continued. 


Cities  and  Towns. 

1 
Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

Cities  and  Towns. 

Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

Essex  Co.— Cow. 

Hampden  Co.— Com. 

Methuen, 

1,981 

2,224 

4,205 

Chester, 

715 

681 

1,396 

MiddletOD, 

562 

530 

1,092 

Chicopee,     . 

4,766 

5,569 

10,335 

Nahant, 

340 

426 

766 

Granville,    . 

629 

611 

1,240 

Newbury, 

730 

696 

1,426 

Holland, 

166 

168 

334 

Newburyport, 

5,971 

7,352 

13,323 

Holyoke, 

7,438 

8,822 

16,260 

North  Andover,    . 

1,463 

1,518 

2,981 

Longmeadow, 

738 

729 

1,467 

Peabody, 

3,988 

4,078 

8,066 

Ludlow, 

620 

602 

1,222 

Rockport, 

2,240 

2,240 

4,480 

Monson, 

1,890 

1,843 

3,733 

Rowley, 

602 

560 

1,162 

Montgomery, 

154 

150 

304 

Salem 

11,808 

14,150 

25,958 

Palmer, 

2,151 

2,421 

4,572 

Salisbury, 

1,960 

2,118 

4,078 

Russell, .... 

315 

328 

643 

Saugus, 

1,267 

1,311 

2,578 

Southwick,  . 

578 

536 

1,114 

Swampscott, 

1,036 

1,092 

2,128 

Springfield,  . 

14,943 

16,110 

31,053 

Topsfield,      . 

616 

605 

1,221 

Tolland, 

238 

214 

452 

Wenham, 

453 

458 

911 

Wales 

524 

496 

1,020 

West  Newbury,    . 

1,041 

980 

2,021 

Westfleld,    . 

4,133 

4,298 

8,431 

Franklin  County,    . 

Ashfield, 
Bernardston, 

16,925 

590 

478 

16,771 

600 
513 

33,696 

1,190 
991 

West  Springfield, 
Wilbraham, 

Hampshire  County, 

1,830 
1,276 

21,589 

1,909 
1,300 

23,232 

3,739 
2,576 

44,821 

Buckland, 

1,032 

889 

1,921 

Amherst, 

2,006 

1,931 

3,937 

Charlemont, . 

528 

501 

1,029 

Belchertown, 

1,161 

1,154 

2,315 

Colrain, 

841 

858 

1,699 

Chesterfield, 

375 

371 

746 

Conway, 

743 

709 

1,452 

Cummington, 

445 

471 

916 

Deerfield,      . 

1,702 

1,712 

3,414 

EasthamptOD, 

1,824 

2,148 

3,972 

Ervlng 

424 

370 

794 

Enfield, 

522 

543 

1,065 

Gill 

335 

338 

673 

Goshen, 

179 

170 

349 

Greenfield,    . 

1,653 

1,887 

3,540 

Granby, 

410 

402 

812 

Hawley, 

314 

274 

588 

Greenwich,  . 

287 

319 

606 

Heath 

261 

284 

545 

Hadley, 

1,072 

1,053 

2,125 

Leverett,        . 

426 

405 

831 

Hatfield,       . 

836 

764 

1,600 

Leyden,         . 

260 

264 

524 

Huntington, 

530 

565 

1,095 

Monroe, 

111 

79 

190 

Middlefleld, 

299 

304 

603 

Montague, 

1,743 

1,637 

3,380 

Northampton, 

5,273 

5,835 

11,108 

New  Salem,  . 

446 

477 

923 

Pelham, 

303 

330 

633 

Northfield,    . 

801 

840 

1,641 

Plainfield,    . 

240 

241 

481 

Orange 

1,239 

1,258 

2,497 

Prescott, 

249 

244 

493 

Rowe 

379 

282 

661 

South  Hadley,     . 

1,460 

1,910 

3,370 

Shelburne,     . 

785 

805 

1,590 

Southampton, 

524 

526 

1,050 

Shutesbury,  . 

260 

298 

558 

Ware,  .... 

1,890 

2,252 

4,142 

Sunderland,  . 

432 

428 

860 

Westhampton,    . 

274 

282 

556 

Warwick, 

372 

372 

744 

Williamsburg,     . 

1,020 

1,009 

2,029 

Wendell, 

255 

248 

503 

Worthington, 

410 

408 

818 

Whately, 

515 

443 

958 

Middlesex  County, 

135,323 

148,789 

284,112 

Hampden  County,     . 

45,290 

49,014 

94,304 

Acton 

854 

854 

1,708 

Agawam, 

1,106 

1,142 

2,248 

Arlington,    . 

1,870 

2,036 

3,906 

Blandford,     . 

483 

481 

964 

Ashby, 

453 

509 

962 

Brinifield, 

597 

604 

1,201 

Ashland, 

1,102 

1,109 

2,211 

24 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.— 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Pojndation  and  Sex — Continued. 


Cities  and  Towns. 

Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

CiTiKS  AND  Towns. 

Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

Middlesex  Co.— Con. 

Middlesex  Co.— Con. 

Ayer,     .        .        .        . 

928 

944 

1,872 

Winchester, 

1,476 

1,623 

3,099 

Bedford, 

443 

457 

900 

Woburn, 

4,717 

4,851 

9,568 

Belmont, 

964 

973 

1,937 

Nantucket  County, 

1,389 

1,812 

3,201 

Billcrica, 

896 

985 

1,881 

Boxborougli, 

159 

159 

318 

Nantucket,  . 

1,389 

1,812 

3,201 

Burlington,    . 

329 

321 

650 

Norfolk  County,    . 

42,397 

45,924 

88,321 

Cambridge,    . 

23,180 

24,658 

47,838 

Bellinghara, 

612 

635 

1,247 

Carlisle, 

276 

272 

548 

Braintree,     . 

1,999 

2,157 

4,156 

Clielmsford,  . 

1,188 

1,184 

2,.372 

Brookline, 

2,962 

3,713 

6,675 

Concord, 

1,300 

1,376 

2,676 

Canton, 

1,975 

2,217 

4,192 

Dracut, 

577 

539 

1,116 

Cohasset, 

1,067 

1,130 

2,197 

Dunstable,     . 

227 

225 

452 

Dedham, 

2,666 

3,090 

5,756 

Everett, 

1,791 

1,860 

3,651 

Dover, . 

319 

331 

650 

Framingham, 

2,443 

2,724 

5,167 

Foxborough 

1,355 

1,813 

3,168 

Groton, 

908 

1,000 

1,908 

Franklin, 

1,420 

1,563 

2,983 

HoUiston, 

1,675 

1,724 

3,399 

Holbrook, 

862 

864 

1,726 

Hopldnton,    . 

2,296 

2,207 

4,503 

Hyde  Park, 

2,934 

3,382 

6,316 

Hudson, 

1,739 

1,754 

3,493 

Medfield, 

515 

648 

1,163 

Lexington,     . 

1,242 

1,263 

2,505 

Medway, 

2,066 

2,176 

4,242 

Lincoln, 

421 

413 

834 

Milton, 

1,279 

1,459 

2,738 

Littleton, 

483 

467 

950 

Ncedham, 

2,243 

2,305 

4,548 

Lowell,  . 

21,893 

27,795 

49,688 

Norfolk, 

438 

482 

920 

Maiden, . 

5,141 

5,702 

10,843 

Norwood, 

861 

888 

1,749 

Marlborough, 

4,159 

4,265 

8,424 

Quincy, 

4,598 

4,557 

9,155 

Maynard, 

964 

1,001 

1,965 

Randolph, 

2,033 

2,031 

4,064 

Medford, 

3,121 

3,506 

6,627 

Sharon, 

625 

705 

1,330 

Melrose, 

1,840 

2,150 

3,990 

Stoughton, 

2,422 

2,420 

4,842 

Naticlj,  . 

3,721 

3,698 

7,419 

W.alpole, 

1,109 

1,181 

2,290 

Newton, 

7,443 

8,662 

16,105 

Weymouth, 

4,893 

4,926 

9,819 

North  Reading, 

482 

497 

979 

Wrentham, 

1,144 

1,251 

2,395 

Pcpperell,      . 

951 

976 

1,927 

1 

Reading, 

1,456 

1,730 

3,186 

Plymouth  County,  . 

34,240 

35,122 

69,362 

Sherborn, 

491 

508 

999 

Abington,     . 

1,602 

1,639 

3,241 

Shirley, . 

659 

693 

1,352 

Bridgewater, 

2,000 

1,969 

3,969 

Somerville,    . 

10,639 

11,229 

21,868 

Brockton,     . 

5,242 

5,336 

10,578 

Stoneham, 

2,368 

2,616 

4,984 

Carver, 

573 

554 

1,127 

Stow,      . 

508 

514 

1,022 

Duxbury,     . 

1,104 

1,141 

2,245 

Sudbury, 

608 

569 

1,177 

East  Bridgewate 

r.      • 

1,378 

1,430 

2,808 

Tewksbury,  . 

958 

1,039 

1,997 

Halifax, 

274 

294 

568 

Townsend,     . 

1,117 

1,079 

2,196 

Hanover, 

873 

928 

1,801 

Tyngsborough, 

329 

336 

665 

Hanson, 

630 

635 

1,265 

Wakefield,     . 

2,511 

2,838 

5,349 

Ilingliam,     . 

2,212 

2,442 

4,654 

Waltham,      . 

4,644 

5,323 

9,967 

Hull,     . 

.  161 

155 

316 

Watertown,  . 

2,432 

2,667 

5,099 

Kingston,     . 

759 

810 

1,569 

Wayland, 

908 

858 

1,766 

Lakeville,     . 

518 

543 

1,061 

Westford,      . 

956 

977 

1,933 

Marion, 

392 

470 

862 

Weston, 

656 

626 

1,282 

Marshfield,  . 

899 

918 

1,817 

Wilmington, . 

431 

448 

879 

Mattapoisett, 

618 

743 

1,361 

POPULATION   AXD    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


25 


Population  and  Sex — Continued. 


Cities  and  Towns. 

Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

Cities  and  Towns. 

Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

Plymouth  Co.— Con. 

Worcester  Co.— Con. 

Middleborough,    . 

2,466 

2,557 

5,023 

Holden, 

1,078 

1,102 

2,180 

Pembroke,     . 

705 

694 

1,399 

Hubbardston, 

737 

703 

1,440 

Plymouth, 

3,083 

3,287 

6,370 

Lancaster,    . 

899 

1,058 

1,957 

Plympton, 

363 

392 

755 

Leicester,     . 

1,327 

1,443 

2,770 

Rochester, 

496 

505 

1,001 

Leominster, 

2,634 

2,567 

5,201 

Rockland, 

2,200 

2,003 

4,203 

Lunenburg, . 

577 

576 

1,153 

Scituate, 

1,224 

1,239 

2,463 

Mendon, 

571 

605 

1,176 

South  Scituate, 

924 

894 

1,818 

Milford, 

4,883 

4,935 

9,818 

South  Abington, 

1,220 

1,236 

2,456 

Millbury,      . 

2,149 

2,380 

4,529 

Wareham, 

1,446 

1,428 

2,874 

New  Braintree, 

323 

283 

606 

West  Bridgewater, 

878 

880 

1,758 

Northborough, 
Northbridge, 

662 
2,028 

736 

2,002 

1,398 
4,030 

Suffolk  County, 

173,050 

191,836 

364,886 

North  Brookfleld 

J 

1,940 

1,809 

3,749 

Boston, .... 

Chelsea 

Revere 

Winthrop,     . 

162,262 

9,650 

829 

309 

179,657 

11,087 

774 

318 

341,919 

20,737 

1,603 

627 

Oakham, 
Oxford, 
Paxton, 
Petersham,  . 
Phillipston, . 

441 
1,469 
300 
600 
335 

432 
1,469 
300 
603 
331 

873 
2,938 

600 
1,203 

666 

Worcester  County,  . 

103,540 

106,755 

210,295 

Princeton,    . 
Royalston,   . 

534 
610 

529 
650 

1,063 
1,260 

Ashburnham, 

1,049 

1,092 

2,141 

Rutland, 

548 

482 

1,030 

Athol,     . 

2,031 

2,103 

4,134 

Shrewsbury, 

768 

756 

1,524 

Auburn, 

680 

653 

1,233 

Southborough, 

982 

1,004 

1,986 

Barre,     . 

1,206 

1,254 

2,460 

Southbridge, 

2,816 

2,924 

5,740 

Berlin,    . 

483 

504 

987 

Spencer, 

2,868 

2,583 

5,451 

Blackstone, 

2,157 

2,483 

4,640 

Sterling, 

783 

788 

1,.^69 

Bolton,  . 

495 

492 

987 

Sturbridge, 

1,084 

1,129 

2,213 

Boylston, 

439 

456 

895 

Sutton, 

1,493 

1,558 

3,051 

Brookfield, 

1,317 

1,343 

2,660 

Templeton, 

1,356 

1,408 

2,764 

Charlton, 

945 

907 

1,852 

Upton,  . 

951 

1,174 

2,125 

Clinton, . 

3,117 

3,664 

6,781 

Uxbridge, 

1,466 

1,563 

3,029 

Dana,     . 

379 

381 

760 

Warren, 

1,618 

1,642 

3,260 

Douglas, 

1,110 

1,092 

2,202 

Webster, 

2,473 

2,591 

5,064 

Dudley, 

1,286 

1,367 

2,653 

Westborough, 

2,684 

2,457 

5,141 

Fitchburg, 

6,067 

6,222 

12,289 

West  Boylston, 

1,454 

1,448 

2,902 

Gardner, 

1,823 

1,907 

3,730 

West  Brookfield, 

902 

1,001 

1,903 

Grafton, 

2,186 

2,256 

4,442 

Westminster, 

822 

890 

1,712 

Hardwick, 

1,016 

976 

1,992 

Winchendon, 

1,890 

1,872 

3,762 

Harvard, 

585 

719 

1,304 

Worcester,  . 

24,214 

25,103 

49,317 

26 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Population  and  Sex — Concluded. 

RECAPITULATION. 


Counties. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


The  State, 

Barnstable,  . 
Berkshire,    . 
Bristol, 
Dukes,  . 
Essex,  . 
Franklin, 
Hampden,    . 
Hampshire,  . 
Middlesex,    . 
Nantucket,  . 
Norfolk, 
Plymouth,    . 
Suffolk, 
Worcester,   . 


794,.383 

857,529 

1,651,912 

15,643 

16,501 

32,144 

33,685 

34,585 

68,270 

63,362 

67,725 

131,087 

1,949 

2,122 

4,071 

106,001 

117,341 

223,342 

16,925 

16,771 

33,696 

45,290 

49,014 

94,304 

21,589 

23,232 

44,821 

135,323 

148,789 

284,112 

1,389 

1,812 

3,201 

42,397 

45,924 

88,321 

34,240 

35,122 

69,362 

173,050 

191,836 

364,886 

103,540 

106,755 

210,295 

It  is  shown  from  this  table  that  the  total  population  of  Massachu- 
setts, May  1,  1875,  was  1,661,912,  a  gain  in  ten  years  of  384,881,  or 
30.38  per  cent,  against  11.89  per  cent  gain  from  1855  to  1865.  This 
presentation  gives  the  population  in  each  city,  town  and  county 
in  the  State;  it  shows  that  there  are  794,383  males,  and  857,529 
females,  or  63,146  more  females  than  males ;  in  1865,  the  time  of  the 
last  State  census,  there  were  63,011  more  females  than  males;  the 
disproportion,  it  will  be  seen,  remains  nearly  the  same  as  in  1865  ; 
while  in  1855,  the  excess  of  females  was  only  32,301.  In  other 
words,  the  number  of  females  to  every  100  males,  was,  in  1855, 
105.87  ;  1865,  110.46,  and  in  1875,  107.95.  Since  the  first  census 
in  Massachusetts,  there  has  been  an  excess  of  females,  the  i3ercentage 
of  females  to  the  whole  population,  varying  from  50.52,  the  lowest, 
in  1840,  to  52.48,  the  highest,  in  1865  ;  the  latter  percentage,  in 
1865,  being  due  in  a  great  degi'ee  to  the  effects  of  the  war. 

The  composition  of  the  63,146  excess  of  females  is  a  question  often 
discussed,  and  it  is  answered  further  on  under  Conjugal  Condition. 

The  centre  of  population  of  the  State  is  within  one  mile  of  the 
State  House,  while  the  geographical  or  territorial  centre  is  near  Lake 
Quinsigamond,  within  the  city  of  Worcester. 

The  cities  of  Boston,  Cambridge,  Chelsea  and  Somerville,  and  the 
towns  of  Arlington,  Belmont,  Brookline,  Everett,  Maiden,  Medford, 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


27 


Melrose,  Eevere,  Watertoivii,  Winchester  and  "Winthrop,  comprising 
territory  witliin  a  radius  of  eight  miles  from  the  State  House,  con- 
tain 480,419  people,  or  29+  per  cent  of  the  whole  population  of  the 
State.  The  same  cities  and  towns,  in  1865,  had  a  population  of 
352,577,  showing  a  gain  of  127,842,  or  36  per  cent.  If  the  radius 
be  extended  to  twelve  miles  from  the  State  House,  and  to  the 
cities  and  towns  just  enumerated  there  he  added  the  cities  of  Lyim 
and  Newton,  and  the  towns  of  Braintree,  Dedham,  Hyde  Park, 
Hull,  Lexington,  Lynnfield,  Milton,  Nahant,  Needham,  Quincy, 
Eeading,  Saugus,  Stoneham,  Swampscott,  Wakefield,  Waltham  and 
Woburn,  it  is  found  that  Boston  and  territory  within  twelve 
miles,  have  a  population  of  603,909,  or  36-|-  per  cent  of  the  whole 
population  of  the  State.  The  population  of  the  cities  and  towns 
named  within  twelve  miles  of  Boston,  including  the  latter  city,  for 
1865  and  1875,  with  the  increase  or  loss  in  each,  are  given  in  the 
following  table,  from  which  it  will  be  seen  that  the  total  population  in 
1865,  of  Boston  and  vicinity  as  specified,  was  435,432,  and  the  net 
gain  has  been  168,477,  or  39 — per  cent.  The  asterisk  indicates  terri- 
torial changes,  which  are  explained  under  Notes,  at  the  close  of  this 
volume. 


Cities  and 
Towns. 

1865. 

1875. 

Gain. 

Loss. 

Cities  and 
Towns. 

1865. 

1875. 

Gain. 

Loss. 

Boston,* 

268,626 

341,919 

73,293 

_ 

Melrose, 

2,865 

3,990 

1,125 

- 

Cambridge,  . 

29,112 

'      47,838 

18,726 

- 

Milton,* 

2,770 

2,738 

- 

32 

Chelsea, 

14,403 

20,737 

6.334 

- 

Nahant, 

313 

766 

453 

- 

Newton, 

8,975 

16,105 

7,130 

- 

Needham,     . 

2,793 

4,548 

1,755 

- 

Lynn,    . 

20,747 

32,600 

11,853 

- 

Quincy, 

6,718 

9,155 

2,437 

- 

Somerville,  . 

9,353 

21,868 

12,515 

- 

Reading, 

2,436 

3,186 

750 

- 

Arlington,    . 

2,760 

3,906 

1,146 

- 

Revere, 

858 

1,603 

745 

- 

Belmont, 

1,279 

1,937 

658 

- 

Saugus, 

2,006 

2,578 

572 

- 

Braintree,     . 

3,725 

4,156 

431 

- 

stoneham,     . 

3,298 

4,984 

1,686 

- 

Brookline,    . 

5,262 

6,675 

1,413 

- 

Swampscott, 

1,535 

2,128 

593 

- 

Dedham,*     . 

7,195 

5,756 

- 

1,439 

Wakefield,    . 

3,244 

5,349 

2,105 

- 

Everett,*       . 

- 

3,651 

3,651 

- 

Waltham,     . 

6,896 

9,967 

3,071 

- 

Hyde  Park,* 

- 

6,316 

6:316 

- 

Watertown, . 

3,779 

5,099 

1,320 

- 

Hull,     . 

260 

316 

56 

- 

Winchester, 

1,968 

3,099 

1,131 

- 

Lexington,    . 

2,220 

2,505 

285 

- 

Winthrop,     . 

633 

627 

- 

6 

Lynnfield,     . 

725 
6,840 
4,839 

769 
10,843 

6,627 

44 
4,003 
1,788 

- 

Woburn, 
Totals,       . 

6,999 

9,568 

2,569 

— 

Maiden,* 
Medford, 

435,432 

603,909 

169,954 

1,477 

The  relative  population  in  cities  and  towns  in  the  State  has  changed 
the  balance,  in  1875,  to  the  side  of  the  cities ;  in  1865,  the  towns  had 


28 


CENSUS   OF  MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


762,344,  and  the  cities  504,687;  now  the  cities  show  836,933,  and 
the  towns  814,979;  balance  in  favor  of  tlie  cities,  21,954,  while  in 
1865  the  balance  in  favor  of  the  towns  was  257,657.  This  result 
has  been  reached  partly  by  the  incorporation  of  the  new  cities, 
Haverhill,  Somerville,  Fitchburg,  Holyoke,  Gloucester  and  Newton, 
all  of  which  ranked  as  towns  in  1865  ;  their  aggregate  population  is 
now  97,904.  The  gain  in  the  whole  State,  it  has  been  seen,  was  30.38 
per  cent  over  1865.  The  population  of  the  present  nineteen  cities  is 
836,933,  as  has  been  stated,  while  the  population  in  1865  of  the  same 
territory  was  580,941,  a  gain  of  255,992,  or  44-|-  per  cent,  and  this  is 
66-f-  per  cent  of  the  whole  gain  in  the  State.  The  present  towns  of 
the  State  have  a  population  of  814,979  ;  in  1865,  the  same  terri- 
tory had  a  population  of  686,090,  a  gain  of  128,889,  or  18 -f-  per 
cent.  To  summarize  :  the  gain  in  the  whole  State  since  1865  has 
been  304-  P^i*  cent ;  in  the  cities,  44 -f-  per  cent ;  in  the  towns,  18 -j- 
per  cent. 

The  following  table  shows  the   population  of  cities  in  1875,  and  of 
same  territory  in  1865.     Italics  signify  towns  in  1865  now  cities  : — 


1865. 

1875. 

Gain. 

1865. 

1875. 

Gain. 

Boston,   . 
Charlostown, 
Brighton,    . 
Dorchester, 
Eoxbury,     . 
West  Eoxbury,    . 

Cambridge,     . 

Chelsea,  . 

Fitchburg, 

Fall  River,      . 

Gloucester, 

192,318- 
26,399 

3,854 
10,717 
28,426 

6,912. 
29,112 
14,403 

8,118 
17,481 
11,937 

00 

341,919 

47,838 
20,737 
12,289 
45,340 
16,754 
14,628 
16,260 

73,293 

18,726 
6,334 
4,171 

27,859- 
4,817 
3,888 

10,612 

Lawrence, 
Lowell,   . 
Lynn,      . 
New  Bedford, 
Newburyport, 
Newton,  . 
Salem,     . 
Somerville,     . 
Springfield,     . 
Taunton, 
Worcester,      . 

Totals,      . 

21,698 
30,990 
20,747 
20,853 
12,976 

8,975 
21,189 

9,353 
22,035 
16,005 
30,055 

34,916 
49,688 
32,600 
25,895 
13,323 
16,105 
25,958 
21,868 
31,053 
20,445 
49,317 

13,218 

18,698 

11,853 

5,042 

347 

7,130 

4,769 

12,515 

9,018 

4,440 

19,262 

JIaverhill, 
Holyoke, . 

10,740 
5,648 

580,941 

836,933 

255,992 

The  population  for  1875  is  easily  compared  with  that  of  1865  by 
the  three  succeeding  tables  of  increase  and  decrease. 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


29 


INCREASE. 


Counties. 


Kumber 

of 
Towns. 

Number 

showing 

gain. 

342 

200 

14 

2 

31 

14 

19 

10 

5 

2 

35 

27 

26 

10 

21 

12 

23 

8 

54 

43 

1 

- 

24 

18 

27 

14 

4 

3 

58 

37 

1S6S. 


1875. 


Increase. 


Per  cent. 


The  State, 
Barnstable, 

Berkshire 

Bristol,  .  .  .  . 
Dukes,  .  .  .  . 
Essex,  .  .  .  . 
Franklin,    .        .        .        . 

Hampden 

Hampshire, 

Middlesex 

Nantucket,         .       . 

Norfolk 

Plymouth 

Suffolk 

Worcester,         . 


957,683 

3,472 

38,417 

73,808 

108 

154,033 
14,966 
55,701 
24,060 

176,098 

45,232 

33,712 

207,579 

130,497 


1,448,925 

4,635 

52,238 

116,245 

331 

207,144 

18,569 

86,006 

31,223 

273,681 

67,196 

46,765 

364,259 

180,633 


491,242 
1,163 

13,821 

42,437 
223 

53,111 
3,603 

30,305 
7,163 

97,583 

21,964 

13,053 

156,680 

50,136 


51.29 
33.50 
35.98 
57.50 
206.48 
34.48 
24.61 
54.41 
29.77 
55.41 

48.56 
38.72 
75.48 
38.42 


DECREASE. 


Counties. 


Number 

of 
Towns. 

Number 

showing 

loss. 

342 

142 

14 

12 

31 

17 

19 

9 

5 

3 

35 

8 

26 

16 

21 

9 

23 

15 

54 

11 

1 

1 

24 

6 

27 

13 

4 

1 

68 

21 

1863. 


1875. 


Decrease. 


Per  cent. 


The  State, 
Barnstable, 
Berkshire,  . 
Bristol, 
Dukes, 
Essex, 
Franklin,    . 
Hampden,  . 
Hampshire, 
Middlesex,  .        . 
Nantucket, 
Norfolk, 
Plymouth,  . 
Suffolk,       . 
Worcester, 


309,348 
31,138 
18,527 
15,587 

4,092 
17,001 
16,374 

8,869 
15,209 
44,286 

4,748 

71,074 

29,395 

633 

32,415 


202,987 
27,509 
16,032 
14,842 

3,740 
16,198 
15,127 

8,298 
13,598 
10,431 

3,201 

21,125 

22,597 

627 

29,662 


106,361 

3,629 

2,495 

745 

352 

803 

1,247 

571 

1,611 

33,855 

1,547 

49,949 

6,798 

6 

2,753 


34.38 

11.65 

13.47 

4.78 

8.60 

4.72 

7.62 

6.44 

10.59 

76.45 

32.58 

70.28 

23.13 

.95 

8.49 


30 


CENSUS   OF   MASS. -1873.       COMPENDIUM. 


INCREASE    AND   DECREASE. 


Counties. 

to    . 

^:: 

o 
d  (A 
'A 

CO 

o 

O  w 

c 

o 
•a 
S 

a 

12 

CO 

IH 

C 

o 

s 

3 

o, 
o 

Ci 

C 
So 

'A 

o 

.s 

CO 
CO 

O 
^    lO 

-M    00 

o 

a 
g  6 

CO 

Net  per  cent  of 
decrease. 

The  State, 

342 

200 

142 

1,267,031 

1,651,912 

384,881 

_ 

30.38 

_ 

Barnstable, 

14 

2 

12 

34,610 

32,144 

- 

2,466 

- 

7.13 

Berkshire, . 

31 

14 

17 

56,944 

68,270 

11,326 

- 

19.89 

- 

Bristol, 

19 

10 

9 

89,395 

131,087 

41,692 

- 

46.64 

- 

Bukes, 

5 

2 

3 

4,200 

4,071 

- 

129 

- 

3.07 

Essex, 

35 

27 

8 

171,034 

223,342 

52,308 

- 

30.58 

- 

Franklin,    . 

26 

10 

16 

31,340 

33,696 

2,356 

- 

7.52 

- 

Hampden,  . 

21 

12 

9 

64,570 

94,304 

29,734 

- 

46.05 

- 

Hampshire, 

23 

8 

15 

39,269 

44,821 

5,552 

- 

14.11 

- 

Middlesex, 

64 

43 

11 

220,384 

284,112 

63,728 

- 

28.92 

- 

Nantucket, 

1 

- 

1 

4,748 

3,201 

- 

1,547 

- 

32.58 

Norfolk,     , 

24 

18 

6 

116,306 

88,321 

- 

27,985 

- 

24.06 

Plymouth, . 

27 

14 

13 

63,107 

69,362 

6,255 

- 

9.91 

- 

Suffolk,      . 

4 

3 

1 

208,212 

364,886 

156,674 

- 

li.2b 

- 

Worcester, 

58 

37 

21 

162,912 

210,295 

47,383 

- 

29.08 

- 

The  number  of  towns  in  the  State  in  which  the  population  has 
increased  is  200,  and  their  total  gain  is  491,242  ;  the  number  of  towns 
in  which  the  population  has  decreased  is  142,  and  their  total  decrease 
is  106,361,  the  net  increase  being  384,881.  The  counties  in  which 
loss  has  taken  place  are  Barnstable,  Dukes,  Nantucket  and  Norfolk, 
that  in  the  latter  county  resulting  from  loss  of  territory.  The  losses 
have  taken  place  in  small  farming  towns,  as  a  rule,  remote  from  mar- 
kets, and  not  well  accommodated  by  railroads,  although  many  towns 
have  lost  in  population  from  loss  of  territory.  All  such  matters  are 
set  forth  in  the  Notes.  From  1855  to  1865,  the  number  of  towns 
in  which  the  population  decreased  was  166,  or  24  more  than  from 
1865  to  1875. 

The  comparison  of  the  population  in  1875  with  that  in  other  years, 
is  readily  made  by  the  following  table  : — 


POPULATION"   A^^^D   SOCIAL    STATISTICS, 


31 


CENSUSES  OF  POPULATION  DURING  ONE  HUNDRED  YEARS. 


li 

Colonial 

Census. 

United  States  Censuses. 

Counties. 

o  g 

a 

1776. 

1790. 

1800. 

1810. 

1820. 

Barnstable, 

1685, 

15,546 

17,354 

19,293 

22,211 

24,026 

Berkshire 

1761, 

17,952 

30,213 

33,670 

35,787 

35,570 

Bristol 

1685, 

26,700 

31,709 

33,880 

37,168 

40,908 

Dukes, 

1683, 

2,822 

3,265 

3,118 

3,290 

3,292 

Essex 

1643, 

50,923 

57,913 

61,196 

71,888 

74,655 

Franklin 

1811, 

10,294 

21,743 

26,300 

27,421 

29,418 

Hampden, 

1812, 

13,274 

19,193 

23,462 

24,421 

28,021 

Hampshire,  ....... 

1662, 

12,154 

18,823 

22,885 

24,553 

26,487 

Middlesex 

1643, 

40,121 

42,737 

46,928 

52,789 

61,472 

Nantucket 

1695, 

4,412 

4,620 

5,617 

6,807 

7,266 

Norfolk 

1793, 

22,124 

23,878 

27,216 

31,245 

36,471 

Plymouth 

1685, 

29,113 

31,740 

32,302 

35,169 

38,136 

1643, 

3,208 

18,792 

25,786 

34,381 

43,940 

Worcester, 

1731, 

46,437 

56,807 

61,192 

64,910 

73,625 

- 

295,080 

378,787 

422,845 

472,040 

623,287 

United  States  Censuses. 

State 
Census. 

U.S. 

Census. 

State 

Census. 

U.  S. 
Census. 

State 
Census. 

1830. 

1840. 

1850. 

1855. 

1860. 

1865. 

1870. 

1875. 

28,514 

32,548 

35,276 

35,442 

35,990 

34,610 

32,774 

32,144 

37,706 

41,745 

49,591 

62,791 

55,120 

56,944 

64,827 

68,270 

49,592 

60,165 

76,192 

87,425 

93,794 

89,395 

102,886 

131,087 

3,517 

3,958 

4,540 

4,401 

4,403 

4,200 

3,787 

4,071 

82,859 

94,987 

131,300 

151,018 

165,611 

171,034 

200,843 

223,342 

29,630 

28,812 

30,870 

31,652 

31,434 

31,340 

32,635 

33,696 

31,639 

37,366 

51,283 

54,849 

57,366 

64,570 

78,409 

94,304 

30,254 

30,897 

35,732 

35,485 

37,823 

39,269 

44,388 

44,821 

77,961 

106,611 

161,383 

194,023 

216,354 

220,384 

274,353 

284,112 

7,202 

9,012 

8,452 

8,064 

6,094 

4,748 

4,123 

3,201 

41,972 

53,140 

78,892 

94,367 

109,950 

116,306 

89,443 

88,321 

43,044 

47,373 

55,697 

61,495 

64,768 

63,107 

65,365 

69,362 

62,163 

95,773 

144,517 

171,841 

192,700 

208,212 

270,802 

364,886 

84,355 

95,313 

130,789 

149,516 

159,659 

162,911 

192,716 

210,295 

610,408 

737,700 

994,514 

1,132,369 

1,231,066 

1,267,030 

1,457,361 

1,651,912 

32 


CENSUS   or   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


From  this  table,  the  percentage  of  gain  in  each  comity  for  each 
census  period  since  1776,  and  the  percentage  of  gain  for  the  entire 
century,  by  counties,  are  readily  drawn,  and  are  presented  in  the 


following  table  : — 


14  Years. 

10  Years. 

10  Years. 

10  Years. 

10  Years. 

10  Years. 

Counties. 

1776-1790. 

1790-1800. 

1800-1810. 

1810-1820. 

1820-1830. 

1830-1840. 

The  State, 

28.37 

11.63 

11.63 

10.85 

16.64 

20.85 

Barnstable, 

11.63 

11.17 

15.12 

8.17 

18.67 

14.14 

Berkshire, 

68.30 

11.44 

6.28 

—.60 

6.31 

10.71 

Bristol,  . 

18.76 

6.84 

9.70 

10.06 

21.22 

21.31 

Dukes,  . 

15.70 

—4.19 

5.51 

- 

6.83 

12.53 

Essex,    . 

13.73 

5.66 

17.47 

3.84 

10.98 

14.63 

Franklin, 

111.22 

20.95 

4.26 

7.28 

.72 

—2.76 

Hampden, 

44.59 

22.24 

4.08 

14.74 

12.91 

18.10 

Hampshire, 

64.87 

21.58 

7.28 

7.87 

14.29 

2.12 

Middlesex, 

6.52 

9.80 

12.48 

16.44 

26.80 

36.74 

Nantucket, 

4.71 

21.58 

21.18 

6.74 

—.88 

25.13 

Norfolk, 

7.93 

13.97 

14.80 

16.72 

15.08 

26.60 

Plymouth, 

9.02 

1.77 

9.18 

8.43 

12.86 

10.05 

Suffolk, . 

485.79 

37.21 

33.33 

27.80 

41.47 

54.06 

Worcester, 

22.33 

7.72 

6.07 

13.42 

14.57 

12.99 

Counties. 

lO  Years. 
1840-1850. 

10  Years. 
18.50-1860. 

10  Years. 
1855-1865. 

10  Years. 
1865-1875. 

100  Years. 
1776-1875. 

The  State, 

34.81 

23.79 

11.89 

30.38 

459.82 

Barnstable, 

8.38 

2.02 

—2.34 

—7.13 

106.77 

Berkshire, 

18.79 

11.15 

7.87 

19.89 

280.29 

Bristol,     . 

26.64 

23.10 

2.25 

46.64 

390.96 

Dukes,     . 

14.70 

—3.02 

—4.52 

—3.07 

44.26 

Essex, 

38.22 

26.13 

13.25 

30.58 

338.59 

Franklin, . 

7.32 

1.83 

—.99 

7.52 

227.34 

Hampden, 

37.24 

11.86 

17.72 

46.05 

610.44 

Hampshire, 

15.65 

5.85 

10.66 

14.11 

268.78 

Middlesex, 

51.37 

34.06 

13.58 

28.92 

608.11 

Nantucket, 

-6.21 

27.89 

—41.12 

—32.58 

—27.45 

Norfolk,  . 

48.46 

39.37 

23.25 

—24.06 

299.21 

Plymouth, 

17.57 

16.29 

2.62 

9.91 

138.25 

Suffolk,    . 

50.89 

33.34 

21.17 

75.25 

11,274.25 

Worcester, 

37.22 

•       22.07 

8.96 

29.08 

352.86 

rOPULATlON   AXD    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


33 


Taking  the  growth  since  1865  as  the  basis,  we  calcuhite  the  popula- 
tion for  each  year  since  then  as  follows  : — 


Years. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Years. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Years. 

Popula- 
tion. 

1865, 

.         .        .        . 

1,267,030 

1869, 

•        •        •        • 

1,420,983 

1873 

1,574,935 

1866, 

• 

1,305,519 

1870, 

•        •        •        ■ 

1,459,471 

1874,      .... 

1,613,424 

1867, 

. 

1,344,007 

1871, 

. 

1,497,959 

1875 

1,651,912 

1868, 

• 

1,382,495 

1872, 

. 

1,536,447 

The  actual  population  in  1870,  by  the  United  States  census,  was 
1,457,351,  or  only  2,120  less  than  the  calculated  number. 

The  population  of  Massachusetts  for  each  year  of  the  decade  clos-' 
ing  in  1885,  is  estimated  to  be  as  follows  : — 


Years. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Years. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Years. 

Popula- 
tion. 

1876, 

•        ■        .        • 

1,702,080 

18S0, 

.        • 

1,902,754 

1883, 

•        .        • 

2,053,260 

1877, 

. 

1,752,249 

1881, 

. 

1,952,923 

1884, 

. 

2,103,428 

1878, 

. 

1,802,417 

1882, 

. 

2,003,091 

1885, 

. 

2,153,597 

1879, 

. 

1,852,586 

Massachusetts,  of  the  United  States,  stands  seventh  in  rank  as  to 
total  population.  New  York  holds  the  first  place,  Pennsylvania  the 
second,  Ohio  the  third,  Illinois  the  fourth,  Missouri  the  fifth,  and 
Indiana  the  sixth.  After  Massachusetts  come  Kentucky,  Tennessee, 
Virginia,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Alabama,  in  order  named.  For  density 
of  population,  this  State  stands  first  in  rank,  having,  in  1875,  211.78 
persons  to  the  square  mile;  in  1865,  the  average  was  162.43;  in 
1870,  186.84,  and  127.50  in  1850.  Next  to  Massachusetts,  in  this 
respect,  stands  Ehode  Island,  having,  in  1870,  190.  By  her  census 
of  1875  she  has  244.90;  third,  Connecticut,  113.15;  fourth.  New 
Jersey,  108.91  ;  fifth,  New  York,  93.25  ;  sixth,  Pennsylvania,  76.56.. 
The  State  having  the  least  is  Colorado,  with  only  .38  to  the  square 
mile.  In  comparison  with  the  density  of  population  in  the  European 
states,  Massachusetts  holds  about  an  average  position.  In  France,. 
Ireland,  Denmark,  and  some  other  European  countries,  the  average 
for  the  past  ten  years  has  decreased.  The  growth  in  Massachusetts 
compares  fiivorably  with  that  of  any,  excepting,  perhaps,  Belgium. 
In  this  connection,  the  following  table  will  be  of  interest ;  it  shows 
the  density  of  population  in  the  leading  countries  in  the  world,  and 

5 


34 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


from  it  it  is  learned  that  Massachusetts  stands  first  as  regards  any  of 
the  United  States,  and  sixth  as  to  all  countries.  The  table  is  com- 
piled from  last  ofiicial  censuses,  or  from  the  latest  official  estimates  : — 


States  and  ConNTRiES. 


Belgium 

England  and  Wales, . 

Netherlands, 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 

Italy 

Massachusetts,     . 
Japan  (estimate), 
BritiA  India,     . 
Germany,   .... 
Switzerland, 

Ireland 

Austria  and  Hungary, 
France,        .... 

Denmark 

Chinese  Empire  (estimate). 


Population 

per 

sq.  mile. 


451 
389 
291 
265 
237 
212 
209 
207 
193 
175 
169 
158 
150 
111 
110 


States  and  ConNTRiES. 


Population 

per 

sq.  mile. 


Scotland,     .        .        . 

Portugal,     . 

Spain, 

Greece, 

Sweden  and  Norway, 

Turkey, 

Chili 

Morocco  (estimate),  . 
United  States,    . 
Russian  Empire, 
Mexico, 
Colombia,  . 
Argentine  Republic, . 
Brazil, 


109 

108 

90 

73 

21 

20 

15 

12 

11 

10 

9 

7 

3 

3 


Polls  and  Voters. 


Counties. 


Ratable  Polls. 


Native  Voters. 


Naturalized 
Voters. 


Total  Voters. 


The  State, 

Barnstable, 

Berkshire, 

Bristol,     . 

Dukes, 

Essex, 

Franklin, . 

Hampden, 

Hampshire, 

Middlesex, 

Nantucket, 

Norfolk,  . 

Plymouth, 

Suffolk,     . 

Worcester, 


449,686 

9,109 
17,869 
35,384 

1,205 
60,340 

9,786 
25,056 
11,381 
75,831 
904 
23,741 
19,792 
101,646 
57,642 


281,842 

8,064 
11,434 
20,819 

1,104 
40,631 

7,803 
15,355 

8,018 
46,471 
860 
15,621 
16,141 
53,081 
36,440 


69,271 

373 

2,701 

6,057 

13 

7,999 

713 

3,557 

1,235 

12,572 

30 

3,591 

1,298 

20,680 

8,452 


351,113 

8,437 
14,135 
26,876 

1,117 
48,630 

8,516 
18,912 

9,253 
59,043 
890 
19,212 
17,439 
73,761 
44,892 


It  will  be  seen  that  351,113,  or  21|^  per  cent  of  the  whole  popula- 
tion, are  legal  voters.  Of  the  whole  male  population,  44-1-  P^i"  ^^^^^ 
are  voters,  and  56-}-  per  cent,  or  449,686,  are  ratable  polls  ;  the  natu- 
ralized voters  compose  19.7  per  cent,  or  69,271  of  the  whole  number 
of  voters;  and  the  number  of  native  voters  is  281,842,  or  80.3  per 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


35 


cent  of  the  whole  number.  The  aliens,  meanmg  for  census  piu'poses 
all  males  over  20  years  of  age,  of  foreign  birth,  who  have  not  been 
natm'alized,  number  79,136,  as  will  be  seen  further  on.  The  native 
born  voters  constitute  47 -f-  per  cent  of  the  native  born  males,  and 
the  naturalized  voters  35  -\-  per  cent  of  the  foreign  born  males.  Again, 
of  the  297,997  native  born  males  over  20  years  of  age,  281,842,  or 
94-]-  per  cent,  are  legal  voters ;  while  of  the  161,885  foreign  born 
males  over  20  years  of  age,  69,271,  or  42+  per  cent,  are  legal  voters. 

Families  and  Dwelling-houses. 


Counties. 


Dwellings 
Occupied. 


Dwellings 
Unoccupied. 


Total 
Dwelling-houses. 


Families. 


The  State, 

Barnstable, 

Berkshire, 

Bristol,     . 

Dukes, 

Essex, 

Franklin, 

Hampden, 

Hampshire, 

Middlesex, 

Nantucket, 

Norfolk,  . 

Plymouth, 

SuflFolk,    . 

Worcester, 


255,518 

7,326 
11,496 
18,870 

1,029 
35,015 

6,609 
13,126 

7,948 
47,247 
870 
15,647 
13,719 
44,703 
31,913 


11,705 

514 

527 

853 

41 

1,216 
268 
502 
306 

2,525 
138 
640 
728 

2,303 

1,144 


267,223 

7,840 
12,023 
19,723 

1,070 
36,231 

6,877 
13,628 

8,254 
49,772 

1,008 
16,287 
14,447 
47,006 
33,057 


359,009 

8,333 
14,168 
28,561 

1,135 
50,138 

7,856 
19,990 

9,596 
60,731 
938 
19,479 
16,362 
75,464 
46,258 


Size  of  Families. 


Counties. 


1 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

11,869 

57,228 

69,987 

66,000 

53,184 

37,856 

499 

1,761 

1,851 

1,643 

1,120 

663 

387 

2,027 

2,519 

2,542 

2,102 

1,626 

973 

4,630 

5,565 

5,094 

4,119 

2,901 

94 

271 

257 

216 

148 

69 

1,727 

8,256 

10,275 

9,536 

7,422 

5,084 

280 

1,371 

1,648 

1,493 

1,182 

799 

696 

3,194 

3,779 

3,585 

2,915 

2,092 

289 

1,557 

1,896 

1,741 

1,398 

1,014 

1,680 

9,144 

11,663 

11,319 

9,294 

6,647 

71 

280 

228 

155 

93 

57 

667 

3,078 

3,743 

3,534 

2,990 

2,083 

684 

2,928 

3,540 

3,065 

2,349 

1,585 

2,307 

10,969 

13,902 

13,652 

11,262 

8,507 

1,515 

7,762 

9,121 

8,425 

6,790 

4,729 

The  State, 

Barnstable, . 
Berkshire,  . 
Bristol, 
Dukes, 
Essex, . 
Franklin,     . 
Hampden,    . 
Hampshire, 
Middlesex,  . 
Nantucket,  . 
Norfolk,       . 
Plymouth,  . 
Suffolk, 
Worcester,  . 


25,967 

391 

1,178 

2,115 

37 

3,344 

480 
1,469 

680 

4,621 

23 

1,442 

999 
5,879 
3,309 


36 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 


Size  of  Families — Continued. 


Counties. 


10 


11 


13 


13 


14 


13 


16  and 

above. 


The  State, 

Barnstable,     . 

Berkshire, 

Bristol,    . 

Dukes,     . 

Essex, 

Franklin, 

Hampden, 

Hampshire,     . 

Middlesex, 

Nantucket, 

Norfolk,  . 

Plymouth, 

Suffolk,    . 

Worcester, 


15,488 

199 
716 

1,337 
22 

1,968 
260 
897 
417 

2,690 

18 

864 

569 

3,610 

1,921 


8,954 

100 

457 

779 

9 

1,056 
148 
527 
242 

1,620 

6 

469 

301 

2,084 

1,156 


4,997 

67 

261 

435 

5 

553 

82 

314 

159 

841 

5 

289 

183 

1,162 

651 


2,722 

26 

154 

268 

4 

286 

59 
183 

97 

421 

1 

126 

67 
668 
362 


2,190 

13 

86 

181 

3 

335 

39 
138 

53 
388 

117 

48 

564 

225 


493 

1 

28 
48 

43 

35 
13 
62 

14 

8 

182 

59 


342 

267 

1 

17 

14 

25 

17 

41 

29 

1 

4 

24 

13 

5 

5 

35 

35 

13 

8 

8 

3 

128 

113 

45 

25 

1,465 

8 

54 
74 

183 

10 
129 

30 

271 

1 

42 

25 
475 
163 


There  are  255,518  occupied,  and  11,705  unoccupied  dwellings,  or 
a  total  of  267,223  dwelling-houses  in  the  State  ;  and  359,009  families, 
or  91,786  more  families  than  dwellings,  and  103,491  more  families 
than  occupied  dwellings;  there  are  1.4  families  to  each  occupied 
dwelling.  The  percentage  is  the  same  for  Rhode  Island.  In  1865, 
the  excess  of  families  over  dwellings  Avas  61,270;  the  occupied 
dwellings  contain,  on  an  average,  6.46  persons  ;  in  1865,  the  average 
was  6.07  ;  if  all  the  houses  in  the  State  were  occupied,  the  average 
number  of  persons  to  each  would  be  6.18.  The  average  size  of  family 
is  established  at  4.6  persons,  while  in  1865  it  was  4.69.  The  average 
size  of  families  in  most  conditions  of  life  and  in  most  localities,  holds 
true  to  4.5.  It  rarely  varies  but  little  from  this.  In  Rhode  Island, 
in  1875,  it  was  4.67.  In  towns  or  villages  this  limit  may  not  be 
hxed,  but  it  is  true  for  any  considerable  number. 

In  the  Size  of  Families  tal)le  will  be  found  for  each  county 
and  the  State  the  number  of  families  and  the  size  of  same,  up  to  16. 
Those  given  as  above  16,  and  in  fact  many  of  the  very  large  families, 
mean  hotels,  boarding-houses,  etc.,  which  are  always  counted  as  fami- 
lies for  census  purposes.  The  families  having  three  persons  are  most 
numerous,  numbering  69,987  ;  and  those  having  four  persons  rank 
next,  giving  66,000  ;  while  those  having  only  two  rank  third,  numljer- 
ing  57,228  ;  and  those  with  five  persons  stand  fourth,  showing  53,184  ; 
the  families  composed  of  six,  seven  and  eight  persons  then  follow  in 
rank,  numbering  respectively,  37,856,  25,967  and  15,488. 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


37 


Color  and  Kace. 


Whitk. 

Black. 

Mulatto. 

Chinese. 

Japanese. 

Indian. 

Counties. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

The  State,  . 

786,400 

849,220 

5,140 

5,306 

2,355 

2,683 

238 

40 

10 

■      - 

240 

280 

Barnstable, . 

15,457 

16,294 

44 

62 

75 

69 

1 

- 

- 

- 

66 

76 

Berkshire,  . 

32,939 

33,942 

391 

392 

225 

246 

129 

4 

- 

- 

1 

1 

Bristol, 

62,3-27 

66,557 

742 

825 

262 

316 

4 

3 

- 

- 

27 

24 

Dulies, 

1,803 

1,963 

32 

30 

48 

37 

- 

- 

- 

- 

66 

92 

Essex,  . 

105,521 

116,761 

321 

364 

153 

212 

4 

3 

2 

- 

- 

1 

Franklin,     . 

16,884 

16,729 

31 

33 

1 

9 

9 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Hampden,    . 

44,756 

48,458 

413 

415 

81 

132 

29 

4 

1 

- 

10 

5 

Hampshire, 

21,426 

23,077 

105 

104 

44 

51 

13 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

Middlesex,  . 

134,442 

147,847 

675 

716 

192 

210 

12 

9 

- 

- 

2 

7 

Nantucket,  . 

1,370 

1,769 

9 

28 

10 

.15 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Norfolk,       . 

42,181 

45,714 

147 

143 

58 

57 

2 

4 

1 

- 

8 

6 

Plymouth,  . 

34,002 

34,897 

192 

183 

34 

31 

- 

1 

- 

- 

12 

10 

Suftblk, 

170,384 

189,112 

1,669 

1,640 

934 

1,037 

33 

10 

5 

- 

25 

37 

Worcester,  . 

t 

102,908 

106,100 

369 

371 

238 

261 

2 

2 

~ 

~ 

23 

21 

BY    TOTALS. 

Counties. 

Population. 

White. 

Black. 

Mulatto. 

Chinese. 

Japanese. 

Indian. 

The  State, 

1,651,912 

1,635,620 

10,446 

5,038 

278 

10 

520 

Barnstable,  . 

32,144 

31,751 

106 

144 

1 

- 

142 

Berkshire, 

68,270 

66,881 

783 

471 

133 

- 

2 

Bristol, 

131,087 

128,884 

1,567 

578 

7 

- 

51 

Dukes,  . 

4,071 

3,766 

62 

85 

_ 

- 

158 

Essex,  . 

223,342 

222,282 

685 

365 

7 

2 

1 

Franklin, 

33,696 

33,613 

64 

10 

9 

- 

- 

Hampden, 

94,304 

93,214 

828 

213 

33 

1 

15 

Hampshire, 

44,821 

44,503 

209 

95 

13 

1 

- 

Middlesex, 

284,112 

282,289 

1,391 

402 

21 

- 

9 

Nantucket, 

3,201 

3,139 

37 

25 

- 

- 

- 

Norfolk, 

88,321 

87,895 

290 

115 

6 

1 

14 

Plymouth, 

69,362 

68,899 

375 

65 

1 

- 

22 

Suffolk, 

364,886 

359,496 

3,309 

1,971 

43 

5 

62 

Worcester, 

210,295 

209,008 

740 

499 

4 

■" 

44 

From  the  above  we  learn  that  out  of  1,651,912,  the  whole  popula- 
tion of  the  State,  1,635,620  are  white,  and  16,292  colored;  in  1865 
the  number  of  colored  was  10,167.  The  classification  by  color  and 
race  is  somewhat  arbitrary  and  unsatisfactory,  but  it  is  that  of  the 
Census  laws.  We  have  omitted  extended  comparisons  with  other 
years. 


38 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1S73.       COMPENDIUM. 


Conjugal  Condition. 


CODMTIES. 

Sin 

3LB. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

Divorced. 

Unknown. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fem. 

The  State, 

449,307 

458,285 

321,730 

323,515 

20,624 

73,527 

900 

1,717 

1,822 

485 

Barnstable,    . 

7,959 

7,544 

7,137 

7,220 

528 

1,705 

15 

32 

4 

- 

Berkshire, 

19,669 

18,844 

13,135 

13,114 

843 

2,569 

37 

58 

1 

- 

Bristol,  . 

35,800 

35,774 

25,898 

26,027 

1,575 

5,774 

77 

139 

12 

11 

Dukes,   . 

997 

931 

889 

911 

61 

275 

2 

5 

- 

- 

Essex,    . 

59,197 

62,440 

43,836 

44,162 

2,735 

10,437 

105 

265 

128 

37 

Franklin, 

9,097 

8,218 

7,246 

7,206 

565 

1,319 

15 

28 

2 

- 

Hampden, 

25,816 

26,372 

18,270 

18,415 

1,123 

4,097 

72 

130 

9 

- 

Hampshire, 

12,213 

12,506 

8,730 

8,791 

613 

1,888 

27 

33 

6 

14 

Middlesex, 

76,756 

80,961 

54,601 

55,193 

3,296 

12,150 

139 

324 

531 

161 

Nantucket, 

625 

770 

703 

735 

60 

305 

1 

2 

- 

_ 

Norfolk, 

23,955 

24,802 

17,199 

17,339 

1,144 

3,672 

62 

82 

37 

29 

Plymouth, 

18,339 

17,316 

14,753 

14,776 

1,102 

2,982 

43 

45 

3 

3 

Suffolk,  . 

100,338 

105,827 

67,124 

67,375 

4,353 

18,088 

151 

319 

1,084 

227 

Worcester, 

58,546 

55,980 

42,209 

42,251 

2,626 

8,266 

154 

255 

5 

3 

BY   TOTALS. 


The  Conjugal  Condition  presentation  informs  us  that  54 -f  per  cent, 
or  907,592  of  the  poimlation,  are  single  ;  645,245,  or  39 —  per  cent, 
are  married;  94,151  widowed,  and  2,617  divorced,  while  2,307  were 
reported  as  unknown,  the  majority  probably  belonging  to  the  divorced 
column. 

From  the  same  table,  it  is  ascertained  that  of  the  single,  449,307 


POPULATIOIsr   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


39 


are  males,  and  458,285  are  females,  an  excess  of  8,978  females  ;  of  the 
married,  321,730  are  males,  and  323,515  are  females,  an  excess  of 
1,785  females;  of  the  widowed,  20,624  are  males,  and  73,527  are 
females,  an  excess  of  52,903  females  ;  of  the  divorced,  900  are  males, 
and  1,717  are  females,  an  excess  of  817  females;  of  the  unknown, 
1,822  are  males,  and  485  females,  an  excess  of  1,337  males,  a  large 
proportion  being  without  doubt  divorced,  but  reported  unknown.  It 
was  seen  from  the  statements  under  Population  and  Sex,  that  the 
excess  of  females  over  males  in  the  State  was  63,146.  From  the 
above  statement  we  learn  how  and  from  what  classes  that  excess  is 
made,  as  follows  : — 


Single  women,  . 
Married  women, 
Widowed  women, 
Divorced  women, 

Total, . 


8,978 

1,785 

52,903 

817 


64,483 


Deduct  excess  of  males  unknown,  1,337,  and  we  find  the  excess  of 
females  by  this  table  is  63,146  as  by  the  first. 

Ages. 


Age. 

M. 

F. 

Agk. 

M. 

F. 

Age. 

M. 

F. 

Age. 

M. 

F. 

1  mo. 

1,742 

1,754 

12  yra. 

15,116 

14,549 

34  yrs. 

9,729 

10,837 

56  yrs. 

5,499 

5,474 

2mos. 

1,786 

1,694 

13  " 

14,581 

14,893 

35  " 

16,056 

17,363 

57  " 

4,530 

4,370 

3  " 

1,832 

1,937 

14  " 

16,104 

16,078 

36  " 

9,714 

11,031 

58  "  . 

4,871 

5,008 

4  " 

1,699 

1,687 

15  " 

15,938 

16,471 

37  " 

9,019 

10,198 

59  " 

3,788 

3,770 

5  " 

1,511 

1,549 

16  " 

15,726 

17,258 

38  " 

11,480 

12,810 

60  " 

8,154 

8,822 

6  " 

1,971 

1,896 

17  " 

15,094 

16,870 

39  " 

7,953 

9,248 

61  " 

2,957 

3,123 

7  " 

1,497 

1,454 

18  " 

16,709 

18,604 

40  " 

17,318 

19,655 

62  " 

3,883 

4,228 

8  " 

1,531 

1,490 

19  <• 

16,111 

17,155 

41  " 

6,346 

6,715 

63  " 

3,950 

4,031 

9  " 

1.633 

1,545 

20  " 

15,616 

19,061 

42  " 

9,202 

10,045 

64  " 

3,538 

3,662 

10  " 

1,224 

1,260 

21  " 

14,353 

15,953 

43  " 

7,229 

8,144 

65  " 

4,874 

5,268 

11  " 

700 

648 

22  " 

15,051 

18,459 

44  " 

6,642 

7,678 

66  " 

2,806 

3,172 

lyr. 

13,825 

15,589 

23  " 

14,629 

17,323 

45  " 

13,907 

13,874 

67  " 

2,919 

3,246 

2  yrs. 

19,976 

19,731 

24  " 

15,518 

17,117 

46  " 

6,783 

7,291 

68  «' 

2,707 

3,089 

3  " 

18,345 

18,333 

25  " 

16,407 

19,791 

47  " 

6,508 

7,084 

69  " 

2,325 

2,432 

4  " 

17,042 

16,974 

•26  " 

13,403 

15,639 

48  " 

8,029 

8,352 

70  " 

3,454 

4,511 

5  " 

17,636 

17,218 

27  " 

12,651 

14,030 

49  " 

5,904 

6,117 

71  " 

1,752 

1,976 

6  " 

16,456 

16,278 

28  '< 

15,183 

17,553 

50  " 

13,628 

14,462 

72  " 

1,934 

2,327 

7  " 

16,804 

16,547 

29  " 

10,967 

12,157 

51  " 

4,761 

4,772 

73  " 

1,704 

2,191 

8  " 

16,521 

16,254 

30  " 

19,027 

21,709 

52  " 

6,687 

6,615 

74  " 

1,566 

1,974 

9  " 

15,075 

14,949 

31  " 

8,979 

9,670 

53  " 

5,785 

5,671  ■ 

75  " 

2,186 

2,891 

10  " 

15,327 

14,797 

32  " 

11,236 

12,978 

54  " 

5,639 

5,651 

76  " 

1,346 

1,683 

11  '< 

13,394 

13,526 

33  " 

10,414 

11,515 

65  " 

7,736 

7,713 

77  " 

1,134 

1,387 

40 


CEK'SUS    or   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 


Ar/es — Continued. 


Age. 

M. 

F. 

Age. 

M. 

F.' 

Age. 

M. 

F. 

Age. 

M. 

F. 

78  yrs. 

1,026 

1,435 

87  yrs. 

195 

383 

96  yrs. 

11 

21 

105  yrs. 

1 

3 

79  " 

767 

1,039 

88  " 

136 

309 

97  " 

7 

24 

106  " 

2 

- 

80  " 

918 

1,560 

89  " 

105 

207 

98  " 

14 

19 

107  " 

1 

2 

81  " 

487 

770 

90  " 

106 

224 

99  " 

8 

12 

108  " 

- 

- 

82  " 

559 

791 

91  " 

57 

110 

100  " 

3 

12 

109  " 

- 

1 

83  " 

399 

697 

92  " 

49 

101 

101  " 

- 

3 

110  " 

- 

- 

84  " 

377 

624 

93  " 

31 

67 

102  " 

- 

3 

111  " 

_ 

_ 

85  " 

86  " 

341 
240 

587 
441 

94  " 

95  " 

17 

18 

53 

58 

103  " 

104  " 

1 

2 

Unk'n, 

4,235 

6,067 

BY    TOTALS. 


Age. 

Total. 

Age. 

Total. 

Age. 

Total. 

Age. 

Total. 

Age. 

Total. 

Ace. 

Total. 

1  mo. 

3,496 

11  yrs. 

26,920 

32  yrs. 

24,214 

53  yrs. 

11,456 

74  yrs. 

3,540 

95yr8. 

76 

2mos. 

3,480 

12  " 

29,665 

33 

21,929 

54  " 

11,290 

75  " 

5,077 

96  " 

32 

3  " 

3,769 

13  " 

29,474 

34 

20,566 

55  " 

15,449 

76  " 

3,029 

97  " 

31 

4  " 

3,386 

14  " 

32,182 

35 

33,419 

56  " 

10,973 

77  " 

2,521 

98  " 

33 

5  " 

3,060 

15  " 

32,409 

36 

20,745 

57  " 

8,900 

78  " 

2,461 

99  " 

20 

6  " 

3,867 

16  " 

32,984 

37 

19,217 

58  " 

9,879 

79  " 

1,806 

100  " 

15 

7  " 

2,951 

17  " 

31,964 

38 

24,290 

59  " 

7,558 

80  " 

2,478 

101  " 

3 

8  " 

3,021 

18  " 

35,313 

39 

17,201 

60  " 

16,976 

81  " 

1,257 

102  " 

3 

9  " 

3,178 

19  " 

33,266 

40 

36,973 

61  " 

6,080 

82  " 

1,350 

103  " 

2 

10  " 

2,484 

20  " 

34,677 

41 

13,061 

62  " 

8,111 

S3  " 

1,096 

104  " 

1 

11  " 

1,348 

21  " 

30,306 

42 

19,247 

63  " 

7,981 

84  " 

1,001 

105  " 

4 

1  yr. 

29,414 

22  " 

33,510 

43 

15,373 

64  " 

7,200 

85  " 

928 

106  " 

2 

2  yrs. 

39,707 

23  " 

31,952 

44 

14,320 

65  " 

10,142 

86  " 

681 

107  " 

3 

3  " 

36,678 

24  " 

32,635 

45 

27,781 

66  " 

5,978 

87  " 

578 

108  " 

- 

4  " 

34,016 

25  " 

36,198 

46 

14,074 

67  " 

6,165 

88  " 

445 

109  " 

1 

5  " 

34,854 

26  " 

29,042 

47 

13,592 

68  " 

5,796 

89  " 

312 

110  " 

- 

6  " 

32,734 

27  " 

26,681 

48 

16,381 

69  " 

4,757 

90  " 

330 

111  " 

- 

7  " 

33,351 

28  " 

32,736 

49 

12,021 

70  " 

7,965 

91  " 

167  j 

112  " 

- 

8  " 

32,775 

29  " 

23,124 

50 

28,090 

71  " 

3,728 

92  " 

150  , 

113  " 

- 

9  " 
10  " 

30,024 
30,124 

30  " 

31  " 

40,736 
18,649 

51 
52 

9,533 
13,302 

72  " 

73  " 

4,261 
3,895 

93  " 

94  " 

98 
70 

Unk'n, 

10,302 

It  has  been  deemed  advisable  to  report  the  ages  of  the  people  by 
months  and  years  instead  of  by  quinquennial  periods.  By  this  present- 
ation, it  will  be  observed  that  after  reaching  20,  there  is  a  concentration 
upon  the  quinquennial  periods ;  for  instance,  at  20,  there  are  34,677, 
while  at  21,  but  30,306  ;  and  at  25,  there  are  36,198,  while  at  26,  only 
29,042.  Again,  at  30,  there  are  40,736;  while  at  29  the  number  is 
much  less,  as  it  is  also  at  31.  At  35,  40,  45,  50,  55,  60,  65,  etc.,  the 
same  concentration  appears.     This  is  entirely  owing  to  the  answers 


POPULATIOIS^   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


41 


given  by  the  people,  many  of  whom  are  careless  in  giving  their  ages, 
preferring,  for  instance,  to  say  they  are  45,  rather  than  give  an  exact 
age  either  side,  while  many  are  ignorant  of  their  real  age,  and  almost 
invarial)ly  give  the  quinquennial  division  for  a  guess.  This  practice 
is  noticeable  in  all  censuses,  in  all  countries,  but  upon  comparison  we 
find  the  practice  less  prominent  in  this  census  than  in  most  we  have 
examined.  This  is  owing  to  the  time  allowed  in  which  to  answer 
inquiries.  The  whole  number  of  children  five  years  of  age  and  under  is 
208,709  :  males,  103,950  ;  females,  104,759.    In  1865,  it  was  133,943. 

The  average  age  of  all  living  males  is  27  years  6  months  ;  of  all 
living  females,  27  years  10  months ;  of  all,  27  years  8  months  ;  while 
from  the  Massachusetts  Registration  Reports  it  is  learned  that  the 
averao'e  ao-e  to  which  all  live  is  about  30. 

The  average  age  of  the  living  males  over  20  is  40  years  9  months  ; 
of  females,  40  years  6  months  ;  and  the  average  age  of  all  persons  in 
the  State  above  20  is  40  years  T^  months.  The  average  death  age  of 
all  who  die  above  20  is  about  52. 

Those  people  from  15  to  60  years  of  age  belong  to  the  productive 
age,  while  those  under  15  and  over  60  belong  to  the  dependent  age. 


Dependent  and  Productive  Ages. 


Total  PoruLATioN. 

Under  15. 

15  TO  60. 

Above  60. 

Counties. 

1803. 

1875. 

1865. 

1875. 

1865. 

1875. 

1865. 

1875. 

The  State,     . 

1,267,031 

1,651,912 

404,125 

485,958 

767,377 

1,043,992 

94,207 

111,660 

Barnstable,  . 

34,610 

32,144 

10,744 

8,785 

20,376 

19,267 

3,452 

3,861 

Berkshire,     . 

56,944 

68,270 

19,283 

22,140 

32,923 

40,870 

4,658 

4,965 

Bristol, . 

89,305 

131,087 

28,054 

38,539 

53,784 

82,644 

7,488 

9,233 

Dukes,  . 

4,200 

4,071 

1,075 

923 

2,600 

2,539 

521 

593 

Essex,  . 

171,034 

223,342 

52,811 

64,291 

104,927 

142,542 

13,141 

15,429 

Franklin, 

31,340 

33,696 

9,790 

9,747 

18,196 

20,228 

3,335 

3,566 

Hampden,*  , 

64,570 

94,304 

19,993 

28,629 

39,692 

59,703 

4,700 

6,711 

Hampshire,  . 

39,269 

44,821 

12,296 

13,061 

23,193 

27,153 

3,741 

4,022 

Middlesex,    . 

220,384 

284,112 

71,654 

83,034 

133,629 

181,230 

14,800 

17,555 

Nantucket,    . 

4,748 

3,201 

1,095 

629 

2,770 

1,852 

797 

712 

Norfolk, 

116,306 

88,321 

39,268 

26,225 

68,696 

54,225 

8,182 

6,960 

Plymouth,     . 

63,107 

69,362 

19,988 

19,424 

36,512 

42,144 

6,542 

7,410 

SuiTolk, . 

208,212 

364,886 

64,255 

104,251 

134,363 

242,028 

9,590 

16,076 

Worcester,    . 

162,912 

210,295 

53,819 

64,241 

95,716 

129,492 

13,260 

15,575 

Note. — The  unknown  are  not  included  in  this  table. 


From  the  above  table  it  will  be  seen  that  of  the  Avhole  population 

1,043,992  belong  to  the  producing  class, — a  gain  of  276,615  over  the 

same  class  in  1865,  or  72 —  per  cent  of  the  whole  gain  (384,881)  in 

6 


42 


CE:N^SUS   of   MASS.  — 1873.       COMPENDIUM. 


population.  An  examination  of  the  figures  in  tlie  table  for  the  differ- 
ent counties  will  prove  of  great  interest;  for  instance,  Barnstable 
shows  a  loss  under  15,  and  between  15  and  60,  but  a  decided  gain  over 
60 ;  that  is  to  say,  the  producing  class  in  Barnstable  County  is  grow- 
ing less,  while  the  dependent  increases.  Such  points  compared  with 
the  Notes,  on  loss  and  gain,  etc.,  at  close  of  this  volume,  can  not  fail 
to  interest  the  social  scientist.     See  also  remarks  on  Occupations. 

Place  of  Birth. 


Counties 

Born  in  Town 

NAMED. 

Born  in  other 
Towns  in  Mass. 

boen  in  other 
States. 

Foreign  Born. 

Unknown. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

The  State, 

290,425 

300,546 

178,887 

197,183 

119,386 

133,402 

196,079 

222,825 

3,606 

3,573 

Barnstable, 

11,001 

11,217 

2,935 

3,486 

573 

668 

1,100 

1,121 

34 

9 

Berksliire, 

12,644 

12,269 

6,781 

7,.398 

6,503 

7,172 

7,612 

7,673 

145 

73 

Bristol,     . 

24,224 

24,733 

12,418 

13,764 

7,591 

8,366 

19,010 

20,731 

119 

131 

Dukes, 

1,252 

1,345 

431 

481 

154 

186 

83 

84 

29 

26 

Essex, 

47,391 

49,493 

19,169 

21,914 

15,841 

18,482 

23,274 

27,149 

326 

303 

Franklin,  . 

6,935 

6,320 

5,308 

5,913 

2,409 

2,642 

2,180 

1,810 

93 

86 

Hampden, 

13,737 

13,767 

10,070 

10,869 

9,214 

10,249 

12,164 

14,071 

105 

58 

Hampshire, 

8,637 

8,194 

6,167 

7,053 

2,672 

3,031 

4,036 

4,549 

77 

405 

Middlesex, 

42,339 

42,839 

33,599 

37,397 

24,222 

27,969 

34,439 

39,828 

724 

756 

Nantucket, 

1,114 

1,506 

139 

152 

69 

90 

66 

64 

1 

- 

Norfolk,    . 

16,364 

16,224 

12,125 

14,041 

4,883 

5,769 

8,769 

9,532 

256 

358 

Plymouth, 

16,596 

16,295 

11,446 

12,337 

2,295 

2,513 

3,720 

3,868 

183 

109 

Suffolk,     . 

58,547 

60,865 

30,317 

32,851 

28,345 

30,177 

54,927 

67,047 

914 

896 

Woreester, 

35,644 

35,479 

27,982 

29,527 

14,615 

16,088 

24,699 

25,298 

600 

363 

BY    TOTALS. 


Counties. 

Population. 

Born 
in  town 
named. 

Born  in 

other  towns 

in  Mass. 

Born  in 

other  States. 

Foreign 
born. 

Unknown. 

The  State, 

1,651,912 

596,971 

376,040 

252,818 

418,904 

7,179 

Barnstable,   . 

32,144 

22,218 

6,421 

1,241 

2,221 

43 

Berkshire, 

68,270 

24,913 

14,179 

13,675 

15,285 

218 

Bristol,  . 

131,087 

48,957 

26,182 

15,957 

39,741 

250 

Dukes,  . 

4,071 

2,.597 

912 

340 

167 

55 

Essex,    . 

223,342 

96,884 

41,083 

34,323 

50,423 

629 

Franklin, 

33,696 

13,255 

11,221 

5,051 

3,990 

179 

Hampden, 

94,304 

27,504 

20,939 

19,463 

26,235 

163 

Hampshire, 

44,821 

16,831 

13,190 

5,733 

8,585 

482 

Middlesex, 

284,112 

85,178 

70,996 

52,191 

74,267 

1,480 

Nantucket,    , 

3,201 

2,620 

291 

159 

130 

1 

Norfolk, 

88,.32l 

32,588 

26,166 

10,652 

18,301 

614 

Plymouth, 

69,362 

32,891 

23,783 

4,808 

7,588 

292 

Suffolk, . 

364,886 

119,412 

63,168 

58,522 

121,974 

1,810 

Worcester, 

210,295 

71,123 

57,509 

30,703 

49,997 

963 

POPULATIOI^^   AI^D    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


43 


Foreign  Born,  by  Nationalities. 


Place  of  Bikth. 


England, 

Ireland 

Scotland 

Wales, 

Dominion  of  Canada,    . 
Other  British  Possessions,     . 

France 

Germany,        .... 

Portugal 

Italy,        

Sweden  and  Norway,    . 

Spain 

Denmark,        .... 

Russia, 

Holland 

Switzerland 

Africa, 

Austria 

Belgium 

Brazil 

China 

Egypt 

Friendly  Islands,    . 

Greece 

Japan,      .        .        .        ,        , 

Liberia 

Mexico 

Persia 

Sandwich  Islands,  . 

Siam 

Society  Islands, 

Turkey 

Countries  not  designated. 

At  Sea 

American  citizens  born  abroad, 


Males. 


Females. 


25,368 

103,419 

6,323 

315 

39,880 

601 

1,346 

9,918 

2,013 

1,126 

2,015 

161 

470 

561 

282 

326 

119 

167 

71 

17 

238 

1 

1 

29 

10 

1 

11 

27 
1 
2 

33 
155 
116 
956 


196,079 


23,771 

131,137 

6,493 

281 

46,142 

713 

883 

7,621 

1,692 

582 

1,938 

81 

144 

309 

228 

227 

70 

121 

45 

8 

40 


2 

21 

3 

27 


20 
86 
98 
35 


222,825 


Totals. 


49,139 

234,556 

12,816 

596 

86,022 

1,314 

2,229 

17,539 

3,705 

1,708 

3,953 

242 

614 

870 

510 

553 

189 

288 

116 

25 

278 

1 

1 

36 

10 

3 

32 

3 

54 

1 

2 

53 

241 

214 

991 


418,904 


Nativities,  with  Ages  :  Aliens. 

[Aliens  include  all  foreign  born  males  above  twenty  years  of  ago  not  naturalized.] 


Under  10. 

10  TO  14,  ISC. 

1 

15  TO  20,  INC. 

Above  20. 

1 

CO 

COCNTIES. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

The  State,    . 
Native  born, 
Foreign  born,  . 

168,564 

159,176 

9,388 

169,729 

159,649 

10,080 

72,139 

62,594 

9,545 

73,388 
63,102 
10,286 

93,798 
77,695 
16,103 

102,077 
81,215 
20,862 

459,882 
297,997 
161,885 

512.335 
330,792 
181,543 

79,136 

44 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


N^ativities,  with  Ages:  Aliens — Concluded. 


• 

Under  10. 

10  TO 

14,   INC. 

15  TO 

20,  ISC. 

Above  20. 

to 

Counties. 

Ed 

Males. 

Fem. 

Wales. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

< 

Barnstable  County,  . 

3,116 

2,982 

1,434 

1,329 

1,724 

1,687 

9,369 

10,503 

_ 

Native  born, 

3,080 

2,936 

1,395 

1,290 

1,657 

1,597 

8,411 

9,557 

- 

Foreign  born,   . 

36 

46 

39 

39 

67 

90 

958 

946 

503 

Berkshire  County, 

7,831 

7,666 

3,392 

3,318 

4,336 

4,417 

18,126 

19,184 

- 

Native  born,     . 

7,499 

7,286 

3,012 

2,S60' 

3,658 

3,657 

11,904 

13,109 

- 

Foreign  born,  . 

332 

380 

380 

458 

678 

760 

6,222 

6,075 

2,888 

Bristol  County,   . 

13,543 

13,286 

5,956 

5,774 

7,812 

8,738 

36,051 

39,927 

- 

Native  born,     . 

12,100 

11,788 

4,467 

4,318 

5,733 

6,040 

22,052 

24,848 

- 

Foreign  born,   . 

1,443 

1,498 

1,489 

1,456 

2,079 

2,698 

13,999 

15,079 

6,776 

Dukes  County, 

304 

284 

173 

165 

204 

210 

1,268 

1,463 

- 

Native  born,     . 

304 

282 

170 

161 

201 

194 

1,191 

1,401 

.     - 

Foreign  born,   . 

- 

2 

3 

4 

3 

16 

77 

62 

25 

Essex  County, 

22,301 

22,971 

9,584 

10,097 

12,104 

13,463 

62,012 

70,810 

- 

Native  born,     . 

21,191 

21,660 

8,400 

8,800 

10,404 

10,864 

42,732 

48,863 

- 

Foreign  born,   . 

1,110 

1,311 

1,184 

1,297 

1,700 

2,599 

19,280 

21,942 

8,874 

Franklin  County, 

3,421 

3,276 

1,575 

1,424 

1,905 

1,851 

10,024 

10,220 

- 

Native  born, 

3,318 

3,198 

1,471 

1,332 

1,743 

1,715 

8,213 

8,726 

- 

Foreign  born,   . 

103 

78 

104 

92 

162 

136 

1,811 

1,504 

751 

Hampden  County, 

9,865 

9,847 

4,498 

4,303 

5,500 

6,368 

25,427 

28,496 

- 

Native  born,     . 

9,152 

9,156 

3,695 

3,464 

4,245 

4,619 

16,034 

17,704 

- 

Foreign  born,   . 

713 

691 

803 

839 

1,255 

1,749 

9,393 

10,792 

5,215 

Hampshire  County,     . 

4,556 

4,432 

2,042 

2,118 

3,019 

2,722 

11,972 

13,960 

- 

Native  born,     . 

4,379 

4,277 

1,802 

1,871 

2,619 

2,244 

11,653 

10,291 

- 

Foreign  born,  . 

177 

155 

240 

247 

400 

478 

3,219 

3,669 

1,515 

Middlesex  Counti:, 

28,193 

29,478 

11,908 

12,817 

16,253 

18,011 

78,969 

88,483 

- 

Native  born, 

26,594 

27,692 

10,550 

11,189 

13,677 

14,247 

50,183 

55,820 

- 

Foreign  born,   . 

1,599 

1,786 

1,358 

1,628 

2,576 

3,764 

28,786 

32,663 

13,292 

Nantucket  County,     . 

190 

201 

119 

119 

142 

166 

938 

1,326 

- 

Native  born, 

189 

198 

119 

117 

142 

162 

873 

1,271 

- 

Foreign  born,   . 

1 

3 

- 

2 

- 

4 

65 

55 

7 

Norfolk  County,  . 

9,214 

9,095 

3,961 

3,974 

4,995 

5,277 

24,227 

27,578 

- 

Native  born, 

8,872 

8,783 

3,638 

3,654 

4,496 

4,629 

16,622 

19,326 

- 

Foreign  born,   .   •     . 

342 

312 

323 

320 

499 

648 

7,605 

8,252 

3,401 

Plymouth  County, 

6,962 

6,497 

3,079 

2,931 

3,961 

3,988 

20,238 

21,706 

- 

Native  born,     . 

6,826 

6,390 

2,969 

2,820 

3,765 

3,772 

16,960 

18,272 

- 

Foreign  born,   . 

136 

107 

110 

111 

196 

216 

3,278 

3,434 

1,495 

Suffolk  County,   . 

36,294 

37,556 

14,679 

15,587 

19,165 

22,250 

102,912 

116,443 

- 

Native  born,     . 

34,095 

35,061 

12,504 

13,143 

14,837 

16,979 

55,687 

59,606 

- 

Foreign  born,  . 

2,199 

2,495 

2,175 

2,444 

4,328 

5,271 

47,225 

56,837 

24,583 

Worcester  County,     . 

22,774 

22,158 

9,739 

9,432 

12,678 

12,929 

58,349 

62,236 

- 

Native  born,     . 

21,577 

20,942 

8,392 

8,093 

10,548 

10,506 

38,324 

41,916 

- 

Foreign  born,   . 

1,197 

1,216 

1,347 

1,339 

2,130 

2,423 

!   20,025 

1 

20,320 

9,811 

POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


45 


The  three  preceding  presentations  are  so  closely  allied  they  will 
be  considered  together.  It  is  ascertained  that  out  of  a  population 
of  1,651,912,  there  were  born  in  the  town  where  they  now  live, 
596,971,  or  36-|-  per  cent  of  the  whole  ;  376,040  were  born  in  other 
towns  in  tlie  State,  and  252,818  in  other  States  in  the  United  States, 
while  418,904,  or  254-  P^r  cent  of  the  total  population,  were  born 
in  foreign  countries,  and  of  7,179  the  birthplace  was  not  ascertained. 
The  native  born,  then,  number  1,225,829,  or  74-f-  per  cent  of  the 
whole  population.  Of  the  whole  population,  973,011,  or  59 —  per 
cent,  were  born  in  Massachusetts.  In  1865,  the  number  of  Massachu- 
setts birth  was  828,156,  a  gain  in  1875  of  144,855.  The  foreign  l)orn 
in  1865  were  265,486,  or  21  per  cent  of  the  total  population,  as 
against  418,904  in  1875,  a  gain  of  153,418,  or  9,563  more  than 
the  increase  of  those  of  Massachusetts  birth.  The  number  born  in 
the  United  States,  or  the  entire  native  ])orn  in  Massachusetts,  in 
1865,  was  999,976  ;  in  1875,  as  stated,  1,225,829,  a  gain  of  225,853  ; 
so  the  total  gain  in  native  born  is  62,435  in  excess  of  the  gain  in 
foreign  born  (153,418),  the  total  gain  in  population  being  384,881. 

Under  Foreign  Born,  by  Nationalities,  it  is  seen  tliat  234,556,  or 
56 —  per  cent  of  the  whole  number  of  foreign,  were  born  in  Ireland. 
In  1865,  the  Irish  born  were  69 —  per  cent  of  the  foreign  born.  The 
Dominion  of  Canada  furnishes  the  next  largest  numl^er,  or  86,022  ; 
while  England  contrilnites  49,139 ;  Germany,  17,539 ;  Scotland, 
12,816.  There  were  214  born  at  sea,  and  991  were  American  citizens 
born  abroad.     The  balance  comes  from  all  parts  of  the  world. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  numl)er  and  nationality  of  the 
population  of  Massachusetts  at  three  periods,  1855,  1865  and  1875, 
with  the  increase  and  percentage  of  increase  during  the  two  decades, 
1855-1865  and  1865-1875.  [England,  in  the  table,  includes  1,314 
born  in  British  Possessions  not  specified.] 


Place  of  Nativity. 


United  States, . 
Irelaml,    . 
England,  . 
Scotland,  . 
British  America, 
Germany, 


IS5a. 


886,575 

181,304 

20,987 

6,734 

21,707 

9,672 


1865. 


999,976 

183,177 

25,229 

6,967 

32,390 

11,125 


1875. 


1,225,829 
234,556 
50,453 
12,816 
86,022 
17,539 


1835-1865. 


Increase.     Per  cent 


113,401 

1,873 

4,242 

233 

10,683 

1,453 


12.79 
1.03 

20.21 
3.46 

49.21 

15.02 


1863-1875. 


Increase.     Per  cent. 


225,853 
51, .379 
25,224 

5,849 
53,6.32 

6,414 


22..57 

28.05 
100.00 

83.95 
165.58 

57.65 


46 


CENSUS   OF  MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


1         1855- 

1865. 

1865- 

1875. 

Place  of  Nativitt. 

1855. 

1865. 

1875. 

Increase. 

Per  cent. 

Increase. 

Per  cent. 

France, 

1,U3 

1,110 

2,229 

—33 

- 

1,119 

101.00 

Sweden  and  Norway, 

734 

859 

3,953 

125 

17.03 

3,094 

360.19 

West  Indies,    . 

278 

332 

- 

54 

19.42 

—332 

- 

Portugal,  . 

855 

1,883 

3,705 

1,028 

119.07 

1,822 

96.76 

Wales,      . 

248 

301 

598 

53 

21.37 

295 

98.01 

Italy, 

358 

478 

1,708 

120 

33.52 

1,230 

257.32 

Denmark,          . 

209 

197 

614 

—12 

- 

417 

211.67 

South  America, 

115 

96 

25 

—19 

- 

—71 

- 

Spain, 

111 

140 

242 

29 

26.13 

102 

72.86 

Switzerland,     . 

181 

260 

553 

79 

43.65 

293 

112.69 

All  other  countries. 

627 

942 

3,893 

315 

50.24 

2,951 

313.27 

Unknown, 

531 

1,569 

7,179 

1,038 

195.48 

6,610 

357.55 

1,132,369 

1,267,031 

1,651,912 

134,662 

11.92 

384,881 

30.38 

The  above  table  shows  that  the  largest  accessions  to  our  foreign 
born  population  during  the  decade  closing  May  1,  1875,  were  from 
British  America,  53,632;  the  next  from  Ireland,  51,379;  and  from 
England,  25,, 224.  For  the  preceding  decade  the  largest  accessions 
were  from  British  America,  10,683  ;  England,  4,242  ;  and  Ireland, 
1,873.     This  small  immigration  was  due  to  the  war  of  the  rebellion. 

Inserted  below  is  a  table  showing  the  total  foreign  population  in 
each  county  and  in  the  State,  also  the  percentage  of  foreign  to  the 
whole,  for  1855,  1865  and  1875  : — 


Counties. 


The  State, 

Barnstable,  . 
Berkshire,    . 
Bristol, 
Dukes,  . 
Essex,   . 
Franklin, 
Hampden,     . 
Hampshire,  . 
Middlesex,    . 
Nantucket,   . 
Norfolk, 
rij'mouth,    . 
Suffolk, 
Worcester,    . 


Foreign  Population. 

1855. 

1865. 

1875. 

245,263 

265,486 

418,904 

1,685 

1,596 

2,221 

9,386 

11,275 

15,285 

15,711 

15,076 

39,741 

125 

119 

167 

26,827 

31,817 

50,423 

2,131 

2,559 

3,990 

11,890 

13,265 

26,235 

4,733 

6,638 

8,585 

47,552 

48,840 

74,267 

455 

207 

130 

23,544 

26,894 

18,301 

6,441 

5,994 

7,588 

65,468 

68,966 

121,974 

29,315 

32,240 

49,997 

Percentage. 


1855. 


1865. 


21.66 

20.95 

4.75 

4.61 

17.78 

19.80 

17.97 

16.86 

2.84 

2.83 

17.76 

18.60 

6.73 

8.16 

21.68 

20.54 

13.33 

16.90 

24.50 

22.16 

5.64 

4.36 

24.95 

23.12 

10.47 

9.50 

38.09 

33.12 

19.61 

19.79 

1875. 


25.36 

6.91 
22.39 
30.32 

4.10 
22.58 
11.84 
27.82 
19.15 
26.14 

4.06 
20.72 
10.94 
33.43 
23.77 


POPULATION   AN^D    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


47 


Following  is  a  table  exhibiting  the  total  population,  the  foreign 
born,  and  the  percentage  of  foreign  born  in  the  leading  manufacturing 
towns  in  the  State,  1875  : — 


1 

E3 

E3 

0 

, 

s 

3 

•s 

P< 

0, 

0. 

p. 

0 

O 

f£  . 

1  = 

^    bo 

£     . 

0 

Cities  and  Towns. 

s  § 

to  0 

S   '0 

Cities  and  Towns. 

.2   § 

&.§ 

g  1 

^3 

11 

■Si 

'I  « 

c 

-;2 

Barnstable  Co. 

Hampshire— Con. 

Provlncetown,  . 

4,357 

1,008 

23.13 

South  Hadley,   . 

3,370 

684 

20.30 

Ware, 

4,142 

1,392 

33.61 

Berkshire  Co. 

Adams, 

15,760 

4,978 

31.59 

Middlesex  Co. 

Great  Bari'ington,     . 

4,385 

830 

18.93 

Ashland,     . 

2,211 

335 

15.15 

Lee,     .... 

3,900 

864 

22.15 

Billerica,     . 

1,881 

429 

22.81 

Pittsfield,    . 

12,267 

3,029 

24.69 

Cambridge, 
Framingham,     . 

47,838 
5,167 

15,032 
1,117 

31.42 
21.62 

Bristol  Co. 

Holliston,   . 

3,399 

562 

16.53 

Attleborough,    . 

9,224 

2,239 

24.27 

Hopkinton, 

4,503 

1,055 

23.43 

Easlon, 

3,898 

861 

22.09 

Hudson, 

3,493 

774 

22.16 

Fall  River, 

45,340 

23,866 

52.64 

Lowell, 

49,688 

17,778 

35.78 

New  Bedford,    . 

25,895 

5,947 

22.97 

Maiden, 

10,843 

2,068 

19.07 

Raynliam,  . 

1,687 

124 

7.35 

Marlborough,    , 

8,424 

2,217 

26.32 

Taunton,     . 

20,445 

4,783 

23.39 

Maynard,   . 

1,965 

761 

38.73 

Essex  Co. 

Natick, 

7,419 

1,660 

22.37 

Amesbury, 

3,816 

1,250 

32.76 

Newton, 

16,105 

4,205 

26.11 

Andover,    . 

6,097 

1,213 

23.80 

Somerville, 

21,868 

5,866 

26.82 

Beverly, 

7,271 

791 

10.88 

Stonehara,  . 

4,984 

772 

15.49 

Danvers,     . 

6,024 

1,173 

19.47 

Wakefield, 

6,349 

1,120 

20.94 

Gloucester, 

16,754 

4,447 

26.54 

Waltham,  . 

9,967 

2,857 

28.66 

Haverhill,  . 

14,628 

2,147 

14.68 

Watertown, 

5,099 

1,456 

28.55 

Lawrence,  . 

34,916 

15,546 

44.52 

Wayland,  . 

1,766 

322 

18.23 

Lynn, .... 

32,600 

6,691 

17.46 

Winchester, 

3,099 

750 

24.20 

Marblebead, 

7,677 

829 

10.80 

Woburn,     . 

9,568 

2,806 

29.33 

Metbuen,    . 

4,205 

1,067 

25.37 

Newburyport,    . 

13,323 

2,303 

17.29 

Norfolk  Co. 

North  Andover, 

2,981 

822 

27.57 

Braintree,  . 

4,186 

809 

19.47 

Peabody,    . 

8,066 

1,892 

22.22 

Canton, 

4,192 

1,159 

27.65 

Salem, 

25,958 

6,420 

24.73 

Dedham,    . 
Fo.xborough, 

5,756 
3,168 

1,455 
325 

25.28 
10.26 

Franklin  Co. 

Franklin,    . 

2,983 

478 

16.02 

Montague,  . 

3,380 

910 

26.92 

Holbrook,  . 

1,726 

203 

11.76 

Hampden  Co. 

Medway,     . 

4,242 

742 

17.49 

Chicopee,   . 

10,335 

3,624 

35.07 

Needham,  . 

4,548 

1,288 

28.32 

Holyoke,    . 

16,260 

8,450 

51.97 

Quincy, 

9,155 

2,377 

25.96 

Monson,      . 

3,733 

555 

14.86 

Randolph,  . 

4,064 

818 

20.13 

Palmer, 

4,572 

1,380 

30.19 

Stoughton, 

4,842 

725 

14.97 

Springtield, 

31,053 

7,713 

24.84 

Weymouth, 

9,819 

1,352 

13.77 

Westfleld,  . 

8,431 

1,481 

17.57 

Plymouth  Co. 

Hajipshire  Co. 

Abington,  . 

3,241 

382 

11.78 

Easthampton,     . 

3,972 

1,165 

29.33 

Bridgewater, 

3,969 

884 

22.27 

Northampton,    . 

11,108 

2,817 

25.36 

Brockton,  . 

10,578 

1,663 

15.72 

48 


CENSUS   OP   MASS. -1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Cities  and  Towns. 


s 
a. 


o 


Plymouth— Con. 

Middleborougli, 
Plymouth, . 
Rockland,  . 
South  Abington, 

Suffolk  Co. 

Boston, 
Chelsea, 

Worcester  Co. 

Athol, 
Blackstone, 
Clinton, 
Dudley, 
Fitchburg,  . 
Leicester,    . 


6,023 

321 

6,370 

683 

4,203 

645 

2,456 

221 

341,919 

117,005 

20,737 

4,511 

4,134 

347 

4,640 

1,681 

6,781 

2,601 

2,653 

1,113 

12,289 

2,765 

2,770 

792 

6.39 
10.70 
15.34 

9.00 

29.13 
21.27 

8.39 
36.22 
38.36 
41.95 
22.50 
28.59 


Cities  and  Towns. 


s 

^ 

o. 

a. 

o 

Ch   . 

fu 

S 

c  c 

.2  = 

j:  3 

S  « 

>   "^ 

o  ~ 

>=« 

Worcester— Con 
Leominster, 
Milford,      . 
Millbury,    . 
Nortlibridge, 
North  Brookfleld, 
Oxford, 
Southbridge, 
Spencer, 
Uxbridge,  . 
Warren, 
Webster,    . 
Westborough, 
Wlnchendon, 
Worcester, 


5,201 
9,818 
4,529 
4,030 
3,749 
2,938 
6,740 
5,451 
3,029 
3,260 
5,064 
5,141 
3,762 
49,317 


683 

2,378 

1,512 

1,465 

906 

582 

2,460 

1,755 

681 

783 

2,060 

926 

654 

13,362 


13.13 
24.12 
33.38 
36. .35 
24.17 
19.81 
42.86 
32.20 
22.48 
24.02 
40.68 
18.00 
17.39 
27.09 


If,  now,  we  examine  the  table  of  Nativities,  with  Ages,  we  shall 
learn  the  division  as  to  ages  of  the  native  and  foreign  born,  as  fol- 
lows : — 


Under  10. 


10  to  14,  inc. 


15  to  20,  inc. 


Above  20. 


The  State, 
Native  born,  . 
Foreign  born, 


338,293 

318,825 

19,468 


145,.527 

125,696 

19,831 


195,875 

158,910 

36,965 


972,217 

r628,7S9 

343,428 


Of  the  native  born  above  20,  the  males  number  297,997,  and  the 
females,  330,792 ;  of  the  foreign  born  above  20,  the  males  number 
161,885,  and  the  females,  181,543.  The  aliens,  or  males  of  foreign 
birth  above  20  years  of  age  not  naturalized,  are  79,136. 

These  points  are  interesting,  in  view  of  the  agitation  of  the  suffrage 
question ;  the  recruiting  field  consists  of  330,792  females  native  born 
above  20;  181,543  females  foreign  born  above  20;  512,335  total 
number  of  females  above  20  years  of  age.  The  nativity  of  parents  is 
not  called  for  by  the  Massachusetts  census. 

Our  census,  of  course,  gives  no  data  as  to  natives  of  Massachusetts 
in  other  States,  but  in  the  following  table,  compiled  from  the  United 
States  censuses  for  1860  and  1870,  will  be  found  the  number  of  natives 
of  ^Massachusetts  in  other  States,  and  of  natives  of  other  States  in 
Massachusetts. 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


49 


Emigrated  to— from 
Massachusetts. 


1860. 


1870. 


States    and    Terkitobies. 


Emigrated  from— to 
Massachusetts. 


1860. 


1870. 


753 

217 

12,165 

14,674 

214 

295 

773 

19,053 

3,443 

6,214 

10,997 

926 

1,350 

13,822 

1,032 

9,873 

3,719 

309 

2,702 

286 

19,973 

2,819 

50,004 

324 

16,313 

535 

7,777 

13,965 

322 

680 

660 

11,913 

1,431 

12,115 


9 

20 
514 


72 
523 


242,786 


370 

226 

15,334 

17,871 

331 

464 

635 

22,156 

3,490 

8,929 

2,894 

792 

885 

11,139 

1,212 

10,839 

5,731 

274 

5,731 

1,277 

997 

16,510 

6,068 

41,355 

288 

13,390 

746 

9,119 

18,719 

325 

566 

623 

9,202 

1,206 

10,403 

117 
621 
143 
1,254 
199 

295 
85 
492 
399 
178 


243,880 


Alabama,  .  .  .  . 
Arkansas,      .        •        .        • 

California 

Connecticut, .... 

Delaware 

Florida,  .  .  .  . 
Georgia,       .        .        .        . 

Illinois, 

Indiana,         .        .        .        . 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine, 

Maryland,      .        .        .        . 

Michigan 

Minnesota,  .  .  .  . 
Mississippi,  .... 
Missouri,  .  .  .  . 
Nebraska,  .  .  .  . 
Nevada,  .... 

New  Hampshire, . 

New  Jersey 

New  York,  .... 
North  Carolina,    . 

Ohio, 

Oregon, 

Pennsylvania, 

Rhode  Island, 

South  Carolina,    •        . 

Tennessee,    .        .        .        . 

Texas, 

Vermont 

Virginia  and  "West  Virginia, 
Wisconsin,    .... 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Colorado,      .... 

Dakota 

District  of  Columbia,  . 

Idaho 

Indiana,         .... 

Montana 

New  Mexico, 

Utah, 

Washington,         .        , 
Wyoming 

Totals, 


112 

23 

289 

15,580 

124 

57 

235 

534 

123 

102 

11 

118 

198 

43,031 

1,128 

260 

58 

54 

121 


44,035 

1,326 

18,508 

216 

847 

15 

2,297 

13,326 

233 

53 

34 

18,652 

1,391 

277 


260 


163,637 


176 

22 

451 

17,313 

315 

88 

375 

972 

236 

260 

53 

245 

346 

65,571 

1,593 

502 

186 

66 

210 

8 

6 

47,773 

1,893 

24,628 

673 

1,427 

27 

3,257 

14,356 

532 

181 

72 

22,180 

3,138 

521 

1 

2 

2 

422 


200,107 


50 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


The  foregoing  table  shows  200,107  people  m  Massachusetts,  in  1870, 
born  in  other  States  of  the  United  States ;  the  census  of  Massachu- 
setts for  1875  shows  252,818,  a  gain  of  52,711  since  1870. 


Births  :  Nativities  of  Mothees. 

["Total  married  •women  "  includes  all  -who  are  or  have  been  married.    The  numerals  at  the  heads  of  the 
columns  indicate  the  number  of  births  to  each  mother.] 


Counties. 

1 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

IS 

The  State,  . 

57,644 

57,070 

46,774 

37,550 

29,815 

23,400 

17,692 

13,507 

9,948 

6,874 

4,026 

2,545 

Native  born,  . 

42,335 

40,912 

31,585 

23,369 

16,816 

11,769 

8,147 

5,679 

3,887 

2,670 

1,396 

893 

Foreign  born, 

15,309 

16,158 

15,189 

14,181 

12,999 

11,631 

9,545 

7,828 

6,061 

4,204 

2,630 

1,652 

Barnstable  Co., 

1,228 

1,294 

1,155 

885 

720 

533 

423 

367 

263 

163 

110 

50 

Native  born,  . 

1,130 

1,171 

1,049 

813 

641 

463 

373 

326 

230 

147 

104 

47 

Foreign  born. 

98 

123 

106 

72 

79 

70 

50 

41 

33 

16 

6 

3 

Berkshire  Co.,    . 

2,058 

2,190 

1,850 

1,617 

1,255 

1,051 

789 

639 

489 

327 

211 

143 

Native  born,  . 

1,643 

1,645 

1,352 

1,069 

774 

558 

386 

262 

193 

135 

89 

52 

Foreign  born, 

415 

545 

498 

548 

481 

493 

403 

377 

296 

192 

122 

91 

Bristol  Co., 

4,548 

4,315 

3,423 

2,943 

2,307 

1,899 

1,419 

1,163 

961 

642 

419 

233 

Native  born,  . 

3,309 

3,013 

2,289 

1,873 

1,331 

1,019 

762 

487 

378 

263 

51 

84 

Foreign  born. 

1,239 

1,302 

1,134 

1,070 

976 

880 

657 

676 

583 

379 

368 

149 

Dukes  Co.,    . 

151 

181 

160 

92 

74 

58 

36 

29 

22 

15 

7 

6 

Native  born,  . 

143 

177 

151 

90 

68 

56 

31 

29 

21 

14 

7 

4 

Foreign  born. 

8 

4 

9 

2 

6 

2 

5 

- 

1 

1 

- 

2 

Essex  Co.,    . 

8,056 

8,020 

6,387 

5,085 

4,195 

3,178 

2,416 

1,678 

1,310 

874 

463 

283 

•Native  born,  . 

6,191 

6,054 

4,576 

3,363 

2,506 

1,752 

1,265 

833 

618 

409 

215 

123 

Foreign  born. 

1,865 

1,966 

1,811 

1,722 

1,689 

1,426 

1,151 

845 

692 

465 

248 

160 

Franklin  Co.,    . 

1,135 

1,251 

1,053 

898 

660 

447 

363 

264 

165 

138 

78 

47 

Native  born,  . 

1,016 

1,095 

892 

750 

534 

357 

265 

192 

119 

95 

50 

30 

Foreign  born, 

119 

156 

161 

148 

126 

90 

98 

72 

46 

43 

28 

17 

Hampden  Co.,     . 

3,501 

3,393 

2,784 

2,075 

1,681 

1,265 

946 

719 

570 

430 

259 

147 

Native  born,   . 

2,566 

2,467 

1,876 

1,225 

918 

598 

368 

264 

169 

122 

67 

31 

Foreign  born. 

935 

926 

908 

850 

763 

667 

578 

455 

401 

308 

192 

116 

Hampshire  Co.,  . 

1,402 

1,471 

1,280 

1,055 

799 

647 

478 

364 

257 

205 

111 

75 

Native  born,  . 

1,144 

1,190 

961 

747 

525 

398 

271 

186 

120 

95 

50 

34 

Foreign  born, 

258 

281 

319 

308 

274 

249 

207 

178 

137 

110 

61 

41 

Middlesex  Co.,  . 

9,328 

9,503 

7,755 

6,362 

4,870 

3,857 

2,875 

2,279 

1,606 

1,087 

592 

394 

Native  born,  . 

6,753 

6,671 

5,128 

3,864 

2,621 

1,794 

1,188 

815 

578 

376 

213 

112 

Foreign  born, 

2,575 

2,832 

2,627 

2,498 

2,249 

2,063 

1,687 

1,464 

1,028 

711 

379 

282 

Nantl'cket  Co.,  . 

172 

169 

140 

107 

52 

43 

38 

18 

13 

5 

7 

9 

Native  born,  . 

164 

167 

134 

102 

49 

38 

35 

17 

12 

5 

7 

8 

Foreign  born, 

8 

2 

6 

5 

3 

5 

3 

1 

1 

- 

- 

1 

Norfolk  Co., 

2,903 

2,961 

2,699 

2,106 

1,593 

1,284 

953 

774 

529 

367 

197 

133 

Native  born,  . 

2,228 

2,287 

1,952 

1,409 

1,006 

722 

512 

410 

225 

157 

78 

62 

Foreign  born, 

675 

674 

747 

697 

587 

662 

441 

364 

304 

210 

119  j        71 

POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


51 


Births:   JVativities  of  Mothers — Continued. 


Counties. 

1 

a 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

13 

Plymouth  Co.,    . 

2,699 

2,607 

2,243 

1,750 

1,367 

1,047 

771 

571 

383 

264 

137 

93 

Native  born,  . 

2,373 

2,299 

1,935 

1,443 

1,079 

787 

546 

397 

279 

191 

94 

71 

Foreign  born. 

326 

308 

308 

307 

288 

260 

225 

174 

104 

73 

43 

22 

Suffolk  Co., 

12,949 

12,420 

9,793 

7,823 

6,315 

5,066 

3,954 

2,842 

2,078 

1,421 

841 

522 

Native  born,  . 

7,831 

7,240 

5,070 

3,601 

2,553 

1,663 

1,089 

738 

451 

308 

168 

103 

Foreign  born. 

5,118 

5,180 

4,723 

4,222 

3,762 

3,403 

2,865 

2,104 

1,627 

1,113 

673 

419 

Worcester  Co.,  . 

7,514 

7,295 

6,052 

4,752 

3,927 

3,025 

2,231 

1,800 

1,302 

936 

594 

410 

Native  born,  . 

5,844 

5,436 

4,220 

3,020 

2,211 

1,564 

1,056 

723 

494 

353 

203 

132 

Foreign  born, 

1,670 

1,859 

1,832 

1,732 

1,716 

1,461 

1,175 

1,077 

808 

683 

391 

278 

Births:  JSfativities  of  Mothers — Continued. 


Counties. 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

ao 

21 

as 

as 

a4 

as 

Total 
Mothers. 

Total 
married 
women. 

The  State,  . 

1,295 

727 

302 

142 

92 

61 

22 

11 

10 

4 

3 

2 

4 

309,520 

398,759 

Native  born,  . 

429 

239 

101 

39 

15 

16 

7 

1 

3 

- 

1 

1 

1 

190,311 

- 

Foreign  born, 

866 

488 

201 

103 

77 

45 

15 

10 

7 

4 

2 

1 

3 

119,209 

- 

Barnstable  Co., 

25 

12 

9 

2 

- 

- 

2 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

7,242 

8,957 

Native  born,  . 

21 

10 

9 

2 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

6,537 

- 

Foreign  born. 

4 

2 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

705 

- 

Berkshire  Co.,  . 

63 

39 

16 

6 

4 

3 

_ 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

1 

12,752 

15,741 

Native  born,  . 

24 

17 

7 

3 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

8,210 

- 

Foreign  born. 

39 

22 

9 

3 

4 

3 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4,542 

- 

Bristol  Co., 

158 

96 

36 

18 

10 

9 

4 

1 

4 

- 

- 

- 

- 

24,608 

31,940 

Native  born,  . 

53 

31 

8 

7 

- 

2 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

14,962 

- 

Foreign  born, 

105 

65 

28 

11 

10 

7 

3 

1 

3 

- 

- 

- 

- 

9,646 

- 

Dukes  Co.,    . 

4 

_ 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

835 

1,191 

Native  born,  . 

4 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

795 

- 

Foreign  born, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

40 

- 

Essex  Co.,    . 

144 

82 

32 

16 

9 

10 

2 

1 

_ 

- 

- 

- 

1 

44,242 

54,864 

Native  born,   . 

63 

33 

9 

4 

1 

4 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

28,020 

- 

Foreign  born. 

81 

49 

23 

12 

8 

6 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

14,222 

- 

Franklin  Co.,     . 

28 

17 

5 

3 

1 

- 

1 

- 

_ 

- 

- 

- 

- 

6,554 

8,553 

Native  born,  . 

21 

12 

5 

1 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5,4.35 

- 

Foreign  born, 

7 

5 

- 

2 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,119 

- 

Hampden  Co.,     . 

96 

41 

19 

13 

4 

6 

_ 

1 

_ 

1 

_ 

_ 

_ 

17,951 

22,642 

Native  born,  . 

21 

7 

3 

4 

- 

2 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

10,708 

- 

Foreign  born. 

75 

34 

16 

9 

4 

4 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

7,243 

- 

Hampshiuf.  Co.,  . 

27 

17 

4 

4 

2 

1 

- 

_ 

- 

- 

- 

- 

_ 

8,199 

10,712 

Native  born,  . 

11 

7 

1 

2 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5,742 

- 

Foreign  born, 

16 

10 

3 

2 

2 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2,457 

- 

52 


CENSUS   OP   MASS.— 1ST5.       COMPENDIUM. 


Births:   Nativities  of  Mothers — Concluded. 


Counties. 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

aa 

as 

24 

25 

Total 
Mothers. 

Total 
married 
women. 

Middlesex  Co.,  . 

Native  born,  . 
Foreign  born, 

Nantucket  Co.,  . 
Native  born,  . 
Foreign  born, 

Norfolk  Co., 

Native  born,  . 
Foreign  born, 

Plymouth  Co.,    . 

Native  born,  . 
Foreign  born, 

Suffolk  Co., 
Native  born,  , 
Foreign  born, 

Worcester  Co.,  . 

Native  born,  . 
Foreign  born. 

184 

59 

125 

1 

1 

66 
20 

46 

42 
32 
10 

261 

60 

211 

196 

50 

146 

91 
25 
66 

1 
1 

33 
12 
21 

29 

23 

6 

132 

30 

102 

137 

31 

106 

33 
17 
16 

1 
1 

18 
9 
9 

6 
5 

1 

69 
18 
51 

54 

9 

45 

21 

4 

17 

1 
1 

4 
3 

1 

2 

2 

26 

4 

22 

26 

4 
22 

20 

7 

13 

2 
2 

7 
1 
6 

3 

2 

1 

14 

14 

16 

2 

14 

7 
2 
5 

1 
1 

4 
4 

14 

1 

13 

6 

6 

4 

1 
3 

1 
1 

5 

5 

3 

1 
2 

2 
2 

3 
3 

_ 

1 

1 

1 
1 

2 
1 
1 

2 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

_ 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

50,876 
30,231 
20,645 

781 

745 

36 

16,630 

11,093 

5,537 

14,018 

11,560 

2,458 

66,552 
30,919 
35,633 

40,280 
25,354 
14,926 

67,667 
1,042 
21,093 
17,803 
85,782 
50,772 

RECAPITULATION    BY    TOTALS. 


Births. 

Native 

born 

Mothers. 

Number 

of 
Births. 

Foreign 

born 
Mothers. 

Number 

of 
births. 

Total 
Mothers. 

Total 
Births. 

1  birth  each,     .        .        .•       . 

42,335 

42,335 

15,309 

15,309 

57,644 

57,644 

2  births  each,  . 

40,912 

81,824 

16,158 

32,316 

57,070 

114,140 

3  births  each,  . 

31,585 

94,755 

15,189 

45,567 

46,774 

140,322 

4  births  each,  . 

23,369 

93,476 

14,181 

56,724 

37,550 

150,200 

5  births  each,  . 

16,816 

84,080 

12,999 

64,995 

29,815 

149,075 

6  births  each,  . 

11,769 

70,614 

11,631 

69,786 

23,400 

140,400 

7  births  each,  . 

8,147 

57,029 

9,545 

66,815 

17,692 

123,844 

8  births  each,  . 

5,679 

45,432 

7,828 

62,624 

13,507 

108,056 

9  birtlia  each,  . 

3,887 

34,983 

6,061 

54,549 

9,948 

89,532 

10  birtlis  eacli,  . 

2,670 

26,700 

4,204 

42,040 

6,874 

68,740 

11  births  each,  . 

1,396 

15,356 

2,630 

28,930 

4,026 

44,286 

12  Ijirths  each,  . 

893 

10,716 

1,652 

19,824 

2,545 

30,540 

13  births  each,  . 

429 

5,577 

866 

11,258 

1,295 

16,835 

14  births  each,  . 

239 

3,346 

488 

6,832 

727 

10,178 

15  births  each,   . 

101 

1,515 

201 

3,015 

302 

4,530 

16  births  each,  . 

39 

624 

103 

1,648 

142 

2,272 

17  birtlis  each,  . 

15 

255 

77 

1,309 

92 

1,564 

18  births  each,  . 

16 

288 

45 

810 

61 

1,098 

19  births  each,  . 

7 

133 

15 

285 

22 

418 

20  births  each,  . 

1 

20 

10 

200 

11 

220 

21  birtlis  each,  . 

3 

63 

7 

147 

10 

210 

POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


53 


Recapitulation  by  Totals — Concluded. 


Births. 

Native 

born 

Motliers, 

Number 

of 
Births. 

Foreign 

born 
Mothers. 

Number 

of 
Births. 

Total 
Mothers. 

Total 
Births. 

22  births  each 

23  births  each 

24  births  each,  .... 

25  births  each,  .... 

1 
1 
1 

_ 

23 
24 

25 

4 
2 
1 

3 

88 
46 

24 
75 

4 
3 

2 

4 

88 

69 

48 

100 

Totals 

Births  to  each  mother,     . 

190,311 

669,193 
3.52 

119,209 

585,216 
4.91 

309,520 

1,254,409 
4.05 

Births  :  Nativities  of  Mothers  is  a  most  valuable  presentation, 
and  is  the  result  of  the  inquiry  on  the  family  schedule,  "Number  of 
children  borne  by  women."  The  object  was  to  ascertain  the  relative 
fecundity  of  women  of  different  nationalities,  and  to  settle,  so  far  as 
Massachusetts  is  concerned,  the  question  which  continually  arises 
concerning  the  growth  of  our  native  population  as  compared  with 
that  of  our  foreign  born.  The  table  is  full  of  instruction,  but  space 
permits  us  to  call  attention  to  salient  points  only. 

The  total  number  of  women  in  this  State  who  are  or  have  been 
married,  is  398,759,  and  the  number  who  have  become  mothers  is 
309,520  ;  of  this  number,  190,311,' or  61+  per  cent,  are  native  born 
mothers,  and  119,209,  or  38+  per  cent,  are  foreign  born  mothers; 
that  is,  while  the  population  stands  74+  per  cent  native  and  25  + 
per  cent  foreign,  the  mothers  are  61+  per  cent  native  and  38+  per 
cent  foreign. 

Of  631,131,  the  whole  number  of  native  born  females,  190,311,  or 
30+  per  cent,  have  become  mothers;  while  of  222,825,  the  whole 
number  of  foreign  born  females,  119,209,  or  53+  per  cent,  have  be- 
come mothers  ;  again,  of  the  330,792  native  born  females  in  the  State 
over  20  years  of  age,  57+  per  cent  are  mothers  ;  and  of  the  181,543 
foreign  born  females  over  20  years  of  age,  QQ —  per  cent  are  mothers. 

As  regards  births,  the  following  statement  gives  the  averages  : — 


Average 

number  of  births  to  native  born  mothers,     . 
foreign  born  mothers,  . 
all  mothers,  . 
Massachusetts  mothers, 
Irish  mothers, 
Canadian  mothers, 
other  British  mothers,  . 
German  mothers,  . 

3.52 
4.91 
4.05 
3.55 
5.03 
4.78 
4.40 
4.23 

54 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 


The  presentation  gives  all  these  facts,  except  averages,  by  towns, 
and  the  recapitulation  will  be  found  on  pages  52,  53,  all  arranged 
as  to  native  and  foreign  mothers. 

Four  mothers  are  reported  as  having  borne  twenty-five  children 
each,  and  the  statements  are  well  authenticated.  One  statement  of  a 
mother  that  was  said  to  have  borne  twenty-six  children  was  not 
deemed  sufliciently  reliable  for  presentation. 

By  reference  to  the  Massachusetts  Registration  Report  for  1875, 
we  find  that  the  total  number  of  living  births  for  1874  was  45,631  ; 
by  dividing  those  having  one  foreign  parent  and  those  of  unknown 
parentage  equally,  and  giving  half  to  the  side  of  American  and  half 
to  the  foreign  born  parents,  20,666  of  the  births  in  1874  were  to 
American  parents,  and  24,965  to  foreign  born  parents.  Now,  by 
comparing  the  births  in  1874  with  the  mothers  in  1875,  we  reach  the 
following  proportions  : — 

Whole  number  of  births,  45,631  ;  whole  number  of  mothers, 
309,520,  or  one  birth  to  every  6|  mothers  ;  whole  number  of  births 
to  native  born  mothers,  20,666,  and  whole  number  of  native  born 
mothers,  190,311,  or  one  birth  to  every  9  mothers ;  whole  number 
of  liirths  to  foreign  born  mothers,  24,965,  and  whole  number  of 
foreign  born  mothers,  119,209,  or  one  birth  to  every  4|  mothers. 
In  other  words,  190,311  native  mothers,  in  1874,  had  20,666  children, 
while  119,209  foreign  born  mothers  had  24,965. 

This  preponderance  of  foreign  births  in  this  State  over  native,  for 
the  past  seven  years,  is  shown  in  percentages  by  the  following  table 
from  the  Registration  Reports  : — 

Percentage  of  American  and  Foreign   Living   Births  in   each 

or  THE  PAST  Eight  Years. 


Ykaes. 

American. 

Foreign. 

One  Parent 
Foreign. 

Years. 

American. 

Foreign. 

One  Parent 
Foreign. 

1S67,      . 

42.36 

48.75 

8.89 

1871,      . 

40.17 

48.61 

11.22 

1868,      . 

43.05 

47.60 

9.35 

1872,      . 

39.45 

49.21 

11.34 

1869,      . 

42.07 

48.01 

9.92 

1873,      . 

39.98 

48.24 

11.78 

1870,      . 

41.01 

48.33 

10.66 

1874,      . 

38.89 

48.43 

12.68 

From  this  it  seems  that  the  percentage  of  births  to  American 
parents  constantly  diminishes  ;  those  to  foreign  parents  remains  quite 
constant ;  those  to  mixed  parentage  l^eing  on  the  increase.     These 


POPULATION   AKD   SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


55 


statements  assume  a  different  value  when  considered  in  connection 
with  the  mortuaiy  results  of  like  periods ;  and  for  facts  we  must 
refer  again  to  Dr.  Draper's  analysis  in  the  last  Eegistration  Eeport, 
from  which  we  draw  the  following  table  of  the  mortality  in  1874, 
giving  the  parent  nativity  of  all  deceased  in  that  year,  by  ages  : — 

Parent  Nativity  of  all  Deceased  in  1874. 


Parentage. 

Whole  No. 

Under  1 

1  toS 

5  to  10 

10  to  20 

30  to  30 

Totals 

31,887 

7,489 

4,175 

1,260 

1,803 

3,150 

American,       .... 

14,773 

2,780 

1,323 

491 

760 

1,366 

Foreign 

14,650 

3,801 

2,412 

664 

933 

1,631 

Half-foreign 

1,647 

802 

408 

99 

82 

78 

Not  stated,       .... 

817 

106 

32 

6 

28 

75 

Parent  Nativity  of  all  Deceased  in  1874 — Concluded. 


Parentage. 

30  to  40 

40  to  50 

50  to  60 

60  to  70 

Over  70 

Not  stated. 

Totals, 

2,492 

2,157 

2,193 

2,518 

4,479 

171 

American 

1,093 

955 

1,112 

1,593 

3,222 

78 

Foreign, 

1,282 

1,108 

981 

797 

980 

61 

Half.foreign,   .... 

48 

26 

22 

28 

62 

2 

Not  stated 

69 

68 

78 

100 

225 

30 

By  the  above  table,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  death  rate  of  foreign 
born  is  much  in  excess  of  that  of  American  born  until  fifty  years  of 
age  is  reached.  The  general  result  for  a  series  of  years  is  the  same, 
evidenced  by  the  following  table  of  deaths  since  1867,  by  years  and 
percentages  : — 

Parent  Nativity  of  Decedents. 


Under; 
5  years. 

5  to  20 

SO  to  SO 

2,947 

1,197 

3,182 

4,432 

987 

2,536 

504 

101 

100 

40.6 

54.6 

55.5 

59.4 

45.4 

44.6 

Over  50 


1867. 

American  parents, 

Foreign  "  ... 

Half-foreign    "  ... 

Percentages. 
American  parents. 
Foreign  "  ... 


4,958 

1,393 

58 

77.8 
22.2 


56 


CEl^SUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Parent  Nativity  of  Decedents — Continued. 


Under 
5  years. 


3  to  30 


-r- 

1868. 

American  parents, 

Foreign  "  ... 

Half-foreign    "  ... 

Percentages. 
American  parents, 
Foreign  "  ... 

1869. 

American  parents,      .        . 
Foreign  "  ... 

Half-foreign   "  ... 

Percentages. 
American  parents, 
Foreign  "         .... 

1870. 

American  parents, 

Foreign  "  ... 

Half -foreign   "  ... 

Percentages. 
American  parents, 
Foreign  "  ... 

1871. 

American  parents,      . 
Foreign  "  ... 

Half- foreign    "  ... 

Percentages. 
American  parents. 
Foreign  "  ... 

1872. 

American  parents,       .     ■  . 
Foreign  "  ... 

Half-foreign    "  ... 

Percentages. 
American  parents, 
Foreign  "  ... 

1873. 

American  parents. 

Foreign  "  ... 

Half-foreign    "  ... 

Percentages. 
American  parents,       ... 
Foreign  "  ... 


3,501 

6,067 

667 

41.5 
58.5 


3,538 

4,854 

721 

42.8 
57.2 


3,601 

5,284 

799 

41.3 

58.7 


3,386 

5,191 

824 

40.4 
59.6 


4,779 
7,551 
1,150 

39.7 
60.3 


4,167 
6,491 
1,178 

38.7 
61.3 


1,189 

1,193 

110 

49.9 

50.1 


1,250 

1,194 

110 

51.1 
48.9 


1,107 

1,171 

104 

48.7 
51.3 


1,109 

1,364 

99 

45.1 
54.9 


1,463 

1,752 

155 

45.7 
54.3 


1,295 

1,878 
210 

41.4 
58.6 


20  to  50 


Over  50 


3,280 
2,763 

82 

54.2 
45.8 


3,337 

3,018 

90 

52.5 
47.5 


3,474 

3,462 

84 

50.1 
49.9 


3,456 

3,647 

107 

48.7 
51.3 


3,986 

4,489 

146 

47.1 
52.9 


3,925 

4,422 

153 

47.1 
52.9 


5,248 

1,855 

69 

73.6 

26.4 


5,492 

1,922 

81 

73.8 
26.2 


5,645 
2,082 


72.8 
27.2 


5,765 

2,996 

75 

71.3 
28.7 


6,405 

2,471 

93 

71.9 
28.1 


6,291 

2,748 

117 

69.3 
30.7 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


57 


Parent  Naii 

vity  of 

Decedents — 

Concluclecl. 

Under 
5  years. 

5to80 

SO  to  30 

Over  SO 

American  parents, 
Foreign           " 
Half-foreign    " 

American  parents, 
Foreign           " 

1874. 

•  •                •                • 

•  •                 •                 • 

Percentages. 

•          •           • 

,     4,103 
6,213 
1,210 

40.9 
59.1 

1,251 

1,597 
181 

44.3 
55.7 

3,414 

4,021 

152 

46.0 
54.0 

5,927 

2,758 
102 

68.0 

32.0 

The  preceding  tables  from  the  Eegistration  Reports,  with  the 
results  drawn  from  the  census  as  stated,  as  well  as  the  ditHculty 
found  in  any  enumeration  of  the  people,  in  ascertaining  parentage, 
lead  to  one  important  conclusion,  and  that  has  been  so  well  stated  by 
Dr.  F.  W.  Draper,  in  the  reports  referred  to,  we  give  it  in  his  words  : 
"  When  it  is  remembered  that  we  reckon  as  American  every  child  that 
is  born  in  America,  even  though  both  his  parents  are  of  foreign  stock, 
the  apparent  significance  of  the  contrasts  shown  ....  becomes 
somewhat  modified.  We  seek  to  avoid  erroneous  inferences  in  this 
direction,  by  carrying  our  comparison  backward  one  generation,  and 
studying  the  results  with  reference  to  the  nativity  of  the  parents  of 
decedents.  The  time  is  coming  when  any  tables  like  these,  seeking 
to  discriminate  the  nativity  of  persons  deceased,  and  to  suggest 
deductions  therefrom,  will  lose  much  of  their  present  interest  and 
value  ;  for  the  rate  of  immigration  is  no  longer  what  it  was  a  gener- 
ation ago,  and  the  children  of  the  foreign  parent-nativity  of  that  day 
are  now  the  parents  of  a  new  generation  of  children,  whose  claim  to 
being;  American  is  more  and  more  manifest  and  reasonable." 

Blind,  Deaf,  Dumb,  Etc. 


Counties. 

Blind. 

Deaf. 

Dumb. 

Deaf  and 
Dumb. 

Idiotic. 

Insane. 

Male. 

Fem. 

Male. 

Fem. 

Male. 

Fem. 

Male. 

Fem. 

Male. 

Fem. 

Male. 

Fem. 

The  Stat 

Barnstable, 
Berkshire, 
Bristol, 
Dukes, . 
Essex,  . 

PE, 

1,517 

162 

72 

87 

9 

154 

1,279 

205 

45 

64 

9 

138 

3,733 

140 
201 
169 
12 
531 

3,522 

'   136 

164 

164 

14 

476 

81 

5 

8 

14 

48 

2 

4 

8 

358 

10 
16 
20 
12 
55 

296 

9 

8 
20 
10 
52 

835 

40 
40 
48 
4 
91 

491 

23 
25 
29 
3 
47 

1,704 

20 
23 

348 
2 

129 

1,933 

35 
41 

308 
3 

132 

58 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       C0MPE;N^DIUM. 


Blind,  Deaf, 

Dumb,  Etc.— 

-Concluded. 

CODNTIES. 

Blind. 

Deaf. 

Dumb. 

Deaf  and 
Dumb. 

Idiotic. 

Insane. 

Male. 

Fcm. 

Male. 

Fern. 

Male.    Fern. 

Male. 

Fern. 

Male. 

Fem. 

Male. 

Fem. 

Franklin, 

48 

22 

147 

101 

1 

2 

10 

4 

23 

17 

18 

39 

Hampden, 

82 

90 

225 

209 

3 

1 

21 

16 

42 

43 

17 

41 

Hampshire, 

32 

25 

178 

190 

6 

2 

6 

6 

25 

17 

285 

238 

Middlesex, 

228 

167 

650 

684 

10 

10 

56 

48 

122 

67 

291 

456 

Nantucket, 

6 

5 

6 

9 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

1 

4 

1 

Norfolk, 

88 

29 

245 

192 

3 

2 

28 

13 

54 

25 

37 

51 

Plymouth, 

91 

43 

208 

176 

3 

2 

16 

19 

55 

31 

43 

45 

Suffolk, 

242 

271 

328 

447 

20 

7 

65 

52 

134 

71 

147 

144 

Worcester, 

226 

166 

694 

560 

8 

8 

43 

39 

155 

102 

340 

399 

BY    TOTALS. 


Counties. 


Blind. 


Deaf. 


Dumb. 


Deaf  and 
Dumb. 


Idiotic. 


Insane. 


The  State, 

Barnstable,  . 
Berkshire,     . 
Bristol, 
Dukes,  . 
Essex,  . 
Franklin, 
Hampden,     . 
Hampshire,  . 
Middlesex,   . 
Nantucket,   . 
Norfolk, 
Plymouth,    . 
Suffolk, 
Worcester,   . 


2,806 

367 
117 
151 

18 
292 

70 
172 

57 
395 

11 
117 
134 
513 
392 


7,255 

276 

365 

333 

26 

1,007 
248 
434 
368 

1,334 

14 

437 

384 

775 

1,254 


129 

7 
12 

22 
3 
4 
8 

•20 

5 
5 

27 
16 


654 

19 
24 
40 
22 

107 
14 
37 
12 

104 

41 
35 

117 

82 


1,326 

63 
65 

77 
7 

138 
40 
85 
42 

179 

3 

79 

86 

205 

257 


3,637 

55 

64 

656 

5 

261 

57 

58 

523 

747 

5 

88 

88 

291 

739 


This  table  gives  the  enumeration  of  the  blind,  deaf,  dumb,  deaf  and 
dumb,  idiotic  and  the  insane.  The  totals  show  2,806  blind,  7,255 
deaf,  129  dumb,  654  deaf  and  dumb,  1,326  idiotic  and  3,637  insane. 
These  figures  are  considered  perfectly  reliable,  except  as  to  the  deaf 
and  dumb ;  it  is  evident  that  many  of  those  reported  as  deaf  or  as 
dumb,  should  be  classified  among  the  deaf  and  dumb  ;  the  actual 
number  of  this  latter  class  is  undoubtedly  more  than  given  above  ;  the 
discrepancy,  if  any,  arises  from  an  eftbrt  to  make  a  perfect  classifica- 
tion;  as  it  is,  the  enumeration  shows,  of  deaf  and  dumb,  654,  as  com- 
pared with  561  in  1865.     The  blind,  in  1865,  numbered  762;  the 


POPULATIOI^  AND   SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


59 


insane,  2,391 ;  a^d  the  idiotic,  863.     The  number  given  for  1875  is 
evidently  too  large,  but  we  give  it  as  returned. 

The  following  talkie  exhibits  the  age  distribution  of  those  in  Massa- 
chusetts who  report  themselves  deprived  of  sight : — 


Ages. 


Blind. 


ropulation. 


Proportion : 
One  in — 


Under  10  j'cars, 
10  to  19  (both  inclusive), . 

20  to  29,      "  " 

30  to  39,     "  " 

40  to  49,     "  " 

50  to  59,     "  " 

60  to  69,     "  " 

70  to  79,     "  " 

80  to  89,      "  " 
90  and  over. 


96 
283 
242 


239 
313 
354 
348 
414 
183 
34 


337,593 

314,301 

310,861 

240,966 

182,823 

126,430 

79,186 

38,283 

10,126 

1,041 


3,517 

1,112 

1,285 

1,008 

584 

357 

228 

92 

55 

31 


This  being  the  first  attempt  to  define  the  causes  of  blindness 
among  the  people  of  the  State  with  some  detail,  Ave  can  not  make  a 
comparison  to  show  whether  through  improved  skill  in  ophthalmic  sur- 
gery, or  from  other  causes,  certain  kinds  of  blindness  are  diminishing. 
The  following  table  gives  a  numerical  exhibit  of  the  causes  as  they 
were  returned  in  1,618  cases,  and  includes  those  cases  only  which 
show  tolerably  well  defined  marks  of  accuracy.  The  sources  of  the 
information  upon  which  this  table  is  founded  are  to  be  remembered, 
and  the  conclusions  to  be  drawn  are  subject  to  modification  accord- 
ingly. In  many  cases,  the  causes  assigned  are  undoubtedly  derived 
from  medical  consultation  ;  in  many  more  instances,  probably  in  the 
majority,  the  decision  is  that  of  the  sufferer  himself,  who  is  not  expert 
in  discovering  an  obscure  real  cause  for  his  infirmity  in  the  place  of 
an  apparent  but  erroneous  one.  Such  names  as  amaurosis,  cataract, 
Bright's  disease,  and  glaucoma,  indicate  the  intervention  of  profes- 
sional skill  in  the  case,  while  other  assigned  causes  show  quite  plainly 
that  a  coincidence  has  been  made  to  stand  as  a  substitute  for  the  real 
agency  in  producing  the  eifect. 


1.  Accidents  by  gunpowder, 

2.  by  fii-earms, 

3.  mechanical, 


70 

4. 

Accidents  unspecified, 

.  452 

27 

5. 

Age 

.    60 

3 

6. 

Amaurosis,  . 

.     20 

60 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


7.  Belladonna, 

•                 • 

2 

18. 

....             , 

Fever,  unspecified, 

26 

8.  Bright's  disease,  . 

• 

4 

19. 

Glaucoma,   .... 

13 

9.  Cataract, 

.                 . 

238 

20. 

Injury  of  head,     . 

15 

10.  Diphtheria,  . 

• 

2 

21. 

Inflammation, 

205 

11.  Diseases  of  brain 

and   nervous 

22. 

Measles,       .... 

59 

system,     .... 

12.  Diseases,  constitutional  and  spe- 
cific,        .... 

96 
46 

23. 
24. 

Malpractice, 

Optic  nerve,  disease  of. 

8 
28 

13.  Erysipelas,  . 

14.  Exposure,    . 

31 
23 

25. 
26. 

Overwork,    .... 
Retina,  disease  of. 

65 
3 

15.  Fever,  scarlet, 

55 

27. 

Rheumatism, 

13 

16.  typhoid,    . 

17.  yellow. 

.      7 
.      2 

28. 
29. 

Small-pox,  .... 
Sunstroke,    .... 

29 
.     16 

The    age    distribution   of  the    deaf  is  exhibited  in  the  following 
table : — 


Ages. 


Deaf. 


Population. 


Proportion : 
One  in— 


Under  20  years, 
20  to  39  (botli  inclusive), . 
40  to  59,      "  " 

60  to  79,     "  " 

80  and  over, 


696 
1,584 
2,124 
2,131 

669 


651,894 
551,827 
309,253 
117,469 
11,167 


937 

348 

145 

55 

17 


The  progressive  increase  in  the  proportion  of  deaf  persons  in  each 
vicennial  period  of  life,  is  suggestive  of  the  decay  of  power  and  impair- 
ment of  function  which  come  with  advancing  years. 

The  observation  illustrated  in  the  last  table,  that  age  is  an  important 
factor  in  the  matter  of  deafness  in  any  community,  finds  further  exem- 
plification in  an  analysis  of  the  assigned  causes  of  the  defect.  Of  the 
7,255  persons  avowing  themselves  deprived  of  hearing,  4,815  give 
their  opinion  of  the  circumstances  in  which  their  deprivation  occurred. 
Nearly  a  fourth  of  this  number  (1,067)  assign  advanced  age  as  the 
cause  of  their  deafness.  Scarlatina  is  next  to  old  age  in  the  list,  951 
cases  being  charged  to  the  account  of  this  scourge  of  childhood.  In- 
flammatory action,  variously  described  as  otitis,  sores  in  the  head, 
ulcers  in  the  head,  abscesses  in  the  ear,  catarrh,  was  the  cause  of 
deafness  in  878  persons.     Fevers  of  various  kinds,  typhoid  being  the 


populatio:n"  akd  social  statistics. 


61 


chief,  are  charged  with  280  cases.  Congenital  cases  numbered  230, 
and  hereditary  cases,  211.  Measles  are  the  assigned  cause  of  216 
instances.  Among  the  283  cases  of  deafness  caused  by  accidental 
injury,  are  44  which  are  ascribed  to  the  "  discharge  of  cannon,"  or  to 
"cannonading";  a  number  add  the  clause,  "in  the  army."  The 
"noises  of  trip-hammers  "  and  other  "  fiictory  noises,"  chiefly  in  boiler- 
works,  founderies  and  cotton  mills,  are  blamed  by  50  persons.  Oth- 
ers among  the  assigned  causes  are  as  follows  :  scrofula  (144)  ;  neural- 
gia (48)  ;  disease  of  throat  (32)  ;  cerebro-spinal  meningitis  (36)  ; 
exposure  (57)  ;  cold  bathing  and  diving  (40)  ;  erysipelas  (30)  ; 
diphtheria  (31)  ;  sunstroke  (17)  ;  whooping-cough  (19)  ;  small-pox 
(15)  ;  thunder  storms  (11)  ;  cancer  (5).  Among  the  improbable 
and  fanciful  causes  are  :  mumps  (16)  ;  vaccination  (4)  ;  asthma  (2)  ; 
hay  fever  (1)  ;  cliolera  (1)  ;  chicken-pox  (1)  ;  fright  (1)  ;  abuse  (1). 
The  following  is  an  exhibition  of  the  ages  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  as 
reported : — 


Ages. 


Deaf  and 
Dumb. 


Population. 


Proi>ortion : 
One  in — 


Under  H  years,  . 
5  to    9  (both  inclusive), 

10  to  19,     "  " 

20  to  29,      "  " 

30  to  39,      "  " 

40  to  49,     "  *' 
60  to  59,     " 

60  to  69,     "  " 

70  to  79,     "  " 
80  and  upwards. 


21 

80 

115 

123 

105 

77 

51 

54 

26 

2 


173,855 

163,738 

314,301 

310,861 

240,966 

182,823 

126,430 

79,186 

38,283 

11,167 


8,279 
2,047 
2,733 
2,527 
2,295 
2,374 
2,479 
1,466 
1,472 
5,583 


Without  doubt  the  number  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  at  ages  under  five 
years  is  understated ;  a  defect,  we  may  remark  in  passing,  that  is 
common  to  every  census  enumeration,  in  Europe  or  America. 

Among  the  principal  causes  assigned  for  the  cases  of  the  acquired 
deafness,  upon  which  the  loss  of  speech  so  largely  depends,  the  follow- 
ing may  be  mentioned  : — 

Scarlet  fever  is  charged  with  112  cases.  Of  the  cases  of  deaf- 
dumbness  not  congenital,  scarlet  fever  is  blamed,  and  probably  upon 
good  grounds,  for  nearly  one-third. 

Various  forms  of  fever,  other  than  scarlet  fever,  caused  29  cases. 

Falls  and  other  accidents  caused  injury  in  28  cases  which  resulted 
in  deaf-mutism. 


62 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Eighteen  cases  are  ascribed  to  measles. 

Cerebro-spinal  meningitis  is  the  alleged  cause  of  15  cases. 

Inflammatory  afFections  of  tlie  ear,  of  a  nature  not  specified,  caused 
loss  of  speech  and  hearing  in  fourteen  instances. 

Of  diseases  of  the  nervous  system,  we  have  paralysis  (4),  hydro- 
cephalus (5),  disease  of  the  spine  (6)  ;  in  all,  15  cases. 

The  less  direct  and  definite  causes  assigned  were  scrofula,  whoop- 
ing-cough, convulsions,  cholera  infantum  and  croup. 

Small-pox  and  diphtheria  were  credited  with  one  case  each. 

The  ages  of  the  idiotic  class  in  Massachusetts  are  distributed  as 
follows : — 

Age  Distribution  of  Idiots. 


A  G  K  S  . 


Idiotic. 


Population. 


Proportion : 
One  in — 


Under  10  years, 
10  to  19  (both  inclusive), 

20  to  29      "  " 

30  to  39      "  " 

40  to  49      "  " 

50  to  59      "  " 

60  to  69      "  " 

70  to  79      "  " 
80  and  upwards, 


80 

316 

253 

205 

160 

128 

78 

47 

17 


337,593 

314,301 

310,861 

240,966 

186,823 

126,430 

79,186 

38,283 

11,167 


4,220 

994 

1,229 

1,175 

1,141 

988 

1,015 

814 

657 


Epilepsy  is  set  down  as  the  cause  of  159  cases  of  idiocy.  Fevers 
of  various  kinds  are  charged  with  49  cases.  In  18  cases,  fright  of  the 
mother  during  her  pregnancy  is  the  alleged  cause.  Blows  on  the  head, 
falls  and  injury  at  the  time  of  birth,  are  assigned  as  having  caused 
idiocy  in  34  cases.  Intemperance  of  the  father  is  given  in  11  instances. 
In  10  cases  the  parents  were  cousins.  This  matter  of  the  close  rela- 
tionship of  the  parents,  as  contributing  to  idiocy  as  well  as  to  other 
abnormal  peculiarities,  mental  and  physical,  is  well  worthy  of  careful 
investigation.  Among  the  less  fertile  and  more  remote  causes  assigned 
are  the  following :  hydrocephalus  (6),  rickets,  (10),  harsh  treatment 
in  childhood  (3),  sunstroke  (3),  measles  (3),  fright  (4),  masturbation 
(2),  overdosing  (2). 

The  ages  of  the  insane,  so  far  as  they  are  reported,  are  distributed 
as  shown  in  the  next  table  ; — 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


63 


f . 

Proportion 

Proportion 

Ages. 

Insane. 

of 

Population : 

One  in— 

Ages. 

Insane. 

of 

Population : 

One  in— 

Under  20  years, 

96 

6,791 

50  to  59  (both  inclusive), 

596 

212 

20  to  29  (both  inclusive),  . 

527 

590 

60  to  69      "           "         .        . 

462 

171 

30  to  39     "           "           .        . 

740 

326 

70  and  upwards,      . 

342 

145 

40  to  49      "           "           .        . 

801 

228 

The  supposed  causes  of  the  mental  alienation  are  described  in  a 
minority  (37  per  cent)  of  the  cases.  The  subjoined  table  presents 
these  causes  in  their  numerical  summary,  as  they  were  returned  from 
five  large  hospitals  and  from  the  friends  of  those  who  were  not  under 
hospital  treatment.  Returns  of  the  presumed  causes  of  lunacy  were 
not  made  with  reference  to  the  inmates  of  the  Boston  Lunatic 
Hospital ;  this  will  account  for  the  omission  of  that  institution  from 
the  table  : — 

Causes  of  Insanity. 


Causes, 


C3 

c 

o 

O. 

OJ 

§ 

5 

a 

cs 

t: 

s 

1 
a 

O 

c 

cs 

s 

b* 

tz; 

tH 

m 

'A 

o 

51 


Hereditary,         .... 

Epilepsy 

Intemperance,    .        .        ,        . 

Masturbation 

Prolonged  illness. 

Uterine  disease, .... 

Overwork 

Injury  to  the  head,     . 
Domestic  trouble, 

Grief, 

Puerperal 

Religious  excitement,         .       . 
Disappointed  affection, 
Business  trouble. 

Paralysis 

Sunstroke 

Overstudy 

Old  age, 

Fever  (typhoid,  scarlet,  brain). 

Anxiety 

Fright 

Spiritualism,       .        .        .        . 

Excesses 

Softening  of  brain,    . 
Measles, 


20 

-, 

4 

5 

94 

26 

33 

9 

1 

34 

31 

24 

15 

1 

27 

33 

- 

10 

2 

12 

23 

- 

- 

5 

16 

14 

1 

6 

- 

15 

10 

- 

4 

23 

16 

11 

5 

4 

1 

47 

3 

- 

8 

2 

31 

10 

- 

2 

- 

25 

14 

- 

- 

8 

15 

9 

- 

2 

2 

18 

1 

- 

2 

1 

29 

11 

- 

2 

1 

24 

6 

1 

- 

1 

22 

4 

4 

2 

1 

21 

3 

1 

- 

4 

20 

11 

- 

- 

- 

11 

5 

1 

1 

- 

31 

11 

- 

- 

1 

7 

2 

- 

- 

- 

15 

3 

- 

- 

1 

8 

4 

3 

: 

: 

- 

8 
6 

152 
128 
127 
91 
68 
57 
64 
79 
51 
49 
49 
40 
40 
43 
37 
37 
32 
28 
44 
21 
20 
12 
12 
8 
10 


64 


CEN-SUS   OP   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Causes  of  Insanity — Concluded. 


to 

a 

C 

ft 

b 

o3 

O. 

CO 

Causes. 

o 

a 

3 

'? 

fe 

a 

s 

3 

^ 

^ 

s 

*j 

2 

^ 

E-i 

'A 

o 

El 

o 
03 

!2; 

o 

E-i 

Disease  of  brain  and  spine,       .... 

6 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

10 

16 

Overuse  of  narcotics 

- 

- 

- 

- 

6 

6 

Congenital 

3 

- 

- 

- 

2 

2 

7 

Syphilis 

- 

1 

- 

- 

3 

- 

4 

Parents  cousins,  " 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

3 

Small-pox, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

2 

Lightning, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

3 

Paupers  and  Convicts. 


C  O  U  N  T  I  E  ; 


Paupers. 


Males. 


The  State, 

Barnstable,  . 

Berkshire,  . 

Bristol, .  .        . 
Dukes,  . 
Essex,   . 
Franklin, 

Hampden,  . 

Hampshire,  . 

Middlesex,  . 

Nantucket,  , 
Norfolk, 

Plymouth,  . 
Suffolk, 

Worcester,  . 


2,388 

65 
77 

155 
8 

206 
57 

370 
22 

639 
21 
77 

159 

339 

193 


Females. 


1,954 

70 

56 
136 

11 
185 

52 
197 

36 
645 

17 

57 
120 
156 
216 


Totals. 


4,342 

135 
133 

291 

19 

391 

109 

567 

58 

1,284 

38 

134 

279 

495 

409 


Convicts. 


Males. 


3,578 

2 

64 

175 

296 

113 

291 

74 

167 

1,850 

546 


Females. 


762 

1 

6 

47 

39 

7 
39 


214 

385 

16 


Totals. 


4,340 

S 

70 

222 

335 

120 

330 

82 

381 

2,235 

562 


Paupers  and  Convicts,  by  Place  of  Birth. 


Paupeks. 

COUVICTS. 

Place  of  Bikth. 

Males. 

Females. 

Totals. 

Males, 

Females. 

Totals. 

In  town  where  pauper  or  convict,     . 

892 

691 

1,583 

706 

78 

784 

In  other  towns  in  Massachusetts, 

646 

443 

1,089 

902 

96 

998 

Maine, 

46 

32 

78 

129 

39 

168 

New  Hampshire, 

46 

45 

91 

58 

16 

74 

Vermont, 

26 

22 

48 

20 

8 

28 

Bhode  Island 

20 

23 

43 

38 

7 

45 

Connecticut 

13 

18 

31 

38 

4 

42 

POPULATION   AND   SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


65 


Paupers  and  Convicts  hy  Place  of  Birth — Continued. 


Paupers. 

Convicts. 

Place  of  Birth. 

Males. 

Females. 

Totals. 

Males. 

Females. 

Totals. 

New  York 

35 

20 

55 

145 

17 

162 

New  Jersey, 

1 

- 

1 

15 

1 

16 

Pennsylvania,      . 

6 

1 

6 

30 

2 

32 

Maryland,     . 

3 

1 

4 

12 

3 

15 

District  of  Columbia, 

2 

1 

3 

7 

1 

8 

Virginia,       . 

6 

4 

10 

48 

8 

56 

North  Carolina,   . 

1 

2 

3 

4 

1 

5 

South  Carolina,   . 

3 

2 

5 

6 

- 

6 

Louisiana,     . 

2 

- 

2 

4 

1 

5 

Georgia, 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Mississippi,  . 

1 

- 

1 

1 

- 

1 

Missouri, 

- 

~ 

- 

3 

- 

3 

Minnesota,    . 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Tennessee,   . 

- 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

Indiana, 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

2 

Alabama, 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Florida, 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Texas,  . 

_ 

- 

- 

3 

- 

3 

Ohio 

2 

- 

2 

7 

1 

8 

Kentucky,    . 

1 

- 

1 

8 

- 

8 

Illinois, 

3 

1 

4 

8 

- 

8 

Michigan, 

1 

- 

1 

2 

- 

2 

California,    . 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

Canada, 

31 

21 

52 

61 

20 

81 

Nova  Scotia, 

14 

15 

29 

57 

23 

80 

New  Brunswick, . 

11 

12 

23 

47 

20 

67 

Cape  Breton, 

1 

1 

2 

2 

- 

2 

Newfoundland,    . 

1 

1 

2 

6 

3 

9 

Mexico, 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

West  Indies, 

7 

2 

9 

13 

- 

13 

South  Ameri 

ca,    . 

1 

- 

1 

2 

- 

2 

England, 

52 

48 

100 

169 

51 

220 

Ireland, 

421 

480 

901 

731 

309 

1,040 

Scotland, 

16 

11 

27 

47 

20 

67 

Wales,  . 

- 

1 

1 

5 

1 

6 

France, . 

1 

- 

1 

4 

- 

4 

Germany, 

20 

9 

29 

24 

3 

27 

Denmark, 

- 

- 

- 

4 

- 

4 

Holland, 

- 

1 

1 

2 

- 

2 

Belgium, 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

Italy,     . 

3 

1 

4 

7 

- 

7 

Spain,    . 

1 

- 

1 

2 

- 

2 

Norway, 

2 

- 

2 

1 

- 

1 

Sweden, 

2 

3 

5 

7 

7 

14 

Portugal, 

1 

2 

3 

2 

- 

2 

Austria, 

- 

2 

2 

- 

- 

- 

Bavaria, 

- 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

Switzerland, 

- 

1 

1 

2 

- 

2 

66 


CENSUS    OF    MASS.— 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Paupers  and  Convicts  hy  Place  of  Birtli- 

—Concluded. 

Paupers. 

Convicts. 

Place  of  Birth. 

Males. 

Females. 

Totals. 

Males. 

Females. 

Totals. 

Finland, 

_ 

_ 

_ 

1 

_ 

1 

Malta,   . 

- 

1 

1 

1 

- 

1 

Africa,  . 

2 

- 

2 

1 

1 

2 

India,    . 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

New  Zealand, 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

Australia, 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Unknown,     . 

42 

S4 

76 

178 

20 

198 

Totals,    . 

2,388 

1,954 

4,342 

3,578 

762 

4,340 

By  the  preceding  tables,  it  will  be  seen  there  are  4,342  paupers,  2,388 
males,  and  1,954  females;  and  4,340  convicts,  3,578  males,  and  762 
females.  The  number  of  paupers  given  includes  only  those  receiving 
full  support  at  town,  county  and  state  institutions.  May  1,  1875.  The 
number  has  been  verified  by  collateral  returns,  and  is  reliable.  The 
number  of  convicts  given  includes  all  undergoing  sentence.  May  1, 
1875  ;  it  does  not  include  the  inmates  of  the  Industrial  School  for 
Girls  at  Lancaster,  because,  by  the  provisions  of  the  law  creating  the 
institution,  the  inmates  can  not  properly  be  classified  as  convicts. 
The  number  of  paupers  reported  in  1865  was  5,200,  while  the  number 
of  convicts  was  1,754. 

We  present  the  following  table,  in  which  the  causes  of  pauperism 
are  given,  as  returned  by  the  individual,  but  little  condensation  hav- 
ing been  made.  The  sexes  are  designated  and  a  classification  by  age 
made  : — 

Causes  of  Pauperism. 


Under  10. 

10  to  15. 

Above  15. 

Totals. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F, 

Abuse 

. 

. 

_ 

^ 

1 

_ 

1 

_ 

1 

Bad  company. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Bad  conduct. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

6 

2 

6 

8 

Bereavement, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

- 

3 

3 

Convict  father, 

2 

o 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

2 

4 

Convict  mother,    . 

3 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

1 

4 

Cruelty  of  parents, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Death  of  husband, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

8 

- 

8 

8 

Dependency, 

2 

1 

- 

- 

- 

3 

2 

4 

6 

Desertion,     . 

1 

2 

- 

- 

- 

7 

1 

9 

10 

POPULATION   A^T>   SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


67 


Causes  of  Pauperis7n — Continued. 


Under  10. 

10  to  15. 

Abo\ 

El5. 

Totals. 

Total. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

Desertion  of  children, 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

- 

1 

- 

1 

1 

Desertion  of  father,     . 

6 

5 

5 

- 

4 

- 

15 

5 

20 

Desertion  of  husband, 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

9 

- 

10 

10 

Desertion  of  parents,  . 

5 

- 

3 

1 

- 

1 

8 

2 

10 

Disappointment,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Discharged  prisoners, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

9 

3 

9 

3 

12 

Family  trouble,    . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

1 

2 

1 

3 

Fatherless,    . 

2 

3 

5 

2 

2 

2 

9 

7 

16 

Father  a  pauper,  . 

6 

- 

3 

2 

2 

- 

11 

2 

13 

Friendless,    . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4 

- 

4 

4 

Grandmother  a  paupei 

'i 

- 

2 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

2 

Hereditary,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

_ 

2 

Idiocy,  . 

4 

2 

3 

7 

158 

132 

165 

141 

306 

Ignorance  and  loss  o 

■  head  of 

family, 

1 

- 

- 

- 

2 

2 

3 

2 

6 

Illegitimacy, 

9 

5 

2 

1 

- 

9 

11 

15 

26 

Immorality,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

6 

1 

6 

7 

Infancy, 

1 

2 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

2 

3 

Infirmity, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

12 

9 

12 

9 

21 

Injury 

- 

- 

- 

- 

6 

2 

6 

2 

8 

Insanity, 

1 

1 

1 

- 

213 

452 

215 

453 

668 

Insanity  of  father, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

1 

Insanity  of  mother, 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

- 

- 

2 

2 

Intemperance, 

- 

3 

- 

- 

362 

108 

362 

111 

473 

Intemperance  of  husband, . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

18 

- 

18 

18 

Intemperance  of  father. 

11 

10 

8 

3 

4 

4 

23 

17 

40 

Intemperance  of  mother,    . 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

Intemperance  of  parents,    . 

25 

11 

7 

5 

3 

1 

35 

17 

52 

Large  family,  bad  management 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5 

2 

5 

2 

7 

Loss  of  property,  and  business 

trouble 

- 

1 

- 

1 

10 

5 

10 

7 

17 

Mental  infirmity, . 

- 

- 

- 

1 

26 

43 

26 

44 

70 

Mental  infirmity  of  parents, 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Misconduct  of  parents. 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Mismanagement,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

12 

12 

12 

12 

24 

Motherless,  . 

3 

2 

2 

- 

- 

- 

5 

2 

7 

Mother  a  pauper. 

51 

52 

4 

- 

- 

1 

55 

53 

108 

Neglect, 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Neglect  of  father. 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Neglect  of  parents, 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

No  home. 

, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

1 

Not  given,     . 

.       168 

182 

226 

98 

256 

9 

650 

289 

939 

Old  age, 

. 

- 

- 

- 

119 

154 

119 

154 

27» 

Orphan, 

14 

13 

10 

12 

1 

2 

25 

27 

52 

Parents  paupers,  . 

13 

23 

5 

3 

1 

5 

19 

31 

50' 

Physical  infirmity, 

11 

11 

6 

5 

354 

264 

371 

280 

651 

Physical  Infirmity  of  husband. 

. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

1 

Poverty,        .... 

6 

5 

4 

- 

18 

41 

28 

46 

74 

68 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Causes  of  Pauperism — Concluded. 


Under  10. 

10  to  15. 

Abo\ 

el5. 

Totals. 

Total. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

Shiftlessness,        .        .        .        . 

_ 

. 

_ 

27 

7 

27 

7 

34 

Shiftlessness  of  husband, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

2 

SbiftlcBsness  of  parents, 

1 

5 

2 

3 

- 

2 

3 

10 

13 

Shiftlessness  of  father. 

- 

2 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

2 

Sickness  and  disease,  . 

- 

1 

1 

- 

102 

88 

103 

89 

192 

Sickness  of  father. 

6 

4 

1 

- 

- 

- 

7 

4 

11 

Sickness  of  husband,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5 

- 

5 

5 

Sickness  of  parents,     . 

5 

2 

- 

1 

- 

- 

5 

3 

8 

Sickness  of  child. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

1 

Spent  all  his  money,    . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Spiritualism, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

1 

Unable  to  work,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5 

8 

5 

8 

13 

Want  of  employment. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

War 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Wife  of  convict,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

1 

Totals,    . 

359 

354 

302 

148 

1,727 

1,452 

2,388 

1,954 

4,342 

From  the  tabulation  of  conjugal  condition,  several  interesting  points 
are  learned. 

Conjugal  Condition  of  Paupers. 


Conjugal    Condition. 

Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

Single, 

1,526 

1,138 

2,664 

Married 

366 

344 

710 

Widowed 

367 

459 

826 

Divorced 

14 

9 

23 

Unknown, 

115 

4 

119 

Totals, 

2,388 

1,954 

4,342 

If  we  deduct  the  children  of  both  sexes  from  the  number  of  single 
and  from  the  total  number,  we  arrive  at  the  following  percentages  : 
Of  the  male  adult  paupers,  51-|-  per  cent  are  single,  21-j-  per  cent 
married,  and  21-|-  per  cent  are  widowers. 

Among  the  female  adult  paupers,  43 -j-  per  cent  are  single,  23 -|- 
per  cent  married,  and  31 -f-  per  cent  are  widows.  Considering  the 
adults  of  both  sexes  together,  46-(-  per  cent  are  single  and  49  per 
cent  are  or  have  been  married. 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


69 


Illiteracy  of  Paupers. 


Place    of    Birth. 


Born  in  town  named 

Born  in  other  towns  in  Massachusetts, 
Born  in  other  States,    .... 

Born  in  England, 

Born  in  Ireland 

Born  in  other  foreign  countries, 

Totals 


IOtoISYrs. 
(both  inc.) 


03 


11 


CS 

a 

Em 


18 
7 
3 

5 
1 


34 


Above  15 

Years. 


•v 

rt 

s 

a 

Ee4 

127 
105 

25 

6 

112 

32 


407 


140 
99 
38 
19 

251 
38 


585 


o 

H 


289 

215 

68 

25 

369 

71 


1,037 


o 
c 
a 

OS 

o 


61 
106 

31 

16 
111 

30 


355 


g  ^ 


228 
109 

37 

9 

258 

41 


682 


Those  who  can  read  but  can  not  write  amount  to  34-{-  per  cent  of 
the  whole  number  of  illiterates,  and  the  balance,  65+  per  cent,  are 
wholly  uneducated.  Of  the  male  illiterates,  116  can  read  but  can  not 
write,  and  302  can  neither  read  nor  wi-ite.  Of  the  female  illiterates, 
239  can  read  but  can  not  write,  and  380  can  neither  read  nor  write. 

Adopting  the  arbitrary  division  used  in  the  age  presentation  in  the 
census,  and  calling  those  15  and  under,  and  those  over  60  the  naturally 
dependent  class,  we  arrive  at  the  following  statement : — 


Periods    of    Agk. 


15  years  and  under. 

Above  15,  to  and  including  60, 

Above  60  years. 

Totals 


Males. 


a 

a 


661 
920 

787 


2,368 


27+ 
38+ 
33+ 


Females. 


u 

■a 

■a 

a 

i3 

4) 

a 

u 

^ 

Bh 

502 

25+ 

825 

42+ 

605 

31+ 

1,932 


Totals. 


, 

<u 

e 

pQ 

o 

a 

3 

« 

p^ 

1,163 

27 

1,745 

40+ 

1,392 

32+ 

4,300 


The  "  unknown  "  are  dropped  in  the  above  table.  Combining  the 
percentages  of  the  naturally  dependent  classes,  we  find  that  60 -f-  per 
cent  of  the  males  and  56-f-  per  cent  of  the  females  were  either  under 
or  over  the  working  or  productive  age.  Of  both  sexes,  59-}-  per  cent 
were  of  a  non-supporting  age. 

Considering  the  whole  number  of  paupers,  less  all  children  under 


70 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


ten,  and  the  idiotic  and  insane  paupers  above  ten,  we  secure  the  fol- 


lowino^  tabular  result : — 


Sex  and   Age. 


Number  of 

Sane 
Paupers. 


Number  of 

of 
Illiterates. 


Percentage 

of 
Illiterates. 


Males  above  10, 
Females  above  10, 

Totals, 


1,654 
1,009 


2,663 


418 
619 


1,037 


25+ 
61+ 


38+ 


The  preponderance  of  illiteracy  among  the  females  is  remarkable. 
The  general  result  is  that  a  little  over  one-third  of  the  sane  paupers, 
above  ten  years  of  age,  are  illiterate. 

Comparing  the  native  and  foreign  born  j^aupers  with  the  native  and 
foreign  born  illiterates,  we  obtain  the  subjoined  statement : — 


Place  of  Birth. 


Number  of 

Paupers 
(all  ages). 


Number  of 
Illiterates. 


Percentages 
of  all  ages. 


Percentages  of 

those  above  10 

(estimated). 


Native  born,  . 
Foreign  born. 


3,063 
1,279 


572 
465 


18+ 
36+ 


30+ 
59+ 


If  we  confine  our  attention  to  those  born  in  Massachusetts,  we  find 
that  out  of  2,672  paupers,  504  are  illiterate,  337  being  wholly  unedu- 
cated. 

BlETHPLACES   OF   CONVICTS. 


Place  of  Bikth. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Total. 

Place  of  Birth. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Total. 

In  town  where  now  con- 

Maryland, 

12 

3 

15 

vict 

706 

78 

784 

District  of  Columbia,      . 

7 

1 

8 

In  other  towns  in  Mass., 

902 

96 

998 

Virginia,  .... 

48 

8 

56 

Maine,       .... 

129 

39 

168 

North  Carolina 

» 

4 

1 

5 

New  Hampshire, 

58 

16 

74 

South  Carolina 

6 

- 

6 

Vermont,  . 

20 

8 

28 

Louisiana, 

4 

1 

5 

Rhode  Island,  . 

38 

7 

45 

Georgia,    . 

1 

- 

1 

Connecticut,     . 

38 

4 

42 

Mississippi, 

1 

- 

1 

New  York, 

145 

17 

162 

Missouri,  . 

3 

- 

3 

New  Jersey,     . 

15 

1 

16 

Minnesota, 

1 

- 

1 

Pennsylvania,  . 

• 

30 

2 

32 

Indiana,     . 

1 

1 

2 

POPULATION   AKD   SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


71 


birthplaces  of  Convicts — Concluded. 


Place  op  Birth. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Total. 

Place  op  Birth. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Total. 

Alabama,  .... 

1 

1 

Wales 

5 

1 

6 

Florida,     . 

1 

- 

1 

France, 

4 

- 

4 

Texas, 

3 

- 

3 

Germany, 

24 

3 

27 

Ohio, 

7 

1 

8 

Denmark, 

4 

- 

4 

Kentucky, 

8 

- 

8 

Holland,    . 

2 

- 

2 

Illinois,     . 

8 

- 

8 

Italy, 

7 

- 

7 

Michigan, . 

2 

- 

2 

Spain, 

2 

- 

2 

Canada,     . 

61 

20 

81 

Norway,   . 

1 

- 

1 

Nova  Scotia,     . 

67 

23 

80 

Sweden,    . 

7 

7 

14 

New  Brunswick, 

47 

20 

67 

Portugal,  . 

2 

- 

2 

Cape  Breton,     . 

2 

- 

2 

Switzerland, 

2 

- 

2 

Newfoundland, 

6 

3 

9 

Finland,    . 

1 

- 

1 

Mexico, 

1 

- 

1 

Malta, 

1 

- 

1 

West  Indies,     . 

13 

- 

13 

Africa, 

1 

1 

2 

South  America, 

2 

- 

2 

Australia, 

2 

- 

2 

England,   . 

169 
731 

47 

51 

309 
20 

220 
1,040 

68 

Unknown, 
Totals, 

178 

20 

198 

Ireland,     . 
Scotland,  . 

3,578 

762 

4,340 

Examining  this  table,  we  find  that  784  were  born  in  the  towns  in 
the  State  in  which  they  are  now  undergoing  sentence,  and  that  998 
are  natives  of  other  towns  in  Massachusetts.  The  state  born,  1,782, 
form  41 -f-  per  cent  of  the  whole  number  of  convicts.  If  we  include 
those  born  in  other  States  of  the  Union,  701,  we  ascertain  that  2,483 
are  American  born,  or  57-f-  per  cent  of  the  whole  number. 


Causes  of  Imprisonivient. 


Undi 

;r  10. 

10  TO  15. 

Above  15. 

Total. 

CO 

a 

a 

o 

"3 

a 

o 

H 

1 

QO 

a 

Adultery 

_ 

_ 

_ 

• 

45 

18 

45 

18 

63 

Arson  and  setting  fires. 

- 

- 

2 

- 

33 

3 

35 

3 

38 

Assault 

- 

- 

- 

- 

86 

3 

86 

3 

89 

Assault  and  battery,     . 

- 

- 

7 

- 

172 

9 

179 

9 

188 

Assault,  felonious. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

39 

1 

39 

1 

40 

Assault,  indecent, . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

6 

- 

6 

- 

6 

Assault  on  an  officer,    . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

12 

- 

12 

- 

12 

Attempt  to  break  and  enter, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

10 

- 

10 

- 

10 

Attempt  to  commit  murder. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

1 

Attempt  to  commit  rape. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

30 

- 

30 

- 

30 

72 


CENSUS   OF  MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Causes  of  Imprisonment — Continued. 


Under  10. 

10  TO  15. 

Above  15. 

Total. 

m 

"3 

a 

"3 
3 

"3 

a 

EQ 

"3 

09 

"3 

a 

TO 

CO 

a 

3 

o 

H 

Attempt  to  commit  larceny, 

_ 

- 

2 

_ 

12 

- 

14 

_ 

14 

Attempt  to  pick  pocket, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Attempt  to  rob,     .... 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

1 

2 

1 

3 

Bastardy 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4 

- 

4 

- 

4 

Bigamy, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Breaking  and  entering, 

2 

- 

13 

- 

.  97 

2 

112 

2 

114 

Breaking  and  entering,  and  larceny. 

- 

- 

6 

- 

312 

- 

318 

- 

318 

Burglary 

- 

- 

- 

- 

47 

- 

47 

- 

47 

Burglary  with  intent  to  kill, 

- 

~ 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Carrying  concealed  weapons. 

- 

_ 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Circulating  obscene  papers. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Common  railers  and  brawlers,    . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

2 

Counterfeiting  coin. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Cruelty  to  animals 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Debt 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Disorderly 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Disobedience 

- 

2 

- 

5 

- 

7 

- 

7 

Disturbing  a  public  school, . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Disturbing  the  peace,   . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

16 

2 

16 

2 

18 

Drunkenness 

- 

- 

2 

- 

648 

241 

650 

241 

891 

Embezzlement 

- 

- 

- 

- 

16 

3 

16 

3 

19 

Escaped  convicts 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

- 

3 

- 

3 

Evading  car  fare,  .... 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

- 

3 

- 

3 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Forgery 

- 

_ 

- 

47 

- 

47 

- 

47 

Fornication, 

- 

~ 

- 

6 

8 

6 

8 

14 

Fraud 

- 

1 

_ 

39 

- 

40 

- 

40 

Furnishing  liquor  to  prisoners,  . 

- 

_ 

- 

_ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Having  burglars'  tools, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Having  counterfeit  money,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Housebreaking 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Idleness 

- 

- 

- 

- 

25 

14 

25 

14 

39 

Idle  and  disorderly. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

75 

100 

75 

100 

175 

Incest 

- 

- 

- 

- 

6 

- 

6 

- 

6 

Indecent  exposure, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4 

- 

4 

- 

4 

Keeping  a  gaming  house,     . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Keeping  a  house  of  ill-fame, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

6 

2 

6 

2 

8 

Keeping  a  noisy  and  disorderly  housi 

^1      • 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

5 

3 

5 

8 

Larceny 

5 

- 

110 

- 

738 

76 

853 

76 

929 

Lewd  and  lascivious  persons, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

19 

7 

19 

7 

26 

Liquor  nuisance 

- 

- 

- 

- 

13 

2 

13 

2 

15 

Maiming 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Malicious  mischief. 

- 

- 

4 

- 

23 

3 

27 

3 

30 

- 

- 

1 

- 

48 

- 

49 

- 

49 

Murder, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

21 

3 

21 

3 

24 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Night  walking 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

57 

— 

57 

57 

POPULATION"  A^D    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


73 


Causes  of  Imprisonment — Concluded. 


Under  10. 

10  TO  15. 

1    Abovk  15. 

Total. 

ce 

s 

09 

a 

CO 

"a 

00 

"a 
B 

a 

o 

a 

"3 
o 

Not  given, 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

113 

119 

113 

119 

232 

Obstructing  railroad  track,  . 

- 

- 

1 

- 

3 

- 

4 

- 

4 

Passing  counterfeit  money, , 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

- 

3 

- 

3 

Perjury 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5 

- 

5 

- 

5 

Prize  fighting, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Procuring  abortion. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

- 

3 

- 

3 

Profanity,       .... 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Polygamy,      .... 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5 

3 

5 

3 

8 

Rape, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

16 

- 

16 

- 

16 

Receiving  stolen  goods. 

- 

- 

1 

- 

20 

7 

21 

7 

28 

Rescuing  a  prisoner,     . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

3 

3 

3 

6 

Robbery,        .... 

- 

- 

- 

- 

123 

2 

123 

2 

125 

Runaways,     .... 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Sodomy,         .... 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

- 

3 

- 

3 

Stealing  a  ride. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4 

- 

4 

- 

4 

- 

- 

12 

- 

38 

1 

50 

1 

51 

Stubbornness  and  disobedience, 

- 

- 

18 

- 

9 

4 

27 

4 

31 

Threatening  bodily  harm,    . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4 

1 

4 

1 

5 

Transferred  from  State  Primary 

School, 

- 

- 

2 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Truancy 

7 

- 

95 

3 

5 

- 

107 

3 

110 

Vagrancy,      .... 

5 

1 

63 

4 

137 

50 

205 

55 

260 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

- 

3 

- 

3 

Violation  of  license  law. 

- 

- 

_ 

17 

- 

17 

_ 

17 

Violation  of  Sunday  law,    . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

Totals 

19 

1 

342 

7 

3,217 

754 

3,578 

762 

4,340 

But  232,  or  5+  per  cent,  failed  to  give  the  causes  of  imprisonment, 
and  the  presentation  may  be  regarded  as  a  complete  one  in  this  respect. 
Upon  examining  the  crimes  specified,  we  find  that  assault  (335), 
breaking  and  entering,  including  burglary  (479),  drunkenness  (891), 
larceny  (929),  robbery  (125),  and  truancy  and  vagrancy  (370),  rep- 
resent 3,129  crimes,  or  72 -|-  per  cent  of  the  whole  number.  If  we 
analyze  the  crimes  as  returned,  omitting  the  232  "not  given,"  we 
secure  the  following  condensed  statement  of  causes  of  imprisonment : — 


Crimes  against  the  person, 
Crimes  against  property,  . 
Violations  of  law  and  order. 


476,  or  11 -f-  per  cent. 
1,771,  or  43+  per  cent. 
1,861,  or  45+  per  cent. 


The  children  mider  15  number  369,  or  8+  per  cent  of  the  whole 
number. 


10 


74 


CEITSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Conjugal  Condition  of  Convicts. 


Conjugal  Condition. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Single,  . 
Married, . 
Widowed, 
Divorced, 
Unknown, 

Totals, 


1,895 

621 

8 

2 

1,052 


3,578 


332 

366 

19 

55 


762 


2,227 

977 

27 

2 

1,107 


4,340 


If  we  consolidate  the  ages  by  periods,  Ave  obtain  the  following  pres- 
entation : — 

Ages  of  Convicts. 


Periods  of  Age. 


15  years  and  under, 

16  to  21,  both  inclusive, 
22  to  40,  both  inclusive, 
41  to  60,  both  inclusive. 
Above  60  years, 

Totals,      . 


MALES. 


a 

s 
»5 


361 

965 

1,771 

420 

58 

3,575 


10+ 
27+ 
49+ 

11+ 

1+ 


Females. 


.o 

a 

a 


8 

142 

488 

113 

10 


761 


1+ 
18+ 
64+ 
14+ 

1+ 


Total. 

c 

c 

J3 

a 

s 
S5 

8 

1 

369 
1,107 
2,259 

533 
68 

4,336 


8+ 
25+ 
51+ 
12+ 

2+ 


The  "unknown,"  only  four  in  number,  are  omitted  from  the  above. 
It  will  be  remarked  that  33+  per  cent  of  the  convict  class  are  21 
years  of  age  or  under.  More  than  one-half  the  criminals  are  between 
22  and  40  years  of  age.  In  considering  this  question,  we  must  take 
into  account  the  fact  that  many  have  been  in  prison  for  a  length  of 
time,  and  were  younger  when  sentenced.  This  circumstance  would 
necessarily  increase  the  number  of  those  21  or  under,  and  make  more 
apparent  the  prevalence  of  crime  among  minors.  This  exhibition  of 
juvenile  delinquency  naturally  leads  us  to  the  consideration  of  the 
want  of  education  among  convicts.  The  status  of  those  in  prison," 
May  1,  1875,  as  regards  illiteracy,  is  shown  in  the  following  table  : — 


POPULATION  AISD   SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


75 


Illiteracy    of   Convicts. 


Place   of  Bikth. 


Above  15 
Years. 


Born  in  town  named,   .... 
in  other  towns  in  Massachusetts, 
in  other  States,    .... 

in  England, 

in  Ireland 

in  other  foreign  countries, . 


Totals, 


2.3 
50 
66 
21 
141 
35 

336 


7 
4 
19 
13 
75 
10 


128 


o 


■6 

6 

a 

t^ 

a 

p: 

-^ 

o 

o 

s 

a 

c 

03 

rt 

o 

tJ 

•a 


C3 


30 
54 
85 
34 
216 
45 


464 


79 


4 

26 

24 

30 

12 

73 

5 

29 

27 

189 

7 

38 

385 


No  children  under  15  were  reported  as  being  unable  to  read  and  write. 
Those  able  to  read,  but  unable  to  write,  form  17+  per  cent  of  the 
whole  number  of  illiterates,  and  those  unable  to  either  read  or  write 
82+  per  cent.  Of  the  male  illiterate  convicts,  64  can  read  but  can 
not  write,  and  272  can  neither  read  nor  write.  Of  the  female  illiter- 
ates, 15  can  read  but  can  not  write,  and  113  can  neither  read  nor  wi'ite. 

Considering  the  whole  number  of  convicts,  less  the  children  under 
15,  of  which  none  were  returned  as  illiterate,  we  arrive  at  the  amount 
of  illiteracy  in  the  convict  class.  i 


Sex  and  Age. 

Number  of 
Convicts. 

Number  of 
Illiterates. 

Percentage 

of 
Illiterates. 

Males  above  15 

Females  above  15 

3,217 
754 

336 
128 

10+ 
16+ 

Totals, 

3,971 

464 

11+ 

The  general  result,  as  drawn  from  the  above,  is,  that  a  little  over 
one-tenth  of  the  convicts  above  15  years  are  illiterate. 

If  we  compare  the  native  and  foreign  born  with  the  native  and  for- 
eign born  illiterates,  the  result  is  as  follows  : — 


Place  of  Birth. 


Native  born,   . 
Foreign  born. 


Number  of 
Convicts 
(all  ages). 

2,483 
1,857 


Number  of 
Illiterates, 

169 
295 


Percentages 
of  all  ages. 

6+ 
15+ 


Percentages  of 

those  above  15 

(estimated). 

T+ 

17+ 


76 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 


Out  of  1,782  convicts  born  in  Massachusetts,  84  are  illiterate,  56 
being  wholly  uneducated. 

Classified  Occupations. 


Counties. 

Government 

AND 

Professional. 

Domestic 

AND  Personal 

Office. 

Trade  and 
Tkansportation. 

Agriculture, 
Fisheries,  Etc. 

Manufactures 

1  AND  Mechanical 

Industries. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fern. 

The  State, 

19,061 

10,669 

11,292 

412,997 

101,413 

3,522 

81,119 

37 

233,252 

83,207 

Barnstable, 

321 

225 

170 

9,316 

3,292 

26 

3,932 

- 

1,825 

510 

Berkshire,   . 

543 

466 

393 

16,655 

2,543 

59 

6,767 

1 

8,169 

3,352 

Bristol, 

1,125 

677 

769 

31,591 

6,564 

162 

5,855 

4 

22,012 

10,471 

Dukes, 

64 

38 

25 

1,191 

355 

3 

442 

9 

227 

54 

Essex, . 

1,966 

1,246 

1,124 

55,328 

11,730 

398 

10,079 

3 

37,477 

14,336 

Franklin,     . 

297 

S71 

137 

9,321 

1,047 

15 

5,776 

2 

3,175 

732 

Hampden,  . 

1,109 

677 

652 

22,395 

4,704 

110 

5,582 

1 

13,887 

7,730 

Hampsliire, 

410 

428 

186 

11,017 

1,243 

49 

5,837 

1 

4,691 

2,447 

Middlesex,  . 

3,325 

1,821 

1,324 

69,749 

17,396 

559 

11,319 

1 

40,165 

15,086 

Nantucket,  . 

50 

29 

23 

1,005 

293 

10 

236 

4 

202 

126 

Norfolk,       . 

1,028 

607 

567 

23,448 

4,422 

96 

4,131 

4 

13,012 

3,109 

Plymouth,  . 

636 

510 

270 

18,779 

2,806 

49 

4,576 

3 

11,589 

1,740 

Suffolk, 

6,295 

2,036 

4,557 

90,632 

37,063 

1,781 

2,719 

3 

40,913 

12,431 

Worcester,  . 

1,892 

1,538 

1,095 

52,570 

7,955 

205 

13,868 

1 

35,908 

11,083 

Classified  Occupations — Concluded. 


Indefinite,  Non- 
productive 

Occupation  not 

All  Classes 

Cou:Sties. 

AND  Propertied. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

The  State, 

62,169 

3,261 

143,323 

203,806 

651,629 

717,499 

1,369,128 

Barnstable, 

676 

72 

2,573 

3,438 

12,789 

13,587 

26,376 

Berkshire, 

2,514 

56 

6,569 

7,965 

27,498 

28,554 

56,052 

Bristol,    . 

6,234 

647 

11,273 

14,803 

53,832 

58,255 

113,087 

Dukes,     . 

183 

37 

278 

454 

1,574 

1,786 

3,360 

Essex, 

6,066 

77 

18,163 

27,005 

86,605 

98,393 

184,998 

Franklin, 

839 

82 

2,818 

3,292 

14,089 

13,815 

27,904 

Hampden, 

3,475 

175 

7,876 

10,214 

37,285 

41,302 

78,587 

Hampshire, 

1,346 

303 

3,415 

4,659 

17,128 

18,904 

36,032 

Middlesex, 

11,115 

129 

25,463 

37,319 

110,107 

124,664 

234,771 

Nantucket, 

150 

17 

214 

395 

1,168 

1,586 

2,754 

Norfolk,  . 

3,119 

222 

7,703 

10,250 

33,982 

37,736 

71,718 

Plymouth, 

2,340 

325 

5,513 

7,526 

27,730 

28,932 

56,662 

Suffolk,   . 

17,608 

156 

33,242 

54,262 

142,397 

161,301 

303,698 

Worcester, 

6,504 

1,063 

18,223 

22,224 

85,445 

88,684 

174,129 

POPULATION^   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


77 


BY   TOTALS. 


Counties. 

Population. 

Government 

and 
Professional. 

Domestic 

and  Personal 

Office. 

Trade 
and  Trans- 
portation. 

Agriculture, 
Fisheries,  etc. 

The  State, 

1,651,912 

29,730 

424,289 

104,935 

81,156 

Barnstable,   . 

32,144 

646 

9,486 

3,318 

3,932 

Berkshire, 

68,270 

1,009 

17,048 

2,G02 

6,768 

Bristol, 

131,087 

1,802 

32,360 

6,726 

5,859 

Dukes,  . 

4,071 

102 

1,216 

358 

451 

Essex,   . 

223,342 

3,212 

56,452 

12,128 

10,082 

Franklin, 

33,696 

668 

9,458 

1,062 

0,778 

Hampden, 

94,304 

1,786 

23,047 

4,814 

6,583 

Hfimpshire, 

44,821 

838 

11,203 

1,292 

5,838 

Middlesex, 

284,112 

5,146 

71,073 

17,955 

11, .320 

Nantucket, 

3,201 

79 

1,028 

303 

240 

Norfolk,        . 

88,321 

1,635 

24,015 

4,518 

4,135 

Plymouth, 

69,362 

1,146 

19,049 

2,855 

4,579 

Suffolk, 

364,886 

8,331 

95,189 

38,844 

2,722 

Worcester, 

210,295 

3,430 

53,665 

8,160 

13,869 

By  Totals — Concluded. 


Counties. 

Manufactures 

and  Mechanical 

Industries. 

Indefinite, 
Non-productive 
and  Propertied. 

Occupation 
not  given. 

Total 
all  Classes. 

Students  and 
Scholars. 

The  State, 

316,459 

65,430 

347,129 

1,369,128 

282,784 

Barnstable,   . 

2,335 

748 

6,011 

26,376 

5,768 

Berkshire, 

11,521 

2,570 

14,534 

56,052 

12,218 

Bristol, . 

32,483 

6,781 

26,076 

112,087 

19,000 

Dukes,  . 

281 

220 

732 

3,360 

711 

Essex,    . 

51,813 

6,143 

45,168 

184,998 

38,344 

Franklin, 

3,907 

921 

6,110 

27,904 

5,792 

Hampden, 

21,617 

3,650 

18,090 

78,587 

15,717 

Hampshire, 

7,138 

1,649 

8,074 

36,032 

8,789 

Middlesex, 

55,251 

11,244 

62,782 

2.34,771 

49,341 

Nantucket, 

328 

167 

609 

2,754 

447 

Norfolk, 

16,121 

3,341 

17,953 

71,718 

16,603 

Plymouth, 

13,329 

2,665 

13,039 

56,662 

12,700 

Suffolk, 

53,344 

17,764 

87,504 

303,698 

61,188 

"Worcester, 

46,991 

7,567 

40,447 

174,129 

36,166 

The  following  list  of  occupations  by  name  comprises  general  desig- 
nations only ;  in  detail,  the  list  of  specific  occupations  numbers  nearly 
fourteen  hundred,  and  covers  thirty-five  pages  : — 


78 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Occupations  by  Name — foe  the  State. 


Classified  Occupations. 


Males. 

Females. 

19,061 

10,669 

1,552 

105 

433 

185 

3,337 

84 

388 

- 

243 

- 

2,537 

17 

1,867 

- 

3,173 

164 

757 

336 

818 

171 

1,032 

1,395 

163 

68 

1,267 

8,136 

1,494 

8 

11,292 

412,997 

5,321 

1,038 

2,922 

407,395 

3,049 

4,564 

101,413 

3,522 

34,099 

627 

8,554 

1,709 

19,560 

1,089 

5,810 

49 

3,617 

143 

14,700 

- 

7,003 

5 

8,070 

- 

81,119 

37 

70,911 

34 

3,554 

1 

6,654 

2 

233,252 

83,207 

558 

- 

592 

22 

1,144 

8 

2,079 

12 

601 

493 

42,555 

5,724 

1,023 

619 

154 

- 

46,252 

3 

4,203 

13 

1,361 

1,752 

1,110 

237 

4,665 

24,270 

164 

3 

Totals. 


Government  and  Professional,    . 

National  government 

State  government 

City  and  town  government, 

Army 

Navy, 

Clergymen  and  church  officers, 

Lawyers  and  law  court  officers 

Physicians  and  surgeons 

Authors  and  literary  persons 

Artists 

Musicians  and  teachers  of  music,        .... 

Actors  and  showmen 

Teachers 

Scientific  persons, 

Domestic  and  Personal  Office,    . 

Boarding  and  lodging, 

Domestic  service, 

Personal  service, 

Trade  and  Transportation, 

Merchants, 

Salesmen,  saleswomen,  etc., 

Accountants,  bookkeepers,  clerks,  etc 

Agents,  bankers,  brokers,  etc 

Messengers  and  porters 

Carriers  on  roads, 

Carriers  on  steam  railways, 

Carriers  on  seas  and  rivers, 

Agkiculture,  Fisheries,  etc., 

Agriculture, 

Animals,  care  of,  etc., 

Fisheries 

Manufactures  and  Mechanical  Industries, 

Agricultural  implements, 

Arms  and  ammunition, 

Artisans'  tools, 

Bakeries, 

Book  binderies 

Boots  and  shoes, 

Boxes, 

Brooms 

Building 

Carriages  and  wagons 

Carpetings 

Clocks  and  watches 

Clothing, 

Cooking  and  heating  apparatus 


29,730 
1,657 

618 
3,421 

388 

243 
2,554 
1,867 
3,.337 
1,093 

989 
2,427 

231 
9,403 
1,502 

424,289 
6,359 

410,317 
7,613 

104,935 

34,626 

10,263 

20,649 

5,859 

3,760 

14,700 

7,008 

8,070 

81,156 

70,945 

3,555 

6,656 

316,459 

558 

614 

1,152 

2,091 

1,094 

48,279 

1,642 

154 

46,255 

4,216 

3,113 

1,347 

28,935 

167 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


79 


Occupations  hy  Name^for  the  State — Concluded. 


Classified  Occdfations. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


Cotton  goods, 

Cotton  and  woollen  goods 

Cotton  and  woollen  hosiery, 

Flax,  hemp  and  jute  goods 

Food  preparations 

Furniture 

Glass •        • 

Hair, .       .        . 

Leather, 

Linen 

Liquors  and  beverages, 

Lumber, 

Machines  and  machinery 

Metals  and  metallic  goods 

Musical  instruments, 

Oils  and  illuminating  fluids 

Paper 

Printing 

Print  works, 

Publishing, 

Railroad  construction 

Rubber 

Scientific  instruments  and  appliances 

Silk 

Stone, 

Tobacco, 

Vessels 

Wooden  goods, 

Woollen  goods 

Worsted  goods, 

Miscellaneous  manufactures, 

Indefinite,  Non-Productive  and  Propertied, 

Apprentices, 

Laborers 

Indefinite 

Retired, 

Non-productive, 

Occupation  not  given, 

Unemployed  (relation  to  head  of  family). 


11,252 

17,460 

511 

879 

1,683 

6,605 

907 

77 

7,971 

650 

477 

981 

14,811 

21,916 

1,772 

142 

2,434 

3,965 

3,239 

173 

249 

463 

242 

230 

4,945 

1,084 

3,023 

5,218 

6,258 

868 

6,306 

62,169 
1,156 

51,954 
2,857 
1,662 
4,540 

143,323 
143,323 


16,554 

15,937 

507 

247 

180 

462 

42 

180 

190 

644 

6 

94 

783 

6 

2,505 
676 
511 


364 

12 

712 

289 

159 
4,001 
1,714 
3,276 

3,261 

50 

225 

440 

125 

2,421 

203,806 
203,806 


27,806 

33,397 

1,018 

1,126 

1,863 

7,067 

949 

257 

8,161 

1,294 

483 

981 

14,905 

22,699 

1,778 

142 

4,939 

4,641 

3,750 

173 

249 

827 

254 

942 

4,945 

1,373 

3,023 

5,377 

10,259 

2,582 

9,582 

65,430 
1,206 

52,179 
3,297 
1,787 
6,961 

347,129 
347,129 


BY   TOTALS. 

Classified  Occdpations. 

Males. 

Females. 

Totals. 

Government  and  professional, 

Domestic  and  personal  oflfice 

19,061 
11,292 

10,669 
412,997 

29,730 
424,289 

80 


CENSUS   or   MASS.  — 18-<5.       COMPENDIUM. 


By  Totals — Concluded. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


Trade  and  transportation 

Agriculture,  flglieries,  etc 

Manufactures  and  meclianical  industries,  . 
Indefinite,  non-productive  and  propertied, 
Occupation  not  given, 

Totals, 


101,413 
81,119 

233,252 
62,169 

143,323 


651,629 


3,522 

37 

83,207 

3,261 

203,806 


717,499 


104,935 
81,156 

316,459 
65,430 

347,129 


1,369,128 


Occupations,  for  the  State,  with  Ages. 


Under  10. 

10  TO  15. 

Above  15. 

Totals. 

Totals 

CtAssiFiKD  Occupations. 

both 

Males. 

Fem. 

Male. 

Fem, 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Sexes. 

Government  AND  Profes- 

sional,     .... 

- 

- 

6 

3 

19,055 

10,666 

19,061 

10,669 

29,730 

National  government,  . 

- 

- 

3 

- 

1,549 

105 

1,552 

105 

1,657 

State  government, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

433 

185 

433 

185 

618 

City  and  town  government. 

- 

- 

1 

- 

3,336 

84 

3,337 

84 

3,421 

Army 

- 

- 

- 

- 

388 

- 

388 

- 

388 

Navy, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

243 

- 

243 

- 

243 

Clergymen  and  churcti  offi- 

cers  

- 

- 

- 

- 

2,537 

17 

2,537 

17 

2,554 

Lawyers  and  law  court  offi- 

cers,     

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,867 

_ 

1,867 

- 

1,867 

Physicians  ,and  surgeons,     . 

- 

- 

- 

3,173 

164 

3,173 

164 

3,337 

Authors    and    literary   per- 

sons,     

- 

- 

- 

- 

757 

336 

757 

336 

1,093 

Artists, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

818 

171 

818 

171 

989 

Musicians   and   teachers    of 

music, 

- 

- 

2 

2 

1,030 

1,393 

1,032 

1,395 

2,427 

Actors  and  showmen,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

163 

68 

163 

68 

231 

Teachers 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1,267 

8,135 

1,267 

8,136 

9,403 

Scientitic  persons, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,494 

8 

1,494 

8 

1,502 

Domestic  and  Personal 

Office 

1 

7 

109 

1,171 

11,182 

411,819 

11,292 

412,997 

424,289 

Boarding  and  lodging, . 

- 

- 

10 

- 

5,311 

1,038 

5,321 

1,038 

6,359 

Domestic  service,  . 

- 

7 

81 

1,152 

2,841 

406,236 

2,922 

407,395 

410,317 

Personal  service,  . 

1 

- 

18 

19 

3,030 

4,545 

3,049 

4,564 

7,613 

Trade  and  Transporta- 

tion,   

2 

1 

328 

65 

101,083 

3,456 

101,413 

3,522 

104,935 

Merchants 

- 

- 

18 

2 

34,081 

525 

34,099 

527 

34,626 

Salesmen,  saleswomen,  etc.. 

- 

- 

18 

11 

8,536 

1,698 

8,554 

1,709 

10,263 

Accountants,    bookkeepers, 

clerks,  etc., 

- 

- 

72 

10 

19,488 

1,079 

19,560 

1,089 

20,649 

Agents,    bankers,    brokers, 

L'tc. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5,810 

49 

5,810 

49 

5,859 

Messengers  and  porters. 

2 

1 

172 

42 

3,443 

100 

3,617 

143 

3,760 

POPULATION   AOT3    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


81 


Occupations ,  for  the  State,  with  Ages — Continued. 


Under  10. 

10  TO  15. 

Above  15. 

Totals. 

Totals 

Classified  Occupations. 

both 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Sexes. 

Carriers  on  roads, 

_ 

. 

25 

_ 

14,675 

_ 

14,700 

_ 

14,700 

Carriers  on  steam  railways 

~ 

- 

3 

- 

7,000 

5 

7,003 

5 

7,008 

Carriers  on  seas  and  rivers 

»                           ~* 

- 

20 

- 

8,050 

- 

8,070 

- 

8,070 

Agriculture,  Fisheries 

> 

ETC 

10 

- 

1,059 

1 

80,050 

36 

81,119 

37 

81,156 

Agriculture,  . 

9 

- 

977 

1 

69,925 

83 

70,911 

34 

70,945 

Animals,  care  of,  etc.,  . 

. 

- 

10 

- 

3,544 

1 

3,554 

1 

3,555 

Fisheries, 

1 

- 

72 

- 

6,581 

2 

6,654 

2 

6,656 

Manufactures  and  Me 

_ 

CHANiCAL  Industries, 

58 

106 

4,725 

5,863 

228,469 

77,238 

233,252 

83,207 

316,459 

Agricultural  implements. 

- 

- 

7 

- 

551 

- 

558 

- 

558 

Arms  and  ammunition, 

- 

- 

2 

- 

590 

22 

592 

22 

614 

Artisans'  tools, 

1 

- 

10 

- 

1,133 

8 

1,144 

8 

1,152 

Bakeries, 

. 

- 

10 

1 

2,069 

11 

2,079 

12 

2,091 

Book  binderies,     . 

, 

- 

- 

1 

601 

492 

601 

493 

l,09l 

Boots  and  shoes,  . 

1 

- 

344 

86 

42,210 

6,638 

42,555 

5,724 

48,279 

Boxes 

- 

1 

2 

8 

1,021 

610 

1,023 

619 

1,642 

Bi'ooms, 

- 

- 

1 

- 

153 

- 

154 

- 

154 

Building, 

- 

- 

13 

- 

46,239 

3 

46,252 

3 

46,255 

Carriages  and  wagons, 

. 

- 

3 

- 

4,200 

13 

4,203 

13 

4,216 

Carpetings,     . 

- 

- 

9 

14 

1,352 

1,738 

1,361 

1,752 

3,113 

Clocks  and  watches,     . 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1,109 

237 

1,110 

237 

1,347 

Clothing, 

- 

- 

12 

47 

4,653 

24,223 

4,665 

24,270 

28,935 

Cooking  and  heating  appara 

. 

tus 

- 

- 

- 

1 

164 

2 

164 

3 

167 

Cotton  goods. 

33 

87 

1,755 

3,239 

9,464 

13,228 

11,252 

16,554 

27,806 

Cotton  and  woollen  goods, 

11 

12 

1,488 

1,354 

15,961 

14,571 

17,460 

15,937 

33,397 

Cotton  and  woollen  hosiery 

- 

- 

9 

18 

502 

489 

511 

507 

1,018 

Flax,  hemp  and  jute  goods 

- 

- 

44 

36 

835 

211 

879 

247 

1,126 

Food  preparations. 

- 

- 

7 

2 

1,676 

178 

1,683 

180 

1,863 

Furniture, 

6 

4 

81 

80 

6,518 

378 

6,605 

462 

7,067 

Glass,     .... 

- 

- 

19 

- 

888 

42 

907 

42 

949 

Hair 

- 

- 

- 

1 

77 

179 

77 

180 

257 

Leather, 

- 

- 

17 

1 

7,954 

189 

7,971 

190 

8,161 

Linen 

- 

1 

13 

20 

637 

623 

650 

644 

1,294 

Liquors  and  beverages, 

- 

- 

2 

- 

475 

6 

477 

6 

483 

Lumber, 

- 

- 

1 

- 

980 

- 

981 

- 

981 

Machines  and  machinery. 

- 

- 

30 

1 

14,781 

93 

14,811 

94 

14,905 

Metals  and  metallic  goods, 

- 

~ 

132 

12 

21,784 

771 

21,916 

783 

22,699 

Musical  instruments,    . 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1,771 

6 

1,772 

6 

1,778 

Oils  and  illuminating  fluids 

- 

- 

- 

- 

142 

- 

142 

- 

142 

Paper 

- 

- 

46 

31 

2,388 

2,474 

2,434 

2,505 

4,939 

Printing, 

- 

- 

27 

2 

3,938 

674 

3,965 

676 

4,641 

Print  works,  . 

2 

- 

103 

9 

3,134 

502 

3,239 

511 

3,750 

Publishing,     . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

173 

- 

173 

- 

173 

Kailroad  construction, . 

- 

- 

1 

- 

248 

- 

249 

- 

249 

Rubber, .... 

- 

11 

4 

452 

360 

463 

364 

827 

11 


82 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Occi(j)ations,  for  the  Stale,  with  Ages — Concluded. 


Undkr  10. 

10  TO  15. 

Above  15. 

Totals. 

Totals 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

both 
Sexes. 

Scientific   instruments    and 

appliances, 

- 

- 

1 

- 

241 

12 

242 

12 

254 

Silk 

- 

- 

62 

138 

168 

574 

230 

712 

942 

Stone 

- 

- 

52 

- 

4,893 

- 

4,945 

- 

4,945 

Tobacco,        .... 

- 

- 

11 

3 

1,073 

286 

1,084 

289 

1,373 

Vessels, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3,023 

- 

3,023 

- 

3,023 

Wooden  goods,     . 

- 

- 

14 

- 

5,204 

159 

6,218 

159 

5,377 

Woollen  goods,     . 

4 

- 

310 

647 

5,944 

3,354 

6,258 

4,001 

10,259 

Worsted  goods,     . 

- 

1 

17 

35 

851 

1,678 

868 

1,714 

2,582 

Miscellaneous  manufactures, 

- 

- 

57 

72 

6,249 

3,204 

6,306 

3,276 

9,582 

Indefinite,  Non-Produc- 

TivE   AND   Propertied, 

132 

99 

280 

76 

61,757 

3,086 

62,169 

3,261 

65,430 

Apprentices 

1 

- 

•     32 

11 

1,123 

39 

1,156 

50 

1,206 

Laborers 

1 

1 

164 

3 

61,789 

221 

51,954 

225 

52,179 

Indefinite 

- 

- 

1 

2,857 

439 

2,857 

440 

-3,297 

Retired, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,662 

125 

1,662 

125 

1,787 

Non-productive,    . 

130 

98 

84 

61 

4,326 

2,262 

4,540 

2,421 

6,961 

Occupation  not  given,   . 

102,345 

107,471 

5,487 

8,118 

35,491 

88,217 

143,323 

203,806 

347,129 

Unemployed     (relation     to 

head  of  family). 

102,345 

107,471 

5,487 

8,118 

35,491 

88,217 

143,323 

203,806 

347,129 

BY    TOTALS. 


Undek  10. 

10  TO  15. 

Above  15. 

Totals. 

Totals 

Classified   Occupations. 

both 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Sexes. 

Government  and  profes- 

sional  

- 

- 

6 

3 

19,055 

10,666 

19,061 

10,669 

29,730 

Domestic    and    personal 

office 

1 

7 

109  j   1,171 

11,182 

411,819 

11,292 

412,997 

424,289 

Trade  and  transportation. 

2 

1 

328 

65 

101,083 

3,456 

101,413 

3,522 

104,935 

Agriculture,  fisheries.etc. 

10 

- 

1,059 

1 

80,050 

36 

81,119 

37 

81,156 

Manufactures     and     me- 

chanical industries, 

58 

106 

4,725 

5,863 

228,469 

77,238 

233,252 

83,207 

316,459 

Indefinite,      non-produc 

tive  and  propertied. 

132 

99 

280 

76 

61,757 

0,086 

62,169 

3,261 

65,430 

Occupation  not  given, 

102,345 

107,471 

5,487 

8,118 

35,491 
537,087 

88,217 
594,518 

143,323 

203,806 

347,129 

Totals, 

102,548 

107,684 

11,994 

15,297 

651,629    717,499 

1,369,128 

Under  the  titles,  Classified  Occupations,  Occupations  by  Name 
FOR  THE  State,  and  Occupations,  for  the  State,  with  Ages,  will 
be  found  all  the  facts  relating  to  the  employments  of  the  people.  The 
three  presentations  will  be  considered  together.     Classified  Occu- 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS.  83 

PATiONS  embodies  the  classification  of  the  English  and  United  States 
censuses,  and  shows  the  general  division  of  employment  as  follows  : — 

I.  Government  and  Professional,        ....  29, .780 

II.  Domestic  and  Personal  Ofiice,         ....  424;289 

III.  Trade  and  Transportation,     .....  104,935 

IV.  Agriculture,  Fisheries,  etc.,            ....  81,156 
V.  Manufactures  and  Mechanical  Industries,         .         .  316,459 

VI.     Non-productive  and  Propertied,     ....       65,430 

VII.     Students,  all  grades, 282,784 

VIII.  Not  given  (including  children  under  5,  unemployed 
persons  and  children  of  school  age  not  attending 
school), .         .     347,129 

Under  Occupations  by  Name  is  given  the  entire  numl^er  in  the 
State,  without  reference  to  locality,  engaged  in  the  various  vocations 
followed  by  the  people.  The  intention  was  to  make  this  presentation 
minute  in  detail  and  complete  in  classification,  that  the  actual  number 
of  persons  engaged  in  any  occupation,  by  which  a  livelihood  was 
secured,  or  upon  which  they  chiefly  depended  might  be  known.  To 
this  end  heads  of  families  and  enumerators  were  supplied  with  the 
following  instructions  on  this  point : — 

"  Where  practicable,  and  especially  where  it  may  seem  necessary  for  the 
sake  of  explicitness,  every  person,  in  respect  to  their  trade,  profession  or 
occupation,  is  desired  to  state  these  three  things :  the  general  name  of  the 
trade,  the  particular  name  of  the  branch  followed,  the  material  worked 
upon.  As,  ^Factory  Operative — Cotton  Sjyinner.'  In  many  cases  the  general 
name  indicates  these  three  things,  and  is  sufficient  of  itself:  as,  '  Tinsmith.'' 
Mechanics  should,  in  no  case,  return  themselves  as  mechanics,  but  should 
state  the  specific  trade  followed  :  as,  '  Machinist,'  '  Plumber,'  etc.  In  those 
trades  which  have  subdivisions,  they  should  also  state  the  specific  branch 
which  the}' follow  :  as,  ^Shoemaker — Laster,'  ^Hatter — Finisher.'  So  factory 
operatives  should  give  the  specific  name  indicating  the  branch  of  work  they 
perform,  and  the  material  worked  upon :  as,  '  Factory  Operative — Cotton- 
Spooler' ;  ^Factory  Operative — Woollen  Weaver'  So,  all  engaged  as  work- 
ers in  any  and  every  kind  of  manufacturing  process,  should  give  firstl}'  the- 
general  name,  if  there  be  one,  indicating  thus  with  some  exactness  the  trade 
they  fullow  and  the  material  worked  upon,  and  secondl}',  the  specific  name,, 
indii'ating  thus  precisely  the  particular  work  they  do." 


84  CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 

Like  instructions  applied  to  all  branches, — to  persons  employed  in 
all  industrial  processes,  owning  or  hiring  farms,  employed  in  stores 
as  clerks  and  salesmen,  requiring  the  latter  to  specify  the  branch,  as 
''  dry  goods,"  "  drug,"  "grocery,"  etc.,  railroad  officials  and  employes, 
jDhysicians,  clergymen,  etc.  The  instruction  to  ministers  was  to  add 
the  denomination ;  in  all  respects  the  details  of  the  directions  were 
full  and  complete.  Notwithstanding  this,  there  are  35,349  designated 
under  various  heads,  as  "not  specified";  that  is,  they  appear  under 
the  general  designation,  but  not  under  the  specific.  This  numljer  is 
really  small,  but  it  would  have  been  exceedingly  gratifying  to  have 
had  the  results  entirely  in  specific  details.  The  bulk  of  the  not 
specified  is  under  traders,  salesmen  and  clerks,  these  furnishing 
20,046  out  of  the  35,349  ;  nearly  all  the  rest  will  be  found  under  boot 
and  shoe,  and  cotton  factory  operatives,  and  printers,  under  w^hich 
last  general  name  compositors  made  returns. 

It  should  not  be  understood  that  so  many  clerks,  salesmen,  traders, 
j)rinters,  etc.,  have  not  been  returned  and  accounted  for;  as  clerks, 
salesmen,  traders,  etc.,  they  have,  under  the  general  names  ;  but  they 
do  not  appear  as  dry-goods  clerks,  or  hardware  salesmen,  or  book- 
traders.  Persons  having  more  than  one  occupation  were  instructed  to 
give  only  the  one  upon  which  they  chiefly  depended  for  a  livelihood  ; 
thus,  for  instance,  the  number  of  constables,  or  postmasters  or  municipal 
officers  given  may  not  be  the  actual  number  of  postmasters,  or  consta- 
bles or  municipal  officers  in  the  State,  but  is  the  number  of  those  per- 
sons depending  upon  their  earnings  in  those  callings  for  their  support. 

The  presentation.  Occupations  by  Name,  exhibits  the  real  com- 
position, as  to  labor,  of  the  population  of  the  State  ;  it  gives  the  pro- 
ducing and  the  non-producing,  the  dependent  and  the  self  supporting, 
the  idle  and  those  who  live  at  home  in  a  semi-assistant  character ;  it 
shows  the  relation  to  the  head  of  the  family  of  the  great  unemployed 
class,  and  it  gives  many  lessons  relating  to  our  social  system. 

Under  Ages  we  found  the  dependent  classes  (those  under  15  and 
.over  60  years  of  age)  numbered,  under  15,  485,958 ;  over  60, 
111,660  ;  total,  597,618  ;  and  those  of  the  producing  age  (15  to  60), 
1,043,992.     This,  of  course,  is  an  arbitrary  division. 

The  terms  producing  and  productive  are  applied  generally  to  all  occu- 
pations, or  persons,  which  help  to  carry  on  the  affairs  of  business,  and 
include  professional  men  as  well  as  mechanics  and  farmers.  The 
terms  non-productive  and  uiieinployed  are  applied  to  all  who  take  no 
part  in  the  work  of  life. 


POPULATION   AI^^D    SOCIAL    STATISTICS.  •         85 

By  the  presentations  we  are  considering,  the  total  number  of  those 
of  all  ages  having  no  occupation  is  638,661,  divided  into  classes  as 
follows  : — 

Retired, 1,787 

Non-productive, — blind,  insane,  etc.,  having  no  occupation,          .        .        .  6,961 

Unemployed,  having  no  occupation, 3-17,129 

At  school, 282,784: 

Total, 638,661 

The  whole  number,  of  all  ages,  having  an  occupation  (perhaps  not 
actually  employed,  however),  is  1,013,251. 

The  actual  dependent  class  includes  the  whole  638,661,  except  the 
retired,  1,787. 

The  total  number  of  persons  having  occupations  in  which  something 
is  actually  produced  is  450,742,  employed  as  follows  : — 

Agriculture  and  fisheries, 77,601 

Manufactures  and  mechanical  industries, 316,459 

Laborers, 52,179 

Ajjprentices  and  indefinite, 4,503 

Total, 450,742 

That  is,  27-|-  per  cent  of  the  whole  population  are  found  in  these 
occupations  employed  in  raising  food  or  producing  manufactured  arti- 
cles, and  the  result  of  their  labo7^  was,  in  dollars  and  cents,  for  the 
year  ending  May  1,  1875,  $643,478,277,  or  a  product  of  $1,427.15  to 
each  man,  woman  and  child  in  the  actually  producing  occupations. 
In  Part  II.  will  be  shown  the  nuinber  actually/  employed,  their  wages, 
etc. 

Those  engaged  in  the  leading  industries  are  classified  as  follows  : — 

In  agriculture,  care  of  animals  and  fisheries, 81,156 

Boots  and  shoes, 48,279 

Building, 46,255 

Clothing, 28,935 

Furniture, 7,067 

Leather, 8,161 

Machines  and  machinery, 14,905 

Metals  and  metallic  goods, 22,699 

Paper, 4,939 

Printing, 4,641 

Stone  work, 4,945 

Textile  fabrics, 85,287 

Wooden  goods, 5,377 


86 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1ST5.       COMPENDIUM. 


Under  Domestic  Service  will  be  found  housewives  and  housework ; 
the  former  are  those  in  charge  of  their  own  households,  and  who 
attend  personally  to  its  duties ;  the  latter  are  persons  in  the  family, 
sisters,  daughters  and  others  who  are  not  servants  for  wages,  but  yet 
perform  a  most  important  part  in  the  family  work.  Housekeepers 
mean  those  keeping  house  for  wages. 

Those  given  as  I^on- Productive  are  the  blind,  insane,  convicts,  etc., 
for  whom  no  occupation  was  given ;  a  large  number,  the  majority  in 
fact  of  the  blind,  insane,  convict,  etc.,  have  or  have  had  some  kind  of 
an  occupation,  which,  in  each  case,  has  been  given.  The  most  of  the 
6,961  reported  under  this  head  are  actual  dependents. 

Under  Occupation  not  Given  is  classed  all  those  who  have  no  occu- 
pation, are  unemployed  and  reside  with  the  head  of  family.  There  are 
13,961  sons  and  42,156  daughters,  over  15  years  of  age,  at  home, 
having  no  occupation,  and  not  attending  school.  There  are  8,735 
male  and  2,541  female  heads  of  families  having  nothing  to  do  but  to 
superintend  the  household;  and  there  are  4,786  wives  of  heads  of 
families  simply  ornamental.  There  are  1,676  fathers,  690  fathers-in- 
law,  7,352  mothers,  and  4,588  mothers-in-law,  who  iind  homes  with 
their  children,  who  have  become  heads  of  families  of  their  own. 


Schools  and  School  Property. 

[The  numbers  and  values  given  are  for  buildings  and  for  tbe  school  property  therein,  not  including 

libraries.] 


Public  Schools. 

Incorporated  Private 
Schools. 

Unincorporated  Private 
Schools. 

Ko. 

Buildings. 

Property. 

No. 

Buildings. 

Property. 

No. 

Buildings. 

Property. 

The  State, 

3,317 

$21,248,736 

$1,050,252 

131 

$4,297,181 

$354,446 

172 

$295,260 

$31,025 

Barnstable, . 

105 

191,300 

5,640 

1 

1,000 

350 

1 

- 

40 

Berkshire,  . 

266 

546,900 

9,876 

17 

156,000 

18,500 

7 

68,000 

2,500 

Bristol, 

254 

1,345,443 

46,675 

1 

10,000 

500 

2 

200 

Dukes, 

18 

14,950 

420 

1 

5,200 

50 

- 

- 

Essex, . 

331 

2,402,314 

61,565 

12 

352,300 

14,100 

3 

7,000 

2,200 

Franklin,     . 

219 

204,300 

3,715 

7 

25,400 

700 

2 

- 

65 

Hampden,   . 

214 

1,119,787 

16,367 

10 

142,739 

14,396 

6 

34,900 

3,400 

Hampshire, 

209 

374,850 

8,189 

30 

690,000 

73,000 

1 

500 

15 

Middlesex,  . 

492 

3,400,280 

54,179 

39 

2,673,292 

220,850 

8 

9,700 

600 

Nantucket,  . 

5 

15,000 

2,000 

1 

10,000 

500 

- 

- 

- 

Norfolk,       . 

191 

1,120,400 

21,065 

2 

152,750 

12,300 

4 

4,600 

650 

Plymouth,  . 

263 

512,255 

9,140 

5 

33,500 

3,700 

5 

6,000 

235 

Buffolk, 

164 

7,959,000 

700,800 

- 

- 

- 

112 

30,000 

800 

Worcester,  . 

586 

2,041,957 

110,621 

5 

45,000 

5,500 

21 

134,560 

20,430 

POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


87 


Under  this  title  are  given  the  number  of  public,  incorporated  and 
unincorporated  private  school  buildings  and  their  value  and  the  value 
of  school  property  used  by  each,  not  including  value  of  libraries. 

The  aggregate  shows  3,317  public  school  buildings  with  a  total 
value  of  $21,248,736,  and  having  apparatus  to  the  value  of  $1,050,- 
252.  The  incorporated  private  schools,  including  colleges,  occupy 
131  school  buildings  having  a  value  of  $4,297,181,  and  use  appa- 
ratus to  the  value  of  $354,446.  The  unincorporated  private  school 
buildings  are  worth  $295,260,  and  contain  apparatus  worth  $31,025. 
The  statistics  of  unincorporated  private  schools  are  not  entirely 
complete.  The  Census  was  taken  in  the  summer,  and  teachers  were 
not,  in  many  instances,  to  be  found ;  we  give  what  we  have  :  the 
tabulations  are  generally  full,  with  the  exception  of  those  for  Suffolk 
County,  which  are  to  some  extent  deficient.  Unincorporated  private 
schools  usually  occupy  hired  rooms  or  buildings,  consequently  values 
have  no  importance  as  to  this  class  of  schools. 

By  the  report  of  the  Board  of  Education,  there  are  5,551  public 
schools  in  the  State,  63  incorporated  academies,  and  369  private 
schools  and  academies ;  the  estimated  value  of  the  public  school- 
houses  is  $20,856,777 ;  the  aggregate  amount  expended  for  the 
support  of  public  schools,  for  the  year  ending  May,  1875,  was 
$4,668,472,  and  for  erecting  and  repairing  buildings,  $1,533,141. 


School  Attendance. 

Under  5. 

6  TO  10. 

10  TO  15. 

Above  15. 

All  Ages. 

Counties. 

Ma. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

The  State, 

Barnstable, 

Berkshire, 

Bristol,      . 

Dukes, 

Essex, 

Franklin,  . 

Hampden, 

Hampshire, 

Middlesex, 

Nantucket, 

Norfolk,    . 

Plymouth, 

Suftblk,     . 

Worcester, 

718 

9 

14 

191 

3 

128 

13 

43 

11 

119 

2 

9 

20 

114 

42 

551 

8 

54 
21 

2 

146 

13 

34 

11 
92 

3 

16 
13 
86 
52 

65,320 

1,188 
2,902 
4,593 
130 
9,275 
1,247 
3,786 
1,958 

11,236 

85 

3,462 

3,080 

14,101 
8,277 

62,6.36 

1,180 
2,676 
4,478 
119 
8,720 
1,175 
3,574 
1,839 

10,767 

85 

3,433 

2,686 

14,014 
7,890 

63,141 

1,398 
2,691 
4,093 
181 
8,573 
1,269 
3,432 
1,655 

10,764 

96 

4,096 

2,909 

14,079 
7,905 

63,471 

1,416 
2,814 
4,136 
140 
8,485 
1,378 
3,299 
1,717 

10,856 

99 

3,978 

2,887 

14,057 
8,209 

13,602 

259 

580 

653 

61 

1,420 
307 
744 
837 

3,097 

38 

848 

528 

2,359 

1,871 

13,345 

310 

487 

835 

75 

1,597 
390 
805 
761 

2,410 

39 

761 

577 

2,378 

1,920 

142,781 

2,854 

6,187 

9,530 

375 

19,396 
2,836 
8,005 
4,461 

25,216 

221 

8,415 

6,537 

30,653 

18,095 

140,003 

2,914 

6,031 

9,470 

336 

18,948 
2,956 
7,712 
4,328 

24,125 

226 

8,188 

6,163 

30,535 

18,071 

88 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1ST5.       COMPENDIUM. 


BY   TOTALS. 


Counties. 


Under  5. 


5  to  10. 


10  to  15. 


Above  15. 


All  Ages. 


The  State, 

Barnstable, 
Berkshire, 
Bristol, 
Dukes,       . 
Essex, 
Franklin,   . 
Hampden, . 
Hampshire, 
Middlesex, 
Nantucket, 
Norfolk,     . 
Plymouth, . 
Suffolk,      . 
Worcester, 


1,269 

17 
68 

212 
5 

274 
26 
77 
22 

211 

5 

25 

33 

200 
94 


127,956 

2,368 

5,578 

9,071 

249 

17,995 
2,422 
7,360 
3,797 

22,003 

170 

6,895 

5,766 

28,115 

16,167 


126,612 

2,814 

5,505 

8,229 

321 

17,058 
2,647 
6,731 
3,372 

21,620 

195 

8,074 

5,796 

28,136 

16,114 


26,947 

569 
1,067 
1,483 

136 
3,017 

697 
1,549 
1,598 
5,507 
77 
1,609 
1,105 
4,737 
3,791 


282,784 

5,768 

12,218 

19,000 

711 

38,344 

5,792 
15,717 

8,789 
49,341 
447 
16,603 
12,700 
61,188 
36,166 


Kind  of  School. 


Under  5. 

5  TO  10. 

10  TO  15. 

Aboi 

•E  15. 

Totals. 

Kind  of  School. 

Ma. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Academy, 

_ 

_ 

2 

_ 

90 

38 

559 

539 

651 

577 

College,     . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

57 

2 

2,341 

30 

2,398 

32 

Private  school. 

60 

38 

2,018 

2,916 

1,885 

2,823 

1,041 

1,497 

5,004 

7,274 

Public  school,  . 

616 

482 

62,648 

57,654 

60,184 

58,897 

8,118 

10,783 

131,564 

127,816 

Reformatory,   . 

11 

6 

133 

58 

486 

62 

119 

33 

749 

159 

Religious  and  chari- 

table,    .        .        . 

1 

22 

309 

1,746 

206 

1,489 

99 

189 

615 

3,446 

Taught  at  home. 

30 

3 

208 

262 

52 

90 

21 

27 

311 

382 

Special  instruction, . 

- 

- 

1 

- 

3 

2 

379 

59 

383 

61 

Students,  not  speci- 

fied. 

- 

- 

1 

- 

178 

68 

927 

188 

1,106 

256 

Totals, 

718 

551 

65,320 

62,636 

63,141 

63,471 

13,602 

13,345 

142,781 

140,003 

BY   TOTALS. 


Kind  of  School. 


Under  5. 


5  to  10. 


10  to  15. 


Above  15. 


Totals. 


Academy, . 
College, 
Private  school, . 


2 
4,934 


128 

59 

4,708 


1,098 
2,371 
2,538 


1,228 

2,430 

12,278 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


89 


By  Totals — Concluded. 


Kind  of  School. 


Public  school,   . 
Reformatory,    • 
Religious  and  charitable. 
Taught  at  home, 
Special  instruction,  . 
Students,  not  specified,    . 

Totals, 


Under  5. 

5  to  10. 

10  to  15. 

Above  15. 

1,098 

120,302 

119,081 

18,899 

17 

191 

548 

152 

23 

2,055 

1,695 

288 

33 

470 

142 

48 

- 

1 

5 

438 

- 

1 

246 

1,115 

1,269 

127,956 

126,612 

26,947 

Totals. 


259,380 

908 

4,061 

693 

444 

1,362 

282,784 


Under  School  Attendance  is  given  the  number  of  children 
attending  school  at  least  three  months  during  the  year  ending 
May  1,  1875,  and  from  the  recapitulation,  on  page  88,  it  is  learned 
that  the  whole  number  of  all  ages  is  282,784;  1,269  being  under 
5  years  of  age,  254,568  between  5  and  15,  and  26,947  above  15. 
From  the  returns  made  to  the  Board  of  Education  contempora- 
neously with  the  Census  returns,  there  appear  to  be  .300,834  children 
between  5  and  15  years  of  age  in  the  State,  and  this  number 
is  fully  sustained  by  the  Census.  These  statements  indicate  that 
there  were  46,266  children  in  the  State  between  5  and  15  years 
of  age,  who  had  not  "attended  school  three  months  during  the  year 
ending  May  1,  1875."  To  use  the  returns  to  the  Board  of  Education 
entirely,  we  find  that  there  were  276,479  children  between  5  and  15 
in  the  public  schools,  and  300,834,  as  stated,  of  that  age  in  the  State. 
This  statement  indicates  that  there  are  24,355  between  5  and  15  not 
in  the  public  schools.  These  two  results,  or  the  premises  which 
indicate  results,  prove  two  things  :  first,  how  difficult  it  is  to  learn 
the  exact  facts  relative  to  school  attendance  without  asking  the  precise 
age,  in  years  and  months,  of  every  child,  and  whether  it  has  ever 
attended  school  at  all,  and  when  and  how  long  it  has  attended.  This 
involves  great  minuteness  in  inquiry,  which  requires  legislative 
sanction.  Second,  that  by  the  Census  and  by  the  sworn  returns  of 
school  boards,  there  is  a  large  number  of  children  of  school  age  (5  to 
15)  in  the  State  that  did  not  last  year  have  the  benefit,  for  any  length 
of  time,  of  the  public  schools;  it  is  not  shown  by  either  statement 
that  a  large  number  are  growing  up  without  any  schooling  ;  for  many, 
and  perhaps  the  most,  have  received  schooling  in  previous  years,  and 
many  probably  received  private  instruction.  This  is  not  the  place 
for  a  discussion  of  this  matter ;  the  facts  are  given  as  they  appear, 

12 


90 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.— 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


and  they  call  for  stringent  legislation  relative  to  the  annual  returns 
by  school  boards. 

Children  at  Work  and  at  School. 


At  Work. 

At  Work  and  at  School. 

Total 

Total  at 

Work  and 

COUNTIKS. 

Under  10. 

10  to  15. 

Under  10. 

10  to  15. 

Work. 

AT  School. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

The  State, 

139 

109 

7,234 

5,783 

44 

30 

2,932 

1,643 

7,373 

5,892 

2,976 

1,673 

Barnstable, 

1 

2 

119 

36 

1 

- 

94 

12 

120 

38 

95 

12 

Berkshire, 

5 

3 

561 

465 

4 

2 

230 

127 

566 

468 

234 

129 

Bristol,     . 

36 

25 

1,275 

1,019 

15 

14 

557 

351 

1,311 

1,044 

572 

365 

Dukes,     . 

- 

- 

2 

7 

- 

- 

1 

1 

2 

7 

1 

1 

Essex, 

11 

6 

663 

665 

3 

- 

173 

131 

674 

670 

176 

131 

Franklin, 

- 

- 

134 

88 

- 

- 

118 

54 

134 

88 

118 

54 

Hampden, 

11 

8 

674 

719 

3 

2 

199 

130 

685 

727 

202 

132 

Hampshire, 

7 

6 

379 

354 

3 

3 

237 

130 

386 

360 

240 

133 

Middlesex, 

10 

6 

693 

557 

2 

2 

286 

128 

703 

563 

288 

130 

Nantucket, 

- 

- 

3 

- 

- 

- 

_ 

- 

3 

- 

- 

- 

Norfolk,  . 

2 

- 

163 

198 

1 

- 

52 

40 

165 

198 

53 

40 

Plymouth, 

1 

1 

103 

35 

1 

1 

52 

12 

104 

36 

53 

13 

Suffolk,    . 

2 

1 

793 

387 

- 

- 

91 

35 

795 

388 

91 

35 

Worcester, 

53 

52 

1,672 

1,253 

11 

6 

842 

492 

1,725 

1,305 

853 

498 

BY    TOTALS. 


• 

At  Work. 

AT  Work  and  at 
School. 

Total 

AT 

Work. 

Total  at 
Work 

Counties. 

Under  10. 

10  to  15. 

Under  10. 

10  to  15. 

AND  AT 

School. 

The  State, 

248 

13,017 

74 

4,575 

13,265 

4,649 

Barnstable, 

3 

155 

1 

106 

158 

107 

Berkshire,  . 

8 

1,026 

6 

357 

1,034 

363 

Bristol, 

61 

2,294 

29 

908 

2,355 

937 

Dukes, 

- 

9 

- 

2 

9 

2 

Essex, 

16 

1,328 

3 

304 

1,344 

307 

Franklin,     . 

- 

222 

- 

172 

*>22 

172 

Hampden,  . 

19 

1,393 

5 

329 

1,412 

334 

Hampshire, 

13 

733 

6 

367 

746 

373 

Middlesex,  . 

16 

1,250 

4 

414 

1,266 

418 

Nantucket, . 

- 

3 

_ 

_ 

3 

_ 

Norfolk,      . 

2 

361 

1 

92 

363 

93 

Plymouth,  . 

2 

138 

2 

64 

140 

66 

Suffolk, 

3 

1,180 

- 

126 

1,183 

126 

Worcester, . 

105 

2,925 

17 

1,334 

3,030 

1,351 

This  presentation  following  the  School  Attendance,  and  closely 
allied  to  it,  is  of  great  importance  ;  it  betrays  a  few  points  demand- 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


91 


ing  attention  by  the  executors  of  law.  The  numl^er  of  children 
under  10  at  work  in  manufactories  is  248,  and  of  tliis  number  only 
74  attended  school  during  the  year  ending  May  1,  1875,  as  required 
by  law;  the  number  between  10  and  15  employed  is  13,017,  of 
which  number  4,575  only  received  the  legal  amount  of  schooling 
during  the  year  ending  May  1,  1875;  or  in  the  aggregate,  13,265 
children  were  emploj^ed  May  1,  1875,  and  but  4,649  of  them  had 
received  the  legal  amount  of  schooling  the  year  previous.  To  put 
the  matter  in  another  light,  there  have  been  8,616  violations  of  the 
laws  of  the  State  in  this  one  respect  in  one  year.  The  facts  given 
are  taken  from  direct  returns  by  heads  of  families,  and  the  name  and 
residence  of  every  child  of  the  whole  13,265  is  in  the  possession  of 
the  Bureau. 


Illiteracy 


Counties. 

10  TO  15 
Years. 

16  TO  19 
Years. 

20  TO  21 
Years. 

Aboa 

•e  21. 

■2 

_.    ^ 

«  S. 
o    « 

t3 
ci 

V, 

o 

c 

OS 

0} 

'u 

c 

3 

o 

neither 
d      nor 
te. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

The  State, 

3,165 

2,876 

2,520 

3,034 

838 

1,291 

34,597 

56,192 

104,513 

307 

26,656 

77,550 

Native  born, 

1,701 

1,353 

823 

859 

200 

267 

3,153 

3,794 

12,150 

52 

5,278 

6,820 

Foreign  born. 

1,464 

1,523 

1,697 

2,175 

638 

1,024 

31,444 

52,398 

92,363 

255 

21,378 

70,730 

Barnstable,    . 

82 

58 

35 

24 

16 

16 

434 

494 

1,159 

6 

279 

874 

Native  born, 

72 

41 

17 

7 

4 

4 

95 

151 

391 

2 

186 

203 

Foreign  born. 

10 

17 

18 

17 

12 

12 

339 

343 

768 

4 

93 

671 

Berkshire, 

255 

241 

116 

188 

36 

47 

1,836 

2,290 

5,009 

8 

1,629 

3,372 

Native  born, 

175 

139 

47 

79 

19 

18 

349 

337 

1,163 

1 

616 

546 

Foreign  born. 

80 

102 

69 

109 

17 

29 

1,487 

1,953 

3,846 

7 

1,013 

2,826 

Bristol,     . 

546 

456 

432 

578 

166 

280 

3,264 

5,357 

11,079 

56 

3,129 

7,894 

Native  born, 

233 

179 

103 

120 

24 

36 

455 

579 

1,729 

12 

775 

942 

Foreign  born,      . 

313 

277 

329 

458 

142 

244 

2,809 

4,778 

9,350 

44 

2,354 

6,952 

Dukes, 

2 

2 

1 

- 

2 

1 

42 

23 

73 

- 

16 

57 

Native  born, 

2 

2 

1 

- 

1 

1 

17 

11 

35 

- 

16 

19 

Foreign  born. 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

25 

12 

38 

- 

- 

38 

Essex, 

254 

271- 

209 

259 

75 

105 

3,419 

5,713 

10,305 

23 

2,800 

7,482 

Native  born, 

149 

138 

73 

86 

14 

25 

292 

383 

1,160 

3 

545 

612 

Foreign  born. 

105 

133 

136 

173 

61 

80 

3,127 

5,330 

9,145 

20 

2,255 

6,870 

Franklin, 

23 

17 

19 

20 

11 

7 

377 

368 

842 

2 

148 

692 

Native  born, 

16 

15 

11 

8 

2 

2 

59 

31 

144 

- 

57 

87 

Foreign  born,      . 

7 

2 

8 

12 

9 

5 

318 

337 

698 

2 

91 

605 

Hampden,  . 

526 

478 

400 

474 

91 

186 

2,748 

4,292 

9,195 

29 

1,795 

7,371 

Native  born. 

271 

208 

112 

118 

26 

31 

243 

244 

1,253 

4 

544 

705 

Foreign  born,      . 

255 

270 

288 

356 

65 

155 

2,505 

4,048 

7,942 

25 

1,251 

6,666 

92 


CEK"SUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPEN^DIUM. 


Illiteracy — Concluded. 


10  TO  15 
Years. 

16  TO  19 
Yeaks. 

20  TO  21 
Years. 

Above  21. 

•a 

OJ    o 

'3 

Counties. 

o    « 
H 

o 

a 

S 

o 

a 

«  T3   a? 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F, 

Can 
Kea 
Writ 

Hampshire, 

60 

64 

72 

57 

20 

36 

900 

1,079' 

2,288 

12 

465 

1,811 

Native  born, 

36 

39 

31 

16 

4 

6 

74 

84 

290 

1 

118 

171 

Foreign  born, 

24 

25 

41 

41 

16 

30 

826 

995 

1,998 

11 

347 

1,640 

Middlesex, 

279 

207 

241 

237 

78 

120 

5,008 

8,173 

14,343 

56 

3,551 

10,736 

Native  born. 

153 

71 

87 

67 

22 

17 

345 

362 

1,124 

9 

427 

688 

Foreign  born,      . 

126 

136 

164 

170 

56 

103 

4,663 

7,811 

13,219 

47 

3,124 

10,048 

Nantucket, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

13 

8 

21 

- 

11 

10 

Native  born, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

7 

3 

10 

- 

6 

4 

Foreign  born, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

6 

5 

11 

- 

5 

6 

Norfolk,  . 

80 

68 

56 

56 

15 

36 

1,460 

2,197 

3,967 

17 

976 

2,974 

Native  born. 

65 

45 

25 

23 

5 

8 

142 

115 

428 

5 

182 

241 

Foreign  born, 

15 

23 

31 

32 

10 

28 

1,318 

2,082 

3,539 

12 

794 

2,733 

Plymouth, 

37 

30 

26 

21 

15 

18 

765 

946 

1,858 

9 

484 

1,365 

Native  born. 

23 

22 

21 

12 

7 

7 

145 

93 

330 

2 

108 

220 

Foreign  born,      . 

14 

8 

5 

9 

8 

11 

620 

853 

1,528 

7 

376 

1,145 

Suffolk,    . 

120 

174 

124 

281 

64 

158 

8,031 

16,855 

25,807 

20 

7,505 

18,282 

Native  born. 

72 

88 

46 

69 

11 

35 

432 

872 

1,625 

4 

644 

977 

Foreign  born. 

48 

86 

78 

212 

53 

123 

7,599 

15,983 

24,182 

16 

6,861 

17,305 

Worcester, 

901 

810 

789 

840 

249 

281 

6,300 

8,397 

18,567 

69 

3,868 

14,630 

Native  born. 

434 

366 

249 

254 

61 

77 

498 

529 

2,468 

9 

1,054 

1,405 

Foreign  born. 

467 

444 

540 

586 

188 

204 

5,802 

7,868 

16,099 

60 

2,814 

13,225 

BY    TOTALS. 


Counties. 

Total 
Population. 

Total 

Illiterates. 

Xative 
born  Popu- 
lation. 

Native 
born  Illiter- 
ates. 

Foreign 
born  Popu- 
lation. 

Foreign 
born  Illiter- 
ates. 

The  State, 

1,851,912 

104,513 

1,233,008 

12,150 

418,904 

92,363 

Barnstable, 

32,144 

1,159 

29,923 

391 

2,221 

768 

Berkshire, 

68,270 

5,009 

52,985 

1,163 

15,285 

3,846 

Bristol, 

131,087 

11,079 

91,346 

1,729 

39,741 

9,350 

Dukes, 

4,071 

73 

3,904 

35 

167 

38 

Essex, 

223,342 

10,305 

172,919 

1,160 

50,423 

9,145 

Franklin,    . 

33,696 

842 

29,706 

144 

3,990 

698 

Hampden, 

94,304 

9,195 

68,069 

1,253 

26,235 

7,942 

Hampshire, 

44,821 

2,288 

36,236 

290 

8,585 

1,998 

Middlesex, 

284,112 

14,343 

209,845 

1,124 

74,267 

13,219 

Nantucket, 

3,201 

21 

3,071 

10 

130 

11 

Norfolk,     . 

88,321 

3,967 

70,020 

428 

18,301 

3,539 

Plymouth, 

69,362 

1,858 

61,774 

330 

7,588 

1,528 

SufTolk,      . 

364,886 

25,807 

242,912 

1,625 

121,974 

24,182 

Worcester, 

210,295 

18,567 

160,298 

2,468 

49,997 

16,099 

POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


93 


Illiteracy  by  Place  of  Bieth. 


Place  of  Birth. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


Massachusetts,       .        .        .        . 
Massachusetts, — foreign  parents, 

Other  States 

Canada, 

England, 

Ireland 

Scotland, 

Wales, 

Africa 

Austria, 

Belgium,  .... 

Bohemia 

Brazil, 

Chili, 

China 

Denmark,        .... 

Finland 

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Holland 

Italy 

Mexico, 

New  Zealand, 

Norway 

Sweden, 

Persia, 

Poland,    .        .        .        . 
Portugal,         .... 

Russia 

Sandwich  Islands,. 

Smyrna 

South  America, 

Spain, 

Switzerland 

Turkey,  .        .        ,      ■  . 

West  Indies 

At  sea, 

Unknown,       .        .        . 

Total 


2,126 

1,677 

2,074 

8,546 

967 

23,523 

129 

15 

13 

7 

5 

16 

4 

1 

3 

9 

5 

90 

237 

2 

6 

305 

2 

1 

10 

55 

31 
1,141 

35 
1 
1 
3 

19 
7 
1 

26 
1 

26 


41,120 


2,245 

1,598 

2,430 

8,991 

1,917 

43,641 

357 

18 

1 

6 

7 

17 


1 

5 
2 

89 

421 

1 

16 

275 

1 

10 

99 

1 

36 
1,105 

45 


15 

7 

12 
6 

18 


63,393 


4,371 

3,273 

4,504 

17,537 

2,884 

67,164 

486 

33 

14 

13 

12 

33 

4 

1 

4 

14 

7 

179 

658 

3 

22 

680 

3 

1 

20 

154 

1 

67 

2,240- 

80 

1 

1 

3 

34 

14 

1 

38 

7 

44 


104,513 


Illiterates  have  been,  in  this  Census,  classified  as  those  persons  who 
can  not  read,  but  can  write  ;  can  not  write,  but  can  read ;  and  can  neither 
read  nor  write  ;  of  the  first  class  there  are  307  ;  of  the  second,  26,656  ; 
of  the  third,  77,550  ;  total,  104,513, — above  10  years  of  age,  or  about 
6^  per  cent  of  the  whole  population.    The  disproportion  in  the  numbers 


94  CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 

of  those  who  have  returned  themselves  able  to  wi'ite,  but  unable  to  read 
(307) ,  and  those  who  answered  that  they  could  not  ^vrite,  but  could  read 
(26,650),  is  to  be  explained  only  on  one  supposition.  Illiterates  are 
not,  as  a  rule,  desirous  of  making  their  ignorance  known ;  they  often 
say,  when  you  desire  them  to  write  their  name,  as  the  enumerator 
would,  they  can  not  write,  but  they  can  read ;  if  they  should  answer 
that  they  could  write,  they  Avould  be  called  upon  at  once  to  sign  their 
returns,  and  they  would  then  be  obliged  to  expose  their  inability  to 
write  ;  thus  few  say  they  can  write,  but  can  not  read,  while  many  say 
they  can  not  write,  but  can  read.  If  they  were  called  upon  to  read, 
l)ut  not  to  write,  the  disj^roportion  would  be  reversed,  and  many  would 
be  found  who  could  not  read,  l)ut  could  write.  Of  the  whole  number  of 
illiterates,  6,041  are  between  the  ages  of  10  and  15,  inclusive  ;  5,554 
are  between  16  and  19,  inclusive ;  2,129  from  20  to  21,  inclusive,  and 
the  balance,  or  90,789, — more  than  86  per  cent  of  the  whole, — are 
above  21  years  of  age.  The  native  born  illiterates  number  12,150 
(more  than  half  being  above  21) ,  or  less  than  one  per  cent  of  the  native 
born  population;  the  foreign  born  illiterates  number  92,363,  or  22  + 
per  cent  of  the  whole  foreign  born  population ;  83,842  of  92,363 
foreign  born  illiterates  are  above  21  years  of  age.  Of  the  native  born 
illiterates,  7,646  were  born  in  Massachusetts  ;  this  is  about  -^-^  of  1 
per  cent  of  the  Massachusetts  born  population,  973,011.  Of  the 
Massachusetts  l)orn  illiterates,  3,275  were  of  foreign  parents.  There 
are  4,505  illiterates  from  other  States  of  the  United  States,  or  1^'^^  per 
cent  of  those  born  in  other  States  ;  67,164,  or  28-1-  per  cent  of  the  whole 
Irish  born  in  this  State,  are  illiterates;  17,537,  or  20-(-  per  cent  of 
those  born  in  Canada;  2,831,  or  6 — per  cent  of  the  English  born; 
2,246,  or  60  per  cent  of  those  born  in  Portugal;  658,  or  4 — per 
cent  of  the  Germans  ;  580,  or  34 —  per  cent  of  the  Italians  ;  486,  or 
4 —  per  cent  of  the  Scotch. 

In  1865,  the  total  number  of  illiterates  above  20  was  50,110.  The 
seemingly  large  increase  since  then  has  two  explanations  ;  the  Census 
of  1865,  in  this  particular,  was  not  reliable,  and  iinmigration  since 
1865  has  been  much  more  than  during  the  war  period  preceding  the 
Census  of  1865. 

Libraries. 

The  importance  of  statistics  concerning  lil^raries  has  been  felt,  and 
the  best  efforts  exerted  to  secure  full  returns,  and  we  confidently 
present  the  two  tables  following  as  thoroughly  reliable. 


POPULATION   AND    SOCIAL    STATISTICS. 


95r 


NuaiBER  OF  Libraries. 


Counties. 


The  State, 

'  Barnstaljle, 
Berkshire, 
Bristol, . 
Dukes,  . 
Essex,   . 
Franklin, 
Hampden, 
Hampshire, 
Middlesex, 
Kantucket, 
Norfolk, 
Plymouth, 
Suffolk, 
Worcester, 


o 


1,875 

71 
109 
107 

13 
224 

75 
106 

67 
331 
9 
124 
112 
244 
283 


Secular. 


, 

i-i 

Bn  ~: 

•o 

c 
o 

Eh 

■a 
c 
a 

o 
P 

o 

a 

o 

Ph 

o 

CO 

a 

172 

8 
9 
5 

21 

10 

6 

8 

36 

15 
7 

10 
38 


62 

6 

54 

5 

1 

4 

1 

1 

- 

1 
5 

- 

- 

_ 

1 

- 

- 

6 

- 

" 

2 

1 

- 

14 

2 

11 

- 

2 

- 

2 

- 

2 

5 
8 

- 

1 

- 

2 

18 

6 

10 

- 

12 

- 

120 

6 

7 
5 
2 

11 
6 
5 
4 

16 

7 
12 
22 
17 


u 


88 
2 


6 
5 

19 
1 
5 
6 

30 
5 


Religious. 


5J 


65 

3 
6 


2 
2 
2 

2 
10 

1 

2 

30 

5 


o 


C3 

B 
CC 


1,276 

49 
81 
86 
10 

170 
54 
81 
49 

220 

4 

93 

79 

106 

194 


27 

2 
1 
1 

2 
1 
1 


1 

13 
2 


Volumes,  Circulation,  Etc.,  of  Libraries. 


CLASSinCATICN. 

Bound  in  paper, 
including  pam- 
phlets. 

§    . 
a   to 

o 

k 

3 
>H 

S  .2 

a 

a 

O     g 

if 
< 

a 

>•  a 

«  % 

a 
§ 

u 

so 

c 

Value  of  library 
building,  when 
owned. 

Totals,    , 

1,875 

711,646 

2,771,012 

7,976,128 

$1,235,025 

$92,639 

111 

$2,854,529 

Public 

172 

143,385 

968,123 

3,064,335 

581,888 

40,060 

53 

1,359,740 

Public      and     private 

school, 

62 

14,252 

92,649 

40,475 

59,100 

3,835 

4 

77,000 

College, 

6 

157,700 

293,566 

297,218 

204,200 

12,154 

3 

145,000 

Scientific  and  artistic,  . 

54 

249,495 

365,030 

90,679 

333,562 

33,045 

20 

1,008,789 

Hospital, 

5 

1,055 

6,741 

15,000 

5,000 

400 

1 

- 

Association  (secular) , . 

120 

10,765 

219,351 

426,296 

26,900 

1,691 

23 

39,000 

Private  circulating. 

88 

9,302 

113,796 

701,398 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Church, .... 

65 

2,649 

35,590 

185,850 

4,950 

319 

3 

- 

Sunday  School,     . 

1,276 

18,050 

604,249 

3,081,684 

10,325 

614 

- 

- 

Association  (religious), 

27 

104,993 

71,917 

73,193 

9,100 

521 

4 

225,000 

An  attempt  was  made,  in  the  enumeration,  to  secure  a  full  account 
of  all  j^rivate  libraries,  but  in  this  Census,  as  in  all,  state  or  national, 


96 


CENSUS   OP   MASS.  — 1875.      C0MPE:N-DIUM. 


the  efforts  in  this  direction  failed  of  success.  To  be  sure,  many 
towns  made  an  excellent  showing  :  Adams  returned  34,307  volumes  ; 
Pittsfield,  17,379;  Stockbridge,  4,967;  New  Bedford  (3  wards), 
10,425;  Boxford,  12,105;  Salem  (4  wards),  64,797;  West  New- 
bury, 4,125;  Greenfield,  16,375;  Amlierst,  17,655;  Cambridge  (4 
wards),  191,500;  Concord,  50,361;  Maiden,  18,604;  Ne\\i;on  (5 
wards),  99,181;  Reading,  7,930;  Winchester,  10,550;  Boston  (12 
wards),  240,069;  Chelsea,  13,927;  Leicester,  6,405;  Webster, 
10,550;  Worcester  (6  wards),  51,410.  These  indicate  what  might 
have  been  shown ;  as  it  is,  no  private  library  presentation  is  made. 
We  simply  give  the  totals  by  counties  in  the  following  table,  and 
regret  the  failure  to  make  the  statistics  complete  : — 

Private  Libraries. 


Counties. 


Barnstable, 

Berkshire, 

Bristol, 

Dukes, 

£ssex, 

Franklin,  . 

Hampden, 

Hampshire, 


Volumes. 


1,365 
68,783 
19,220 

122,922 
20,270 
12,126 

27,296 


Counties. 


Volumes. 


Middlesex, 
Nantucket, 
Norfolk,  . 
Plj^mouth, 
Suffolk,   . 
Worcester, 

Total,  (the  State), 


427,471 

1,900 

25,792 

16,010 

258,196 
108,989 


1,110,340 


Part  II. 


MANUFACTURES  AND  OCCUPATIONS. 


13 


Part   II. 


MANUFACTUEES  AND  OCCUPATIONS. 


The  productive  mechanical  industries  of  the  State  have  been  classi- 
fied, for  Census  purposes,  into  Manufactures  and  their  Related  Occu- 
pations. By  the  former  term  is  meant  all  those  products  which 
require,  in  their  make,  labor  and  raw  materials;  that  is,  things  pro- 
duced by  hand  or  machinery  from  materials  called  stock.  Under  this 
general  term  have  been  classed  the  following  : — 


Agricultural  implements. 

Dyestufts. 

Printing. 

Arms  and  ammunition. 

Fertilizers. 

Print  works. 

Artisans'  tools. 

Fine  arts. 

Polishes  and  dressings. 

Bags. 

Food  preparations. 

Publishing. 

Bagging. 

Furniture. 

Railroad  construction. 

Boots  and  shoes. 

Glass. 

Rubber. 

Boxes. 

Leather. 

Scientific  instruments  and 

Brooms. 

Linen. 

appliances. 

Building. 

Liquors  and  beverages. 

Silk. 

Carriages  and  wagons. 

Lumber. 

Stone. 

Carpetings. 

Machines  and  machinery. 

Tobacco. 

Chemical  preparations. 

Metals  and  metallic  goods. 

Vessels. 

Clocks  and  watches. 

Musical    instruments   and 

Wooden  goods. 

Clothing. 

materials. 

Woollen  goods. 

Cotton  goods. 

Oils      and      illuminating 

Worsted  goods. 

Dress  trimmings. 

fluids. 

Miscellaneous    manufact- 

Drugs and  medicines. 

Paper. 

ures. 

The  various  subdivisions  under  these  general  heads  will  be  found  on 
pages  106-122. 

By  Related  Occupations  is  meant  those  industries  where  an  added 
value  is  given  an  article  by  new  processes  or  manipulations  with  the 
use  of  little,  if  any,  additional  stock.  Under  the  term  Related  Occu- 
pations, we  have  classed — 


100 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Blacksmithing. 

Bleaching  and  dyeing. 

Bottling. 

Bronzing. 

Building  moving. 

Butchering. 

Cane  seating  chairs. 

Carpentry  and  joinei'y. 

Carpet  making. 

Carpet,  feather  and  hair 
cleansing. 

China  decorating. 

Clock  repairing. 

Clothes  making  and  re- 
pairing. 

Clothing  repairing  and  re- 
modelling. 

Cloth  finishing. 

Coastwise  and  ocean  com- 
merce. 

Cobbling. 

Coopering. 

Coppersmithing. 

Cotton  waste  cleaning. 

Cotton  drying. 


Curing  fish. 

Decorating. 

Drain  building. 

Di'aughting  and  designing. 

Electro-plating. 

Embroidery  stamping. 

Enamelling. 

Engraving. 

Fishing. 

Fresco  painting. 

Gilding. 

Glass  cutting  and  graving. 

Glazing. 

Gunsmithing. 

Harness  and  saddle  repair- 
ing. 

Japanning. 

Jewelry  repairing. 

Lapidary  Avork. 

Lathing. 

Locksmithing  and  bell- 
hanging. 

Macliinists'  woi'k. 

Masoning. 

Metal  plating. 


PajDer  and  wood  hanging. 

Paper  ruling. 

Painting. 

Paving. 

Plastering. 

Plumbing. 

Roofing. 

Sewing-machine  repairing. 

Silversmithing. 

Stair  building. 

Steam  and  gas  fitting. 

Stone  cutting  and  dressing. 

Tack  leathering. 

Telegraph  building. 

Tinsmithing. 

Umbrella  repairing. 

Upholstering. 

Varnishing  and  polishing. 

Vessel  repairing. 

Watch  repairing. 

Wheel  wrighting. 

Whitening  and  coloring. 

Wool  stapling. 

Wool  washing  and  drying. 


The  detailed  classification  of  occupations  by  name  will  be  found  on 
pages  122-125,  but  the  above  general  list  indicates  fully  the  distinguish- 
ing features  of  it.  The  value  of  manufactures  is  the  cost  of  the  labor 
and  stock  which  enter  into  their  production ;  while  in  occupations  the 
value  is  simply  the  work  done ;  by  each  the  production  of  the  State 
is  increased.  In  the  various  presentations  in  this  Part  the  value 
under  "Manufactures"  is  stated  as  "goods  made,"  and  under  "Occu- 
pations "  as  "  work  done."  Generally  in  censuses  no  such  distinction 
has  been  made,  all  being  Ijrought  under  the  broad  term  manufactures. 
This  distinction  became  essential  in  this  Census  in  order  to  facilitate  the 
gathering  of  the  information  sought,  otherwise  it  would  be  somewhat 
arbitrary  and  unmeaning.  The  introduction  to  this  volume  describes 
the  distinctive  features  of  this  Census,  and  the  methods  employed, 
and  need  not  be  repeated  here. 


MANUFACTURES   AND    OCCUrATIONS.  101 

The  manufactures  and  occupation  schedules  furnished  the  manufact- 
urers and  employers  contained  all  the  inquiries  relative  to  the  pro- 
duction of  mechanical  industries  for  the  year  ending  May  1,  1875, 
and  the  answers  to  them  as  given  by  the  manufecturers  and  employ- 
ers form  the  basis  of  the  tabulations  presented  in  this  Part.  Less 
than  a  score  of  the  persons  in  the  State,  bound  by  law  to  make  returns, 
have  failed  to  do  so,  and  in  nearly  all  these  cases  a  sufficient  reason 
existed  for  non-compliance.  Having,  then,  a  separate  report  from 
each  and  every  manufacturing  establishment  in  the  Commonwealth, 
certified  to  by  the  proprietors,  or  for  them  by  the  enumerator,  it  will 
readily  be  seen  that  the  fidlest  confidence  can  be  placed  in  the  facts 
given.  Whenever  confidence  should  not  be  given  we  shall  unhesitat- 
ingly state  the  exact  parts  lacking  proper  completeness  and  give  the 
reasons  therefor.  Every  effort  has  been  made  to  secure  the  fullest 
returns,  the  aim  to  make  the  total  value  of  products  perfectly 
accurate  being  uppermost  at  all  times ;  great  credit  is  due  the 
manufacturers  for  the  general  intelligence  with  which  they  have  aided 
the  exertions  of  the  officers  of  the  bureau.  If,  however,  it  is  found 
that  the  product  of  this  or  that  community,  as  stated  in  this  Part, 
falls  short  of  the  actual  facts,  the  reader  must  let  his  criticism  fall 
where  it  justly  belongs,  upon  the  parties  giving  information,  and  not 
upon  this  office,  or  ujjon  the  Census  enumerator. 

When  manifest  error  has  been  made,  the  system  adopted,  as  ex- 
plained in  the  introduction,  has  allowed  every  facility  for  correction, 
and  these  facilities  have  been  used  to  the  fullest  extent. 

This  Part  is  pre-eminently  a  report  on  the  statistics  of  labor,  for  it 
presents,  either  in  its  tables,  or  by  the  computations  and  various 
manipulations  which  may  be  made,  the  most  important  features  of  the 
labor  of  the  State.  The  space  devoted  to  wages  is  well  occupied,  and 
we  warmly  commend  its  exliibits  to  the  careful  consideration  of  both 
employer  and  employed. 

The  state  of  the  mechanical  industries  of  the  Commonwealth  at  the 
time  of  writing  does  not  dift'er  materially  from  that  at  the  time  of  the 
enumeration,  the  summer  of  1875.  We  believe  the  aggregate  pro- 
duction of  such  industries,  as  given  in  this  Part,  falls  short  of  the 
actual  production  less  than  5  per  cent.  In  the  light  of  the  hard  and 
unanswerable  arguments  of  facts  as  evidenced  herein,  our  anxiety 
for  the  future,  industrially,  of  Massachusetts  must  be  allayed.  Our 
great  industries  are  built  upon  too  firm  a  foundation  to  be  toppled 
over  by  any  ephemeral,  speculative  schemes,  and  they  will  only  wane 


102 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 


to  that  extent  which  is  necessary  to  the  proper  adjustment  of  the  great 
branches  of  human  enterprise,  agriculture,  commerce  and  manufact- 
ures. In  this  adjustment,  the  equilibrium  of  which  is  now  disturbed 
by  the  vast  sectional  resources  which  stagnate  home  markets,  New 
England  is  sure  to  hold  her  proper  position,  and  exert  her  proper 
influence.  Encouragement  and  confidence,  with  some  of  that  enter- 
prise which  sends  our  goods  into  the  face  of  foreign  production,  will 
enable  the  manufacturers  of  Massachusetts  to  still  further  enrich  the 
State  by  their  successes.  One  of  Napoleon's  maxims,  that  "statistics 
mean  the  keeping  of  an  exact  account  of  a  nation's  affairs,  and  with- 
out such  account  there  is  no  safety,"  finds  practical  application  in  this, 
that  the  men  who  by  their  enterprise  have  kept  our  factories  and 
workshops  open  in  such  large  degree  during  the  present  depression, 
can  know  by  this  account  of  stock  that  the  results  warrant  their 
efforts,  and  compare  most  fiivorably  with  other  years  ;  and  although 
profits  have  been  meagre,  the  amount  of  goods  made  and  work  done 
has  kept  thousands  employed,  and  consequently  a  direct  service  to 
the  public  good  has  been  accomplished.  The  same  energy,  courage 
and  abihty  will  replace  with  new  industries  those  we  may  lose  in  the 
inevitable  adjustment  now  apparently  taking  place. 
Attention  is  called  to  the  following  tables  : — 

Manufactures  and  Related  Occupations. 


Manufactdres. 

Occupations. 

Counties. 

Number  of 

estab- 
lishments. 

Capital 
invested. 

Value  of 
goods  made. 

Number  of 

estab- 
lishments. 

Capital 
invested. 

Value  of 
work  done. 

The  State, 

10,915 

$267,074,802 

$532,136,333 

11,313 

$15,608,916 

$60,195,629 

Barnstable, 

127 

1,617,465 

1,365,610 

154 

78,031 

166,202 

Berkshire, 

399 

11,815,505 

19,677,648 

468 

454,249 

1,337,680 

Bristol, 

566 

37,971,263 

48,321,951 

576 

1,017,497 

2,777,136 

Dukes, 

9 

55,800 

68,360 

42 

8,160 

35,205 

Essex, 

1,775 

31,283,215 

82,645,625 

1,471 

2,501,973 

10,837,119 

Franklin,  . 

282 

4,127,715 

4,843,117 

207 

121,041 

458,757 

Hampden, 

633 

19,765,118 

32,504,175 

714 

1,140,229 

3,187,855 

Hampsliire, 

297 

6,718,547 

9,993,217 

284 

274,820 

804,339 

Middlesex, 

1,457 

44,895,488 

95,715,710 

1,699 

2,158,044 

7,369,538 

Nantucket, 

25 

79,200 

125,413 

44 

27,000 

48,570 

Norfolk,    . 

512 

9,574,200 

25,088,700 

530 

483,242 

1,816,340 

Plymouth, 

535 

6,947,174 

19,595,853 

472 

277,347 

994,279 

Suffolk,      . 

2,712 

61,914,414 

116,620,259 

3,117 

5,702,288 

24,189,597 

Worcester, 

1,586 

40,309,698 

75,570,695 

1,535 

1,364,995 

6,173,012 

MAKUPACTURES   AND   OCCUPATIONS. 


103 


BY   TOTALS. 


Counties. 


Number  of 

estab- 
lishments. 


Capital  invested. 


Value  of  goods 

made 
and  work  done. 


The  State, 


Barnstable, 

Berkshire, 

Bristol, 

Dukes, 

Essex, 

Franklin,  . 

Hampden, . 

Hampshire, 

Middlesex, 

Nantucket, 

Norfolk,    . 

Plymouth, 

Suffolk,      . 

Worcester, 


22,228 

281 

867 

1,142 

51 

3,246 

489 
1,347 

581 
3,156 


1,042 
1,007 
5,829 
3,121 


$282,683,718 

1,695,496 

12,269,754 

38,988,760 

63,960 

33,785,188 

4,248,756 
20,905,347 

6,993,367 

47,053,532 

106,200 

10,057,442 

7,224,521 
57,616,702 
41,674,693 


$592,331,962 

1,531,812 

21,015,328 

51,099,087 

103,565 

93,482,744 

5,301,874 

35,692,030 

10,797,556 

103,085,248 

173,983 

26,905,040 

20,590,132 

140,809,856 

81,743,707 


By  this  recapitulation  it  is  seen  that  the  total  laroducts  of  the 
mechanical  industries  of  the  State  are  $592,331,962,  from  22,228 
establishments,  on  a  capital  invested  of  $282,683,718.  Of  the  num- 
ber of  establishments  given,  10,915  come  within  our  classification  of 
manufactures  purely,  and  11,313  under  that  of  occupations.  No  limit 
of  amount  of  business  done  has  been  placed  uijon  establishments  as 
necessary  to  their  being  considered.  Many  of  those  industries  we 
have  classed  as  occupations  have  in  former  censuses,  both  state  and 
national,  been  called  manufactures  ;  it  is  therefore  proj^er  to  compare 
the  whole  number  of  establishments  in  both  classes  of  this  Census 
with  the  whole  number  returned  as  manufactures  under  former  cen- 
suses. With  this  understanding  we  have  made  no  limit,  as  above 
stated,  to  the  amount  of  annual  production  necessary  for  a  concern  to 
be  considered  as  an  establishment,  as  was  done  in  the  last  national 
Census.  In  1865  the  total  number  of  establishments  was  11,823,  a 
gain  in  1875  of  10,405.  This  large  gain  is,  to  a  gi'eat  degi'ee,  real, 
and  is  partly  accounted  for  by  an  extension  of  the  enumeration  to 
manufactures  not  included  in  the  Census  of  1865.  Any  one  not 
agreeing  with  our  classification  can  adjust  it  to  suit  his  own  ideas,  as 
it  is  preserved  complete  in  all  showings  where  it  enters  into  the 
composition  of  the  tables.  The  capital  invested  in  1865  was  $174,- 
361,496;    a  gain  in   1875   of  $108,322,222.     The  total  product  of 


104 


CEI^SUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


mechanical  industries  in  1865  was  $429,906,046  ;  a  gain  in  1875  of 
$162,425,916.  But  these  figures  are  in  currency,  gold  in  1865  being 
at  1.57,  and  in  1875  at  1.12.  Reduced  to  a  gold  basis  in  both  years 
the  products  of  manufactures  in  1865  were  $273,825,507  ;  in  1875, 
$528,867,823  ;  gain,  $255,042,316  ;  or  93+  per  cent  on  a  gold  basis. 
Of  the  whole  number  of  establishments,  22,228,  less  than  700, 
incorporated  mostly,  control  about  $165,000,000  of  the  whole  cap- 
ital ($282,683,718)  invested  in  mechanical  industries,  leaving  about 
21,500  establishments  with  a  capital  of  $118,000,000. 

In  the  products  of  mechanical  industries,  1875,  Suffolk  County 
stands  first,  returning  $140,809,856  worth;  Middlesex  second,  with 
an  aggregate  of  $103,085,248  ;  Essex  third,  $93,482,744  ;  Worcester 
fourth,  $81,743,707;  Bristol  fifth,  $51,099,087;  Hampden  sixth, 
$35,692,030;  Norfolk  seventh,  $26,905,040;  Berkshire  eighth, 
$21,015,328;  Plymouth  ninth,  $20,590,132; 
$10,797,556;  Franklin  eleventh,  $5,301,874; 
$1,531,812;  Nantucket  thirteenth,  $173,983; 
$103,565. 

In  agricultural  products  the  counties  stand  in  the  following  order, 
relative  to  amount  of  production  :  Worcester,  Middlesex,  Hampshire, 
Essex,  Berkshire,  Hampden,  Franklin,  Bristol,  Norfolk,  Plymouth, 
Barnstal)le,  Suffolk,  Dukes,  Nantucket. 

The  following  table  exhil^its  the  towns  in  which  the  increase  over 
1865  has  been  most  marked  :  — 


Hampshire    tenth, 

Barnstable  twelfth, 

Dukes    fourteenth, 


Currency  Value  of 

Currency  Value  of 

CiTms  AKD  Towns. 

Counties. 

Manufactures, 
1865. 

Manufactures, 
1875. 

Increase. 

Falmouth, 

Barnstable, 

$208,800 

$492,230 

$283,430 

Yarmouth, 

Barnstable, 

31,365 

179,317 

147,952 

Adamt>, 

Berkshire, 

6,663,031 

8,888,665 

2,225,634 

Dalton, 

Berkshire, 

620,485 

828,150 

207,665 

West  Stockbridge, 

Berkshire, 

300,902 

■    536,768 

235,866 

Williamstown,  . 

Berkshire, 

243,012 

865,090 

622,078 

Attleborough,   . 

Bristol,     . 

2,107,378 

3.485,018 

1,377,640 

Fall  Kiver, 

Bristol,     . 

17,808,326 

24,668,505 

6,860,179 

Rayuhrini, 

Bristol,     . 

530,837 

1,020,749 

489,912 

Beverly,     . 

Essex, 

590,661 

1,820,757 

1,230,096 

Danvers,    . 

Essex, 

1,354,035 

2,320,062 

906,027 

Gloucester, 

Essex, 

474,460 

4,868,346 

4,393,886 

Haverhill,  . 

Essex, 

5,724,923 

10,635,828 

4,910,905 

Ipswich,     . 

Essex, 

278,738 

858,532 

579,794 

Lynn, 

Essex, 

10,565,444 

21,011,427 

10,445,983 

Methuen,  . 

Essex, 

866,072 

2,115,942 

1,249,870 

Newburyport,  . 

Essex, 

4,048,263 

4,693,185 

644,922 

Salem, 

Essex, 

6,530,940 

8,512,693 

1,981,753 

Greenfield, 

Franklin, 

350,066 

479,621 

129,555 

Montague, 

Franklin, 

102,795 

1,478,446 

1,375,651 

Orange, 

Franklin, 

455,510 

807,242 

351,732 

MANUFACTUPtES    A^N^D    0CCUPATI0:N'S. 


105 


Cities  and  Towns. 


Counties. 


Currency  Value  of 
Manufactures, 


Currency  Value  of 

Manufactures, 

1875. 


Increase. 


Holyoke,   . 

Palmer, 

Spriiigtii-ld, 

Wales, 

Westtield, . 

Williraliam, 

Kortlianipton, 

South  HaUley, 

Ware, 

Arlington, 

Ashland,    . 

Cambridge, 

Holliston,  . 

Lowell, 

Maiden,      . 

Marlborough, 

Natick, 

Newton,    . 

Pepperell. 

Soniervillc, 

Stoneham, 

Townsend, 

Wakefield, 

Watertown, 

Wayland,  . 

Wincliester, 

Woburn,    . 

Braintree, . 

Canton, 

Franklin,  . 

Medlield,  . 

Medway,    . 

Needham, 

Weymouth, 

Brockton,  . 

Middleborough 

Plymouth, 

Boston, 

Chelsea,     . 

Athol, 

Clinton,      . 

Dudlej', 

Fitchburg, 

Leominster, 

Milford,     . 

Northbridgc, 

North  Brooktie 

Spencer,    . 

Upton, 

Webster,   . 

Westborough, 

Worcester, 

Totals, 


lid, 


Hampden, 

Hampden, 

Hampden, 

Hampden, 

Hampden, 

Hampden, 

Hampshire, 

Hampshire, 

Hampshire, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Middlesex, 

Norfolk,  . 

Norfolk,  . 

Norfolk,  . 

Norfolk,  . 

Norfolk,  . 

Norfolk,  . 

Norfolk,  . 

Plymouth, 

Plymouth, 

Plvmonth, 

Suffolk,    . 

Suffolk,    . 

Worcester, 

Worcester, 

Worcester, 

Worcester, 

Worcester, 

Worcester, 

Worcester, 

Worcester, 

Worcester, 

Worcester, 

AVorcester, 

Worcester, 

Worcester, 


$5,171,886 
1,031,137 
6,509,814 

412,096 
1,415,761 

323,212 
2,022,652 

793,240 
1,296,249 

271,830 

800,430 
7,281,432 

902,857 
19,23«,839 
1,419,390 
2,501,546 
1,764,469 
1,240,467 

155,065 
3,152,600 
1,687,859 

177,050 

735,220 
1,850,357 

289,760 

202,167 
2,625,657 
1,249,792 
2,233,552 

819,998 

117,758 

828,839 

534,335 
3,560,882 
1,679,239 
1,111,557 
1,459,639 
91,817,707 
1,591,910 

873,388 
3,210,053 

808,249 
3,991,476 

728,842 
3,964,792 

912,310 

997,585 
1,391,215 

629,543 
2,588,262 

713,124 
15,274,628 


$8,788,306 

1,855,218 

12,483,010 

904,603 
3,446,358 

964,802 
3,673,063 
1,056,428 
1,957,(511 

738,223 
1,186,365 
16,837,412 
1,225,661 
29,725,539 
3,038,789 
3,363,227 
2,736,973 
2,676,784 

586,461 
7,740,831 
3,014,746 

483,579 
1,302,811 
2,650,781 
1,946,675 
1,067,448 
4,343,740 
1,649,306 
3,094,681 
1,270,915 

490,750 
1,548,931 
1,549.244 
4,809,152 
6,492,087 
1,598,239 
2,468,156 
135,931,504 
4,825,252 
1,387,955 
4,048,294 
1,336,909 
5,827,391 
2,069,192 
4,199,986 
1,521,072 
2,059,375 
2,935,573 

927,996 

3,186,797 

2,381,763 

23,496,767 


$268,117,760 


$441,469,304 


$3,616,420 
824,081 

5,973,196 
492,507 

2,030,597 
641,590 

1,650,411 
263,188 
661,362 
466,393 
385,935 

9,555,980 

322,804 

10,486,700 

1,619,399 
861,681 
972,504 

1,436,317 
431,396 

4,588,231 

1,326,887 
306,529 
567,591 
800,424 

1,656,915 
865,281 

1,718,083 
399,514 
861,129 
450,917 
372,992 
720,092' 

1,014,909 

1,248,270 

4,812,848 
486,682 

1,008,517 
44,113,797 

3,233,342 
514,567 
838,241 
628,660 

1,835,915 

1,340,350 
235,194 
608,762 

1,061,790 

1,544.358 
398,453 
598,535 

1,668,639 

8,222,139 


$173,351,544 


In  the  73  cities  and  towns  named  aliove,  the  products  of  manufact- 
ures in  1865,  amounted  to  $268,117,760  (gold,  $170,775,643)  ;  in 
1875  to  $441,469,304  (gold,  $394,169,021);  an  increase  over  1865 
of  $173,351,544,  or  a  gold  increase  of  $223,393,378,  or  130+ per  cent. 
These  73  cities  and  towns  produced  75 —  per  cent  of  the  whole  prod- 
uct of  manufactures  for  the  State.  Three  cities.  New  Bedford,  Taun- 
ton and  Lawrence,  do  not  appear  in  the  above  table  ;  the  latter  city 

14 


106 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


did,  in  fact,  increase  her  productions,  but  it  is  made  to  appear  other- 
wise by  various  duplications  reported  in  1865. 

It  should  be  remembered  that  throughout  this  Part  all  values  for 
all  years  are  given  in  currency,  unless  specially  designated  to  be  in 
gold. 

Manufactures  and  Occupations  by  Name. 

Manufactures. 

[In  this  subdivision,  each  separate  article  of  manufacture  is  specified  bj'  name,  and  the  total  value  of 
each,  for  the  State,  is  given.  In  the  majority  of  instances  the  quantity  of  each  article  made  is  also  given, 
and  is  accompanied  by  the  average  value  for  the  unit  of  measurement.] 


Abticles  Made. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


Agricultural  implements 

Alcohol, bbls.. 

Ale bbls.. 

Ale  and  porter, bbls., 

Alphabet  blocks, boxes, 

Anchors,  heavy, tons. 

Anchors,  boat,  and  boat  iron  work,  ....     lbs.. 

Anchors,  boat,  and  clothes  drying  reels, 

Apple  parers, doz., 

Applesauce, 

Artificial  flowers, 

Artificial  limbs 

Artificial  building  stone 

Artificial  stone  work, 

Artificial  teeth  and  dental  goods, 

Artificial  wood  ornaments, 

Artists'  materials, 

Augers  and  bits 

Awls, gross, 

Axes, doz.. 

Axes,  boys',  and  hatchets doz.. 

Bagging,  cotton 

Bags,  cotton, 

Bags,  cotton  duck, 

Bags,  cotton  and  jute, 

Bags,  paper 

Bags,  travelling, 

Baking  powders lbs., 

Balances  and  scales 

Baseballs, doz., 

Baskets, 

Baskets  and  frames,  straw, 

Beavers, yds.. 

Bedsteads, 

Beef,  salt, bbls.. 

Bells,  church,  factory,  etc 

Belt  lacings, b'ches. 

Belting,  leather feet. 

Belting,  loom  straps,  etc., 

Billiard  tables, 

Billiard,  bagatelle  and  sippio  tables,        .... 

Billiard  table  legs, 

Billiard  table  frames, 

Billiard  time  and  price  registers, 

Billiard  cues  and  balls 

Bit  braces 

Blacking  and  dressing,  leather, 

Blacking,  shoe  manufacturers'  edge bbls.. 

Blacking,  shoe  manufacturers'  edge,        .... 

Blank  books 

Blasting  materials, 

Bleaching,  dyeing  and  calendering, 

Blinds,  doors  and  sashes 


10,000 

308,367 

60,514 

15,000 

295 

2,500 

2,000 


39,706 

45,463 

4,000 


1,100,000 
245,675 


800 

20,000 
382,787 

403,187 
6,212 
2,191 

5,100 
908,506 

598 


100 
60 

87,843 

1,517 


$378,786 

600,000 

1,899,302 

535,000 

4,000 

40,.575 

340 

1,000 

11,000 

300 

4,887 

12,978 

13,500 

5,800 

157,418 

50,000 

4,672 

85,400 

37,525 

591,100 

21,100 

160,000 

150,000 

40,915 

216,000 

130,745 

3,000 

400 

37,000 

60,(100 

177,178 

1,425 

922,713 

18,500 

38,059 

52,500 

5,100 

363,503 

11,115 

168,600 

31,8.35 

12,480 

6,250 

1,000 

6,645 

90,000 

196,600 

23,500 

40,2.iO 

496.100 

78,000 

1,167,911 

1,226,297 


$60  00 

6  16 

8  84 

27 

137  .54 

14 

5  50 


95 
13  00 

5  28 


14 
16 


50 


3  00 
46 

2  29 

2  98 

17  37 

1  00 
40 

281  94 

62  50 
16  67 

1  02 

15  49 


TVfANUrACTUBES   AI^^D   OCCUPATIOIfS. 


107 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  by  Name — Continued. 


Articles  Made. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Average 
Value. 

BlockB,  pumps  and  ship  tackle 

$133,500 

Blowpipes 

- 

600 

_ 

Bluing 

_ 

75,114 

_ 

Bluing  and  ink^  .... 

_ 

18,000 

_ 

Boats 

3,652 

162,999 

$44  63 

Boats 

_ 

11,150 

6,000 

183,745 

_ 

Boat  timber,       .... 

_ 

Bobbins  and  spools,  . 

_ 

_ 

Bolts  and  nuts 

.    tons, 

720 

84,000 

116  67 

Bolts  and  rivets, 

.    tons. 

50 

12,000 

240  00 

Bones, 

.    tons. 

586 

13,900 

23  72 

Bones,  ground 

.    tons. 

260 

8,324 

32  00 

Bonnets  and  hats,  trimmed,      . 

_ 

1,188,705 

Books,  printing  and  publishing, 

_ 

2,454,986 

^ 

Bookbinding 

- 

1,078,548 

_ 

Bookbinding  and  paper  boxes, 

. 

3,000 

^ 

Book  clasps  and  box  trimmings. 

- 

30,000 

_ 

Boots  (not  specified), 

pairs. 

6,163,685 

15,411,221 

2  50 

men's, 

pairs. 

1,894,249 

4,451,055 

2  35 

women's 

pairs. 

2,170,071 

3,077,045 

1  42 

misses' 

pairs, 

55,202 

66,165 

1  20 

pairs, 

235,374 

209,495 

89 

boys', 

pairs. 

164,463 

363,953 

2  21 

pairs. 

123,720 

185,772 

1  50 

men's  and  boys', , 

pairs. 

168,600 

421,500 

2  50 

men's  and  women's,    . 

- 

50,000 

«. 

misses'  and  children's. 

pairs, 

88,800 

92,700 

1  04 

women's,  misses'  and  children'^ 

1 

pairs. 

211,754 

258,500 

1  22 

women's  and  misses', . 

pairs. 

1,157,800 

1,436,500 

1  24 

Shoes  (not  specified),     . 

pairs. 

5,872,220 

7,765,834 

1  32 

men's, 

pairs, 

1,714,364 

2,621,825 

1  53 

women's,      .... 

pairs. 

6,160,487 

7,238,045 

1  17 

misses',         .... 

pairs. 

738,221 

766,014 

1  04 

children's,    .... 

pairs. 

1,763,787 

1,351,824 

76 

hoys', 

pairs. 

150,877 

166,019 

1  10 

youths' 

pairs, 

72,446 

73,069 

1  02 

infants',        .... 

pairs. 

432,614 

87,864 

20 

men's  and  hoys', . 

pairs. 

109,124 

152,722 

1  39 

men's,  boys'  and  youths',  . 

pairs, 

8,220 

32,880 

4  00 

boys'  and  youths'. 

pairs. 

1,275 

1,825 

1  40 

men's  and  women's,    . 

pairs, 

415,500 

387,000 

93 

women's  and  children's,     . 

pairs, 

60,000 

50,000 

83 

women's,  misses'  and  children's 

>       ■ 

pairs, 

3,593,248 

3,450,770 

96 

misses'  and  children's, 

pairs, 

301,211 

266,612 

88 

women's  and  misses'. 

pairs. 

436,520 

745,500 

1  71 

men's,  women's  and  misses'. 

pairs. 

90,000 

100,000 

1  11 

men's,  women's  and  children's, 

pairs, 

120,000 

95,000 

79 

Slippers, 

pairs. 

284,504 

244,860 

86 

men's, 

pairs. 

361,083 

359,990 

1  00 

women's 

pairs. 

607,810 

309,468 

51 

misses',         .... 

pairs. 

7,900 

7,500 

95 

children's, 

pairs. 

3,500 

1,500 

43 

youths' 

pairs. 

5,000 

3,983 

79 

boys' 

pairs, 

15,260 

15,126 

99 

infants',        ..... 

_ 

2,500 

men's  and  women's,    . 

pairs, 

214,415 

185,051 

~86 

men's,  hoys'  and  youths',  . 

pairs. 

27,000 

12,500 

43 

misses'  and  children's. 

pairs. 

30,000 

19,500 

65 

women's  and  misses', . 

pairs. 

278,024 

251,758 

90 

women's  and  children's,     . 

pairs. 

65,000 

83,000 

1  28 

women's,  misses'  and  children's 

» 

pairs. 

10,500 

8,475 

81 

men's,  women's  and  misses'. 

pairs. 

319,800 

313,625 

93 

men's,  women's,  boys',  youths' 

and 

nissc 

^s',   . 

_ 

111,520 

Boots  and  shoes  (not  specified), 

_ 

10,457,318 

_ 

pairs, 

5,673,618 

9,957,470 

1  75 

men's,  .        .       .        ... 

pairs, 

129,088 

342,272 

2  64 

women's 

pairs, 

1,712,804 

2,545,492 

1  48 

misses', 

pairs. 

156,170 

182,650 

1  17 

children's 

pairs. 

908,941 

697,720 

72 

boys' 

pairs. 

3,000 

4,000 

1  33 

youths',        .... 

pairs. 

1,500 

1,875 

1  24 

men's  and  women's 

pairs, 

394,000 

450,000 

1  14 

108 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.— 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  by  Name — Continued. 


Abticles  Made. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


Boots  and  shoes — Con. 

men's  and  boys', 

men's,  youths'  and  boys', pairs, 

men's,  women's  and  misses', pairs, 

women's  and  misses', pairs, 

women's,  misses'  and  children's pairs, 

misses'  and  children's, pairs, 

Boots  and  slippers,  men's pairs, 

women's, pairs, 

women's  and  misses', pairs, 

women's,  misses'  and  children's,       ....    pairs, 

Shoes  and  slippers,  women's pairs, 

women's  and  misses' pairs, 

women's,  misses'  and  children's,       ....    pairs. 

Boots,  shoes  and  slippers, pairs, 

women's, pairs, 

women's  and  misses' pairs, 

women's,  misses'  and  children's,       ....    pairs, 

Buskins, pairs. 

Buskins  and  slippers, pairs. 

Boot  and  shoe  cement 

Boot  and  shoe  dressing, 

Boot  and  shoe  heels, 

Boot  and  shoo  lasts  and  patterns 

Boot,  shoe  and  corset  patterns, 

Boot  and  shoe  last-irons, tons, 

Boot  and  shoe  varnish, 

Bouquets 

Boxes,  butter, 

cheese 

cigar, 

fruit  and  salt, 

paper 

paper,  tags  and  tickets, 

wooden,  and  jjacking  cases, 

wooden,  and  paper, 

wooden,  and  barrel  heads 

Brackets  and  ornamental  sawed  work 

Brackets,  doors  and  mouldings, 

Braids,  alpaca,  silk,  etc., 

Brass  and  composition  castings, lbs., 

Brass,  fuiishcd, 

Brass  ship  trimmings 

Bread, 

Bread,  crackers  and  pastry, 

Bricks, M, 

Bricks,  polishing, 

Brick  machines, 

Britannia  ware 

Britannia  and  silver-plated  ware, 

Broadcloth, yds.. 

Bronze  goods 

Brooms, doz.. 

Broom  brushes doz., 

Broom  tools 

Brushes, 

Brushes,  jewelers' gross. 

Brush  woods, 

Buckwheat  flour lbs.. 

Builders'  finish, 

Buildings  (dwelling-houses), 

Buildings  (other  than  dwelling-houses) 

Burial  cases,  caskets,  etc., 

Butter lbs., 

Buttermilk  and  skimmed  milk 

Butler  tubs 

Buttons 

Buttons,  covered gross, 

Button  books gross, 

Cabinet  organs 

Cabinet  organ  parts, 


176,000 

62S,2G0 

2,982,141 

464,000 

431,008 

60,000 

222,960 

120,000 

150,000 

35,000 

48,150 

144,108 

250,000 

104,000 

82,080 

81,600 

71,000 

525,285 


15 


42,580 

12,600 

512,082 


7,517,962 


1,121,810 


215,1.52 

5,000 

15 


348,100 


83,126 
19,004 


502 

748,700 
1,007 

54,540 

46,200 

651,000 
4,500 

19,482 


$160,000 

222,000 

800,000 

4,285.663 

608,473 

394,482 

60,000 

347,550 

145,000 

125,000 

50,000 

48,150 

170,000 

283,700 

134,000 

116,000 

101,700 

34,160 

333,800 

13,070 

83,250 

135,489 

374,348 

5,044 

5,000 

2,050 

2,000 

6,770 

1,650 

67,533 

10,000 

648,872 

175,000 

1,665,204 

50,400 

5,000 

276,000 

40,000 

580,500 

373,278 

44,525 

4,900 

859,165 

2,538,225 

1,652,750 

500 

1,725 

63,000 

100,500 

641,015 

125.000 

230,749 

40,347 

'   2,.500 

814,567 

7,545 

9,500 

28,977 

839,327 

3,422,761 

2,435,859 

397,154 

18,213 

767 

7,500 

314,983 

200,000 

5,000 

2,091,725 
73,000 


$1  26 
1  27 
1  43 
1  33 
91 
00 
56 
20 
83 
43 
00 
18 
11 
29 
40 
25 
48 
63 


333  00 


15 
13 
13 


22 


33 


7  68 

10 

115  00 


1  84 

2  78 
2  12 


15  03 

04 

3,398  97 

33 

16 

40 
1  11 

107  37 


]VIAN"LrFACTURES   AND   OCCUPATION'S. 


109 


3fanufactures  and  Occupations  hy  Name — Continued. 


Akticles  Made. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Average 
Value. 

Cabinet  organ  reeds, 

$114,200 

Cabinet  organs  and  brackets,   . 

— 

3,000 

- 

Cabinet  work, 

- 

65,592 

- 

Cables  and  chains 

- 

66,260 

- 

Cake  and  paslri',        .... 

- 

428,581 

- 

Calicoes, 

yds.. 

116,319,734 

9,852,127 

$0  08 

Calicoes,  delaines,  etc.  (printing),  . 

yds.. 

75,805,577 

1,261,886 

- 

Calicoes,  delaines,  etc.  (printing),   . 

— 

1,300.000 

- 

Candles 

lbs.. 

672,075 

82,750 

12 

Candles,  sperm 

lbs.. 

123,000 

33,450 

27 

Canes, 

doz., 

12,200 

15,900 

1  30 

Canned  fruits  and  jellies, . 

- 

134,926 

- 

Canned  meats 

- 

29,900 

- 

Canned  vegetables 

- 

24,500 

- 

Canvas 

yds., 

25,360 

5,579 

22 

Card  clothing,     .... 

sq.  ft., 

850,416 

798,612 

93 

Card  clothing  remnants,   . 

lbs.. 

120,000 

30,000 

25 

Cards,  hand, 

- 

78,550 

- 

Carpeting,  cotton 

yds., 

42,500 

12,000 

28 

cotton  and  jute,   .... 

— 

10,000 

— 

■woollen 

yds.. 

1,665,000 

1,822,000 

1  09 

tapestry,  Brussels,  etc., 

yds., 

2,926,535 

3,664,157 

1  25 

Carpet  lining, 

yds.. 

3,.347.U00 

321,000 

10 

Carpet  warp  and  twine,    . 

lbs.. 

1,402,552 

335,630 

23 

Carpet  sweepers 

8,000 

15,000 

1  88 

Carriages,  wagons,  etc.,    . 

- 

3,155,328 

- 

Carriages,  children's, 

— 

455,357 

- 

Carriage  and  wagon  axles. 

tons, 

938 

112,040 

120  09 

13,241 

28,904 

2  19 

Carriage  hardware,    . 

- 

15,800 

- 

Carriage  hardware,  children's. 

- 

68,745 

— 

Carriage  mats,    .... 

12,016 

50,917 

4  24 

Carriage  stock 

— 

77,665 

- 

Carriage  and  wagon  wheels,     . 

— 

260,915 

- 

- 

132,217 

— 

Cars,  railroad,    .... 

— 

270,009 

- 

Car  axles 

- 

25,000 

- 

Car-head  linings. 

— 

19,700 

- 

- 

120,000 

- 

Car  springs,  steel. 

5,000 

12,000 

2' 40 

Car  wheels,         .... 

- 

156,453 

— 

Cartridges, 

- 

210,000 

- 

Carved  wood, 

- 

19,000 

- 

Cases  for  jewelry,      .... 

gross, 

901 

21,000 

23  31 

Casks, 

1,323,202 

710,662 

54 

Casks 

- 

106,050 

- 

Casks,  screw-bungs  for,    . 

- 

1,000 

- 

Cassimercs,         .... 

.    yds.. 

15,174,324 

15,086,145 

99 

Cattle-card  boards,    . 

242,400 

6,400 

03 

Chairs, 

2,515.410 

2,105,316 

84 

Chairs,  easy,       .... 

3,500 

23,700 

6  77 

camp, 

34,000 

19,000 

56 

folding 

75,000 

150,000 

2  00 

step, 

1,000 

2,200 

2  20 

Chair  frames 

175,180 

25,600 

15 

seats, 

20,000 

5,000 

25 

cane 

.    bales, 

5,020 

300,000 

53  38 

reeds 

.     lbs.. 

600,000 

340,000 

57 

Block  (wood). 

- 

67,843 

- 

Charcoal 

.    bush.. 

245,7.50 

19,800 

08 

Cheese 

.     lbs., 

1,780,783 

242,467 

14 

Chemicals  (crude),     . 

— 

1,237,069 

.. 

[    lbs.. 

20,000 

15,000 

75 

(refined),  I'rnssiate  ot  potash. 

.    lbs.. 

130,000 

35,000 

27 

(refined),  Prussian  blue,     . 

.    lbs.. 

700 

5,000 

7  14 

Chests,  seamen's, 

360 

1,280 

3  56 

Chocolate  and  cocoa, 

'.    lbs.. 

520,000 

180,000 

35 

Chroraos, 

- 

260,000 

_ 

Chronios  and  lithographs, 

- 

157,000 

- 

Church  organs,  .... 

141 

337,342 

2,392  50 

Churns, 

6,057 

6,040 

1  15 

Cider 

.    bbls., 

35,931 

94,269 

2  62 

110 


CENSUS   OF  MASS. -1873.       COMPENDIUM. 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  by  Name — Continued. 


Articles  Made. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


Cider,  refined,    . 

Cider  and  vinegar, 

Cider  brandy,     . 

Cigars, 

Circular  saw  mills. 

Cisterns,  tanks  and  vats,  . 

Clocks, 

Clocks,  chronometers,  etc.. 
Clothing,  men's  and  boys', 

women's,      .... 

men's  and  boys'  ready-made, 

men's  and  women's  ready-made, 

boys'  ready-made, 

women's  ready-made, 

women's  under,  . 

children's,    .... 

men's  custom-made,   . 

women's  custom-made, 

oiled, 

overalls,  jumpers,  etc.. 

Clothes  driers 

Coal  sifters,        .... 

Coatings, 

Coffee, 

Coffee  and  spice, 

Coffee,  epico  and  cream  of  tartar. 
Coffin  handles  and  trimmings,. 
Coal  tar  and  coke. 

Coke 

Combs,  horn,      .... 
Combs  and  jewelry,  tortoise  shell. 

Concrete  walks 

Conductors'  punches. 

Cone  fire  kindlers,      ... 

Confectionery 

Confectionery,  ice  cream  and  cake, , 

Copperas,   . 

Copperplate  prints, 

Copper,  rolled,  . 

Copper,  yellow-metal  and  zinc,  rolled. 

Copper  and  yellow  metal  sheathing. 

Copper  ship  fastenings. 

Coppersmiths'  work. 

Cop  tubes,  paper, 

Corks, 

Cork  goods, 

Cork  life  preservers, . 

Corkscrews, 

Corn  planters,    . 

Corsets, 

Corset  jeans. 

Costumes,  . 

Cotton  batting,  . 

wadding, 

mops,   .        . 

cloth,    . 

goods  in  variety, . 

goods  in  variety, . 

dress  goods, 

drills,    . 

denims, 

ticking, 

duck,     . 

flannel, 

goods,  . 

goods,  . 

sheeting  and  shirting, 

shirting,  muslin,  jaconet,  etc., 

lines  and  cords,  . 

lines,  cord  and  twine, 

sheeting 

ebirtiug 


bbls., 


gals., 
M, 


yds., 
lbs., 


chald., 
sq.  yds.. 


lbs., 
tons, 
tons, 

lbs., 
tons, 

doz.. 


yds.. 


lbs., 
lbs., 

yds., 
yds., 

yds., 

yds., 
yds., 
yds., 
yds., 
yds., 
yds.. 


yds., 

lbs., 

yds., 
yds.. 


5,000 

4,111 

90,300 

42 

300 


896 

228,412 
1,695,604 


11,784 

96,763 
1,600 

7,191,453 

900 

350 

96,667 
16 


1,200 
1,600 


2,000,000 

2,772,942 

219,800 

18,099 

132,833,595 

4,400,000 

2,217,790 
2,692,150 

10,310,752 
4,016,500 
5,620,368 
2,254,264 

36,333,131 

46,108,337 

98,026 

27,727,032 
8,557,502 


$35,000 

21,000 

8,437 

2,919,189 

18,260 

7,500 

3,000 

10,800 

1,217,032 

218,081 

10,598,639 

164,344 

183,255 

587,840 

169,640 

2,450 

3,768,195 

377,751 

169,619 

169,627 

2,175 

8,750 

194,797 

525,247 

177,493 

592,000 

25,000 

11,975 

46,080 

523,060 

18,465 

62,212 

3,600 

300 

1,955,709 

59,337 

18,000 

7,100 

225,000 

1,650,000 

1,550,000 

32,000 

348,049 

4,000 

107,900 

2,600 

2,400 

4,000 

1,500 

291,9.57 

160,000 

25,750 

367,574 

37,3.03 

3,790 

11,986,823 

610,000 

1,609,900 

367,224 

247,215 

1,248,489 

383,010 

1,025,167 

249,819 

5,764,241 

6,533,698 

4,498,049 

456,226 

37,950 

284,800 

2,456,673 

846,467 


$7  00 

2  05 

32  33 

434  76 

10  00 


2  43 

85 
31 


3  91 

64 

2  25 

27 

20  00 

642  86 

33 

287  50 


2  00 
2  50 


.08 

13 
17 
21 
09 
14 

17 
09 
12 
10 
18 
11 
16 

10 

39 

09 
10 


MAXTJPACTURES   A^D   OCCUPATIOITS. 


Ill 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  by  Name — Continued. 


Articles  Mass. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


Cotton  tape yds., 

warp,  yarn  and  twine, lbs., 

waste tons, 

and  wool  goods  (mixed), yds., 

batting,  thread  and  wadding 

spool, doz., 

thread, lbs., 

Cottonade yds., 

Cottouade,  stripes,  yarn,  etc., 

Cotton  gins 

Cotton  and  woollen  machinery  fixtures. 

Covered  wire, 

Crackers, bbls.. 

Crackers lbs., 

Crackers  and  ship  bread, 

Cream  of  tartar, lbs., 

Croquet  sets, 

Crucibles,  black  lead 

Crutches,  elastic, 

Curled  hair, 

Curtains,  shades  and  fixtures 

Curtain  fixtures, 

Cutlery gross, 

Cutlery, •       • 

Delaines • yds., 

Desks, 

Desks  and  counters, 

Diaries,       ...» • 

Die  blocks, 

Die  cutters'  stock 

Dies, 

Doeskins yds., 

Door  bells,  speaking  tubes,  etc., 

Door  mats  and  rugs, 

Door  plates  and  badges 

Drain  pipe 

Drugs 

Dyestuffs, 

Dyestuffs  and  drugs 

Earth  closets 

Earthen  and  stone  ware 

Eave  troughs,  conductors,  etc 

Edge  tools, 

Edging  and  lace, yds., 

Elastic  fabrics, 

Electric  discs 

Electrotype  and  stereotype  plates, 

Elevators, 

Elevators,  power 

Embroidery 

Emery tons, 

Emery  wheels, 

Emery  wheels,  cloth,  etc., 

Emery  cloth, 

Emery  and  crocus  cloth reams, 

Enamelled  cloth, yds., 

Engravings 

Engravings,  steel, 

Engravers'  blocks 

Engravers'  plates, 

Envelopes, 

Erasable  tablets 

Extracts,  flavoring 

Eyelets, •    M, 

Fans, 

Feather  dusters, 

Feathers,  ornamental, 

Feed tons, 

Feed  and  meal, lbs.. 


500,000 

5,999,407 

1,296 

1,060,700 

3,154,850 

28,000 

1,850,000 


249,113 
400,000 

372,750 


60,000 

32,338,544 

400,000 

877,380 
20,126 


1,000 


1,250 


350 
214,852 


1,000,000 
502,836 

4,016 
37,593,210 


$4,000 

2,122,707 

220,982 

592,500 

120,000 

1,137,470 

30,800 

394,000 

733,640 

23,741 

10,800 

29,709 

1,214,273 

24,000 

70,000 

149,455 

22,000 

40,000 

4,000 

281,450 

178,350 

38,600 

800,000 

220,265 

5,745,172 

44,920 

40,810 

150,000 

950 

8,665 

99,102 

1,257,600 

3,000 

18,132 

10,000 

251,250 

260,000 

103,700 

184,000 

6,000 

284,600 

■11,000 

32,668 

1,500 

1,313,620 

5,000 

194,795 

1,350 

81,825 

7,000 

162,000 

34,000 

200,000 

4,000 

4,550 

81,805 

4,400 

4,000 

2,000 

600 

1,325,896 

40,000 

144,915 

100,000 

65,000 

108,000 

3,000 

227,250 

607,370 


$0  08 
35 

170  51 
56 

36 

1  10 

21 


4  87 
06 


40 


16  00 
18 

38 

1  43 
90 


1  50 


129  60 


13  00 
38 


10 
13 


56  59 
02 


112 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  hy  Name — Coutinued. 


Abticles  Made. 


Quantity. 

Value. 

Average 
Value. 

$1,397,133 

7,500 

15,000 

$2  00 

1,376,316 

564,357 

41 

- 

123,945 

- 

630,000 

38,000 

08 

41,032 

1,531,781 

37  33 

53,775 

204,448 

3  80 

- 

156,900 

- 

4,200 

37,000 

8  80 

- 

25,000 

- 

62,620 

609,500 

9  73 

14,600 

50,750 

3  48 

- 

219,283 

- 

'  - 

20,800 

_ 

- 

7,175 

_ 

- 

28,500 

_ 

1,370 

901 

60 

- 

12,350 

- 

- 

585 

- 

1,145,555 

126,000 

11 

122,138 

1,042,354 

8  53 

237,500 

3,300 

01 

20,000 

5,000 

25 

55,832 

87,950 

1  58 

311,000 

43,200 

14 

- 

174,968 

- 

500 

600 

1  00 

82 

12,800 

400  00 

- 

431,450 

- 

1,330 

110,500 

S3  00 

— 

8,725 

- 

- 

75,880 

_ 

_ 

4,979,878 

- 

_ 

37,300 

_ 

- 

16,150 

~ 

_ 

41,700 

_ 

- 

150,000 

- 

1,223,542 

4,471,172 

3  65 

78,343 

309,457 

- 

. 

160,255 

- 

_ 

146,233 

- 

_ 

88,071 

- 

- 

4,045 

_ 

8,856 

399 

04 

142,400 

125,750 

89 

7,434,122 

725,000 

10 

- 

1,247,300 

- 

- 

49,500 

- 

50,000 

175,000 

3  50 

1,712 

452,632 

204  39 

317,702 

9,942 

03 

500,000 

7,500 

02 

4,807 

160,629 

33  00 

- 

21,000 

- 

400 

2,000 

5  00 

- 

896 

- 

_ 

32,500 

- 

2,152,859 

276,863 

13 

200 

7,000 

35  00 

- 

1,500 

_ 

2,125,000 

320,000 

15 

2,500 

7,500 

3  00 

100 

1,500 

15  00 

1,327,054 

147,792 

11 

_ 

10,500 

- 

- 

295,874 

- 

2,011,500 

80,400 

04 

- 

13,125 

- 

250 

600 

2  40 

7,142,658 

791,832 

11 

Feed,  flour  and  meal 

Fellies sets, 

Felting yds., 

Felt  goods, 

Felting,  hair, eq.  ft., 

Fertilizers tons, 

Files  and  rasps, doz., 

Firearms 

shot  guns 

rifles 

revolvers 

pistols 

Fire  brick  and  stove  lining 

Fire  engines  and  apparatus 

Fire-proof  building  material, 

Fireworks, 

Fish  covers 

Fishing  rods, 

Flags  and  decorations, 

Flocks lbs., 

Flour bbls., 

Flour  (bran), lbs.. 

Food  for  infants, lbs.. 

Friction  matches gross. 

Friction  match  woods gross, 

Fringes,  cords,  gimps,  etc., 

Frocking, yds., 

Fulling  mills 

Fur  goods 

Furnaces,  heating, 

Furnace  registers, 

Furnishing  goods, 

Furniture 

Furniture,  school 

Furniture  supplies, 

Gaiters  and  leggings 

Games,        . 

Gas,  illuminating, M  ft., 

Gas,  coke  and  coal  tar, 

Gas  fixtures  and  car  lamps 

Gas  machines 

Gas  meters  and  lanterns 

Gas  stoves 

Gimlets 

Gin  f  without  tax  added), gals., 

Gingnams yds.. 

Glass  ware, 

Glass,  decorative, 

Glass,  window, boxes, 

Glue, tons. 

Glue  stock lbs.. 

Glue  substitute, lbs.. 

Gold  leaf, oz., 

and  silver  leaf, 

amalgam, oz., 

bronze 

Gold  pens 

Grease,  rendered lbs., 

Grindstones, tons, 

Gum,  chewing, 

Gunpowder lbs.. 

Gunpowder kegs, 

Gun  tubes gross. 

Gunny  cloth, yds.. 

Hair  jewelry, 

Hair  work, 

Hair  for  iilastering lbs., 

Halters 

Hames pairs. 

Hams, lbs.. 


MANUFACTUKES  AISTD   OCCUPATIONS. 


113 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  hy  Name — Continued. 


Articles  Made. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


Handles,  axe,  sledge,  pick,  etc 

Hardware  (heavy), tons. 

Hardware  (light) 

Harnesses, 

and  saddles, 

and  hose, 

and  trunks 

trunks  and  hose, 

and  carriage  triramiug 

Harness  and  saddlery  goods 

Harness  and  saddlery  hardware, 

Hassocks, 

H.it  blocks,  wooden 

Hats 

Hats  and  caps, 

Hats,  silk, 

Hats,  wool doz., 

Hats,  oiled doz., 

Hat  bodies, 

Hay  rakes  (hand) 

Hay  rakes  (drag) 

Hay  tedders, 

Heddles, 

Heliotypes, 

Hoes doz., 

Hominy, 

Hoops  and  bails, 

Hoop  skirt  trimmings 

Horse  boots 

Horse  collars, 

Horse  covers  (oiled) 

Horse  clothing, 

Horse  blanketing, yds., 

Horse  feeders, 

Horse  powers 

Horse  rakes 

Horseshoes, tons. 

Hose,  cotton, feet, 

Hose  (hosiery) doz.. 

Hulled  corn bush.. 

Ice, tons, 

Ice  cream, gals., 

Ice  cream  and  confectionery 

Ice  tools, 

Images  and  plaster  casts, 

Indelible  pencils, 

India  rubber  boots  and  shoes pairs, 

cement, 

goods 

diagonal  cloth yds., 

hand  stamps, 

thread, .        '. lbs., 

Insect  bellows, 

Iron,  bar tons, 

rolled, tons, 

round, tons, 

castings, tons, 

castings,  malleable tons, 

castings,  boilers  and  bridges 

guns,  cast  (11  inch), 

aimcaling  pots, 

cupolas, 

fence, 

ornampntal  work 

for  building  purposes, 

buildings 

corrugated, lbs., 

galvanized, tons, 

hollow  ware, tons, 

hollow  ware, sets, 

hoop, tons. 


309 
11,574 


2,200 


57,270 

189,283 

3,150 

93,100 
200 
325 


1,167 


20,000 
170 


115,463 

25 

1,425 

222 

300,000 

1,103,060 

517 

84,400 
40,449 


1,648,680 


21,800 

48,864 
180,000 

20,786 

13,322 

1,000 

57,047 

652 


4 

11,000 

330 

148 

9,200 

3,300 


$4,270 

41,636 

414,563 

550,056 

12,550 

28,000 

89,000 

14,000 

2,600 

169,898 

4,575 

2,778 

7,100 

102,000 

395,852 

236,725 

1,787,359 

8,200 

30,000 

15,850 

200 

19,500 

3,000 

100,000 

6,000 

700 

10,226 

3,558 

30,000 

1,000 

3,000 

665,548 

20,608 

2,000 

3,700 

38,750 

27,813 

113,000 

1,683,856 

2,000 

102,300 

78,949 

47,500 

38,790 

7,370 

5,000 

1,277,316 

25,000 

1,890,180 

47,950 

30,850 

287,000 

150 

1,388,586 

1,282,000 

55,000 

4,706,622 

164,876 

200,000 

11,200 

9,500 

2,400 

4,400 

74,700 

375,852 

50,000 

1,100 

27,700 

10,000 

15,800 

375,000 


$134  74 
47  53 


1  26 


4  13 
9  45 
2  60 

17 

1  00 

60  00 


5  14 


1  50 

5  88 


23 


148  00 

27  19 

125  28 

37 

1  53 

3  87 

1  21 

1  95 

2  20 

63 

1  59 

66  80 
96  23 
55  00 
82  50 
252  88 

5,600  00 

600  00 


12,500  00 

10 

83  94 

108  11 

1  72 

113  64 


15 


114 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COIVIPENDIUM. 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  by  Name — Continued. 


Average 

Akticles  Made. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Value. 

Iron— Con. 

and  Bteel, 

_ 

$705,000 

_ 

mop-heads,  . 

46,000 

5,625 

$0  12 

pig,       .        .        .-      . 

tons. 

17,400 

582,000 

33  45 

safes  and  vaults, . 

- 

140,000 

_ 

wire 

tons. 

7,277 

1,782,724 

244  98 

work,  forged, 

tons. 

619 

65,833 

106  35 

Isinglass,     .... 

.    lbs., 

125,200 

104,375 

83 

Isinglass,     .... 

.    bbls.. 

200 

35,000 

175  00 

Jewelry,      .... 

_ 

2,334,121 

_ 

Jewelers'  findings,     . 

- 

17,840 

- 

Jewelry,  horn  and  hoof,   . 

- 

422,631 

- 

Job  printing, 

- 

2,216,460 

- 

hat  tips, 

doz.. 

3,000 

3,000 

1  00 

neckties. 

doz., 

100 

100 

1  00 

scarfs,  .... 

,    doz.. 

100 

100 

1  00 

Jute  goods. 

■    yds.. 

3,520,425 

402,451 

11 

Kersey,       .... 

.    yds., 

154,194 

173,365 

1  12 

Kitchen  ware,    . 

- 

33,544 

- 

Knit  worsted  goods  (nubias,  etc.),  . 

- 

294,686 

- 

Knit  goods,  cotton,  woollen  and  worstec 

1 

- 

383,485 

- 

Knitting  machines 

2,550 

63,750 

25  00 

Knitting-machine  parts,    . 

- 

12,500 

- 

Knitting-machine  needles, 

- 

10,712 

- 

Knobs,  door, 

- 

10,622 

- 

Ladders,     .... 

_ 

30,750 

_ 

Ladders,  step. 

- 

11,500 

- 

Ladies'  cloth. 

yds., 

175,179 

240,872 

1  38 

Lager  beer. 

bbls.. 

85,679 

679,159 

7  93 

Lampblack, 

lbs.. 

102,750 

12,645 

12 

Lamp  shades, 

doz.. 

5,000 

4,000 

80 

Lamp  wicking. 

lbs.. 

10,082 

1,613 

16 

Lamp  wicks, 

gross. 

45,000 

13,000 

29 

Lard,  . 

lbs.. 

12,549,856 

1,688,378 

13 

Lard  oil, 

gals.. 

293,355 

316,420 

1  08 

Lard,  ham  and  sausages, . 

- 

40,080 

- 

Lawns  (printing). 

yds.. 

3,220,000 

116,000 

- 

Lawn  mowers,  .        . 

675 

8,000 

11  85 

Leached  ashes,  . 

bush., 

5,600 

1,360 

24 

Lead  pencils  and  crayons. 

- 

29,800 

- 

Lead  pipe  and  sheet  lead. 

lbs., 

704,073 

53,817 

03 

Leather 

sides, 

1,073,864 

3,448,215 

3  21 

finished  upper,    . 

sides, 

735,794 

2,654,083 

3  61 

rough  ujiper. 

sides. 

3,600 

12,400 

3  44 

card,     .... 

sides. 

33,050 

143,300 

4  34 

lace  and  picker,  . 

sides. 

43,810 

87,634 

2  00 

glove,   .... 

sides. 

700 

1,375 

1  96 

alligator  skins  (finishing), 

5,100 

8,650 

1  70 

•wax,     .... 

sides. 

341,347 

1,027,233 

3  01 

kip 

sides. 

350,046 

890,078 

2  54 

kip  and  split. 

sides. 

29,122 

62,589 

2  15 

wax  and  kip. 

sides. 

243,723 

614,494 

2  52 

wax  and  buff. 

sides. 

2,000 

6,700 

2  58 

buflf,      .... 

sides. 

240,293 

948,261 

3  95 

bag 

sides. 

2,000 

8,000 

4  00 

finished  calfskins. 

619,382 

1,365,730 

2  20 

finished  calfskins. 

lbs.. 

1,391,110 

1,104,445 

79 

patent 

sides. 

30,357 

124,750 

4  10 

enamelled,  . 

sides. 

8,116 

39,000 

4  80 

grain  and  russet. 

sides. 

19,925 

65,625 

3  29 

grain 

sides. 

317,559 

1,152,850 

3  63 

grain 

feet. 

2,317,384 

354,172 

15 

russet,  .... 

sides. 

7,222 

29,920 

4  14 

finished  splits,     . 

lbs.. 

6,400,358 

1,972,117 

31 

finished  splits,     . 

sides, 

66,500 

130,000 

1  95 

rough  splits. 

lbs., 

933,111 

196,838 

21 

finished  horse,    . 

6,000 

12,400 

1  88 

harness, 

sides. 

4,865 

30,945 

6  36 

MANUEACTUKES  AND   OCCUPATION'S. 


115 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  by  Name — Contiuued. 


Articles  Made. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Leather — Con. 

sole sides, 

roundings, lbs., 

inner  soling, 

board, tons, 

goods 

hose feet, 

leggings, 

letters,  

mittens  and  gloves pairs, 

shoestrings, 

soles,  stitieuings,  heels  and  shoe  parts,    . 

Btiffenings pairs, 

top-lifting 

Lightning  rods feet, 

and  iron  railing 

and  vanes, 

Lime casks. 

Lime  hurdles feet, 

Lime,  oyster-shell, bush.. 

Linen  thread  and  yarn, lbs., 

and  hemp  twine, lbs., 

cloth,  yarn  and  twine, 

crash, yds., 

burlaps 

hose, feet, 

and  cotton  hose, 

Lines  and  cords 

Lines  (corset  and  shoe  lacings) 

Liusoed  oil, gals., 

and  cake 

cake, tons, 

Liquid  cement 

Lithographs 

Lobster  pots 

Locks, 

Locomotives, 

Locomotive  boilers, 

Locomotives,  boilers,  tanks,  etc. 

Looms, 

Loom  harness 

Loom  harness  frames, 

Lounges  and  sofas, 

Lounge  frames 

Lumber  (sawed) M  ft., 

grain  and  meal 

rough,  dressed,  and  doors,  sashes  and  blinds, 

railroad  sleepers, 

rosewood  veneers feet, 

planed M  ft., 

shingles, M, 

small  manufactured  (fence  pickets,  etc.),        . 

turned  (broom,  brush  and  hoe  handles),  . 

turned  posts 

Macadamizing  stone, tons. 

Machinery, 

boot  and  shoe 

and  castings, 

factory, 

iron  working, 

wood  parts, 

woodworking, 

wool  dusters 

and  tools 

paper 

nail, 

Machinists'  tools 

Machine  knives  and  cutters, 

Magno-electric  machines, 

Malt, bush.. 

Manufacturers'  supplies, 


299,101 
316,551 

4,030 

27,474 

5,618 

180,000 
86,000 

94,327 

20,000 

50,000 

668,000 

914,300 

4,255,400 

50,000 

876,666 
4,200 

325 

31 
5 

4,000 

1,200 
145,691 


17,592 

30,000 

9,009 

36,217 


1,320 
12,000 


6,650 
28,600 


$1,627,590 

40,118 

1,000 

491,447 

63,340 

42,016 

2,624 

1,000 

5,900 

224,150 

2,537,188 

4,800 

6,500 

9,000 

6,000 

15,000 

129,712 

3,600 

10,000 

298,550 

196,540 

835,000 

466,594 

1,023 

12,500 

71,000 

90,965 

70,000 

655,000 

625,000 

210,000 

24,000 

281.000 

487 

108,550 

292,000 

4,000 

226,619 

270,000 

209,977 

3,000 

73,600 

3,000 

2,598,455 

84,885 

350,000 

7,246 

2,500 

452,915 

125,531 

361,253 

10,441 

2,900 

12,000 

2,197,595 

284,287 

53,400 

1,951,691 

317,200 

3,820 

386,731 

900 

148,863 

30,500 

125,050 

442,926 

327,472 

4,300 

51,480 

14,230 


Average 
Value. 


$5  44 
13 

121  95 

1  53 

1  05 

03 
25 


1  38 
18 
20 
45 
21 

11 

25 


75 
50  00 

i  50 

9,419  35 
800  00 

75 


2  50 

17  84 

41 

08 

47  13 

3  47 

2  20 

1  00 

150  00 


65 
1  80 


116 


CENSUS   OF  MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Manufactures  and  Occujpations  hy  Name — Continued. 


Average 

Abiicles  Made. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Value. 

Marble  nnd  other  stone  goods, 

$2,786,155 

dust 

.    bbls., 

15,000 

17,000 

$1  13 

quarried 

- 

20,000 

- 

Marseilles  quilts, 

20,000 

59,000 

2  95 

Masts  and  spars, 

- 

161,575 

- 

Mast  hoops, 

- 

300 

- 

Matting,  floor  and  stair 

yds., 

1,500 

1,200 

80 

Meal,  T 

bush., 

4,711,543 

4,426,116 

94 

corn,     

bush.. 

2,34'2,56T 

2,035,260 

87 

oat, 

bush.. 

28,641 

17,289 

60 

rye 

bush.. 

59,238 

70,267 

1  19 

■wheat 

lbs., 

82,600 

3,304 

04 

Meat  and  vegetable  choppers,  . 

2,440 

16,000 

6  56 

Meat  presses 

500 

1,000 

2  00 

Medicines  and  compounds, 

- 

1,256,190 

- 

Meltons  (imitation), 

yds.. 

510,000 

150,000 

29 

Meltons,  repellents  and  light-weight  cloths,  . 

yds.. 

199,606 

192,121 

96 

Metallic  scam-stitching  machines,    . 

- 

1,000 

- 

Metallic  spring  jjacking 

- 

2,000 

- 

Milk,  condensed, 

gals.. 

57,767 

57,767 

1  00 

Mineral  water, 

- 

34,674 

- 

Mineral  water  and  ginger  ale,  .... 

- 

24,543 

- 

doz.. 

5,689 

41,093 

7  22 

Miscellaneous  manufactures  (Foxborough),  . 

- 

57,000 

- 

yds.. 

3,927 

11,780 

3  00 

Morocco 

doz.. 

251,523 

1,695,774 

6  74 

finished  goat 

doz.. 

33,822 

478,352 

14  14 

pebbled  goat 

doz.. 

3,900 

57,300 

14  69 

finished  sheep 

doz.. 

104,108 

794,150 

7  63 

roans, 

doz., 

4,000 

30,000 

7  50 

pebbled  sheep 

doz.. 

1,500 

12,000 

8  00 

skivers, 

doz., 

18,562 

154,480 

8  32 

linings  and  bindings 

doz., 

28,396 

152,933 

5  39 

Morocco  dressers'  colors 

- 

6,200 

- 

- 

498,856 

- 

Mowing  machines, 

2,077 

156,590 

75  39 

- 

65,655 

- 

Music  stands, 

1,337 

2,672 

2  00 

14,236 

4,000 

28 

Mustard, 

lbs., 

200,000 

40,000 

20 

Nails 

kegs. 

505,420 

1,840,266 

3  64 

tons. 

35 

15,000 

428  57 

tacks  and  rivets, 

tons. 

1,252 

390,212 

311  67 

brads  and  tacks, 

.    tons, 

3,886 

1,025,000 

263  77 

brads  and  tacks, 

- 

199,150 

- 

.    tons. 

1,500 

140,000 

93  33 

tacks, 

.    tons. 

74 

40,000 

540  54 

horseshoe  nails 

.    tons. 

1,212 

503,000 

415  02 

shoe  nails, 

lbs.. 

6,168,379 

1,003,300  • 

16 

tacks  and  shoe  nails,  .... 

lbs.. 

678,582 

211,640 

31 

carriage  lining,  and  buttons. 

- 

11,747 

- 

and  tacks,  copjier 

lbs., 

10,000 

4,000 

40 

and  tacks,  zinc, 

.    lbs.. 

30,000 

2,500 

08 

and  tacks,  steel, 

.    lbs.. 

12,000 

2,500 

21 

and  tacks,  brass  and  copper,     . 

.    lbs.. 

73,900 

46,760 

63 

trunk  and  chair 

- 

5,000 

_ 

Nail  plate, 

.    tons. 

9,295 

546,938 

58  84 

Naphtha  burners 

- 

10,696 

_ 

Nautical  instruments 

- 

1,150 

_ 

doz., 

86,951 

226,358 

2  60 

Needle  threaders 

- 

14,000 

- 

Nets  and  seines, 

_ 

529,500 

.. 

Newspapers  (value  of  issue),  . 

- 

4,629,939 

_ 

- 

565,486 

- 

Oakum, 

tons. 

200 

28,000 

140  00 

Oars 

pairs. 

2,720 

5,455 

2  00 

Oil 

- 

21,584 

- 

fish 

.    gals.. 

2,060,972 

377,000 

18 

.     gals.. 

10,000 

7,000 

70 

neat's-foot 

.    gals.. 

5,824 

6,708 

1  15 

MAXUFACTUEES   AND   OCCUPATIONS. 


117 


3Ianufactures  and  Occupations  by  Name — Continued. 


Abticles  Made. 


Quantity, 


Value, 


Average 
Value. 


Oil— Cora. 

parafHne gals., 

parafline,  and  wax, 

paraffine,  axle,  lubricating,  etc.,       .... 

repacking 

resin,    

sperm, gals., 

spprm  and  whale,  and  caudles, 

tallow gals., 

•whale, gals., 

whale  and  "  fish  foots," 

Oil  cloths,  floor, yds., 

Oil  paintings 

Oil  tanks,  cabinet 

Oleomargarine, lbs., 

Optical  instruments, 

Organ  pipes,  metallic 

Ox  shoes, 

Oyster  shells,  ground tons, 


Fails doz., 

and  tubs, 

tubs, 

buckets 

kcelers nests. 

Pail  cars  and  washers 

Paints, 

Palm-leaf  hats doz.. 

Palm-leaf  hats  (finished), 

Palm  leaf,  split, lbs., 

Palm.lcaf  tea  mats dz.  sets. 

Paper lbs., 

belting,  baskets,  etc tons. 


lbs., 


lbs., 

lbs.. 


carpet  lining, 
book,    . 

book  and  collar, . 
collar,  . 
cloth-faced  collar, 

book  and  news, 

printing  and  wrapping, 

ledger tons, 

ledger reams, 

Bhcatbing lbs., 

wrapping 

roofing, lbs., 

writing lbs., 

straw tons, 

wall, tons, 

manilla, tons, 

binders'  board, tons, 

card  board 

straw  board 

Paper  hangings,         .... 

Paper  collars,  cuflfs  and  bosoms, 

Paper  cutters,  printers',   . 

Paper  patterns, 

Papier-macho  goods, 

Parafline  wax  (crude), 

Parafline  wax  (refined)  and  candles. 

Passepartouts 

Paste, 

Patterns  for  castings,  and  models, 

Patterns  and  models  of  ships 

Patterns  for  wood  carving, 

Pencil  sharpeners, gross. 

Percales  (printing) 

Perforated  paper  and  sheet  metals 

Perfumery  and  hair  oil, 

Petroleum  and  its  products, 

kerosene  oil .    gals., 

machine  and  lubricating  oil 


lbs., 
rolls. 


lbs., 


260,750 


311,600 

4,000 
623,400 

476,200 

775 
240,000 


61,876 
300 


35,317 

223,810 

50,276 

4,000 


33,810 

40,000 

■      7,000 

39,482,746 

30 

200,000 

1,500,000 
2,615,759 


843 

150,000 

3,100,000 

1,300,000 

22,925,8(31 

300 

1,601 

2,221 

283 

88,000 
2,615,769 


155,000 


350 


4,185,725 


$58,500 

75,000 

269,713 

300,000 

16,303 

613,700 

599,500 

3,000 

525,350 

36,275 

166,200 

28,400 

26,250 

54,000 

9,000 

66,000 

4,260 

4,000 


68,628 

3,900 

93,655 

15,184 

3,000 

7,000 

838,408 

78,396 

45,000 

7,500 

4,000 

3,147,128 

30,000 

7,500 

276,599 

200,000 

254,000 

345,000 

840,000 

641,319 

501,868 

529,000 

87,400 

407,965 

38,000 

4,485,384 

54,000 

351,600 

385,100 

19,849 

160,590 

2,900 

353,050 

1,137,842 

400 

2,000 

34,480 

8,500 

265,000 

19,000 

58,579 

120,194 

5,100 

7,000 

2,000 

386,000 

29,000 

296,027 

31,758 

575,000 

612,680 


$0  22 


1  97 

75 

84 


33  87 
23 


07 
13  33 


1  94 

42 
30 
75 


2  32 


19 
57 
08 
1,000  00 
04 

13 

10 

591  83 

3  53 

03 

03 

20 

180  00 

219  61 

173  39 

70  14 

03 
13 

100  00 


05 


5  71 


14 


118 


CENSUS   OF  MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  hy  Name — Continued. 


Akticles  Made. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


Philosophical  instruments, 

Photographs  and  other  camera  pictures, 

Photograjihic  apparatus 

Photographic  goods 

Piano  fortes, 

actions  and  parts 

cases, 

skeletons, 

and  billiard  table  legs, sets, 

and  billiard  table  materials 

Pickles bbls., 

Pickles,  preserves,  ketchup,  etc., 

Picture  frames,  passepartouts,  etc.,        .... 

Pipe,  cast-iron  gas  and  water feet. 

Pipe,  wrought-iron  gas,  steam  and  water, 

Pitch,  naplnha  and  other  naval  stores,    .... 

Plasters,  adhesive 

Plaster,  ground, tons, 

Plaster  and  manganese, 

Ploughs, 

Plumbers' materials, 

Pocket-books  aud  wallets doz., 

Pocket  stoves,    .        .  ■ 

Pop  corn, 

Pork,  fresh,        .        .        .       ". lbs., 

slaughtered  hogs, 

salt bbls., 

Portraits,  crayon, 

Postal  cards M, 

Prepared  fish, 

Pressure  blowers 

Print  cloths, yds-i 

Print  cloths  and  sheetings, yds., 

Printers'  ink lbs.. 

Printers'  ink  and  lampblack 

Printers'  materials, 

Printing  presses, 

Proprietary  medicines, 

Pumps,  brass  and  iron 

copper 

wooden, 

wooden  and  iron  fence, 

Pump  rods  and  boxes, 

B.ag  carpeting, yds., 

Railro.id  rails  (including  re-rolling),       ....    tons. 

Rattan  furniture  and  other  goods 

Rattan  and  willow  toys, 

Razor  strops, .        .        .    doz.. 

Refined  sugar lbs., 

and  syrup, lbs., 

and  syrup 

Refined  syrup .    gals.. 

Refrigerators 

Rcgafia, 

Repellents, ycls.. 

Repellents  and  tweeds, yds.. 

Roll  covering, 

Roofing  cement, 

Roofing  materials 

Roots  and  herbs  (pressed) 

Rope  and  cordage tons. 

Ruffling,  dress  trimmings,  etc 

Rum  (with  tax  72  cents  per  gallon),       ....    gals.. 

Rum  (tax  not  included), gals.. 

Rustic  work 

Saddles, 

Safety  valves 

Sails, 

Sails,  awnings  and  tents 

Salt, bush.. 


5,269 

3,750 

100 

6,050 

8,655 
400,000 

1,810 

9,100 

119,934 


16,210,100 

43,068 

845 

120,000 


371,485,830 

4,137,078 

25,000 


430 
120 
838 


1,900 
13,139 


14,100 

105,624,000 
47,500,000 

583,400 
6,493 

449,874 
160,000 


12,829 

1,020,930 
1,038,295 


8,600 


$12,500 

629,502 

1,625 

143,000 

2,219,672 

305,566 

183,750 

2,000 

59,100 

15,000 

91,240 

474,228 

1,112,665 

42,000 

498,000 

19,910 

101, .300 

18,248 

2,325 

77,994 

23,000 

539,395 

5,000 

52,660 

1,686,571 

926,552 

21,020 

2,000 

168,000 

3,500 

149,640 

26,432,494 

233,349 

3,750 

3,100 

45,440 

26,000 

605,156 

330 

39,393 

12,150 

1,800 

1,520 

1,050 

518,461 

629,970 

2,580 

29,300 

10,694,000 

4,000,000 

3,950,000 

258.000 

105,190 

63,400 

40'.',399 

120,000 

47,196 

62,500 

116,800 

6,600 

2,957,243 

193,200 

1,345,309 

613,347 

10,500 

2,668 

12,000 

484,512 

163,044 

4,070 


$421  27 


49  00 

20  00 

9  77 

10  54 

11 

10  OS 

8  57 

4  50 

10 

21  51 

24  88 

1  40 


07 
06 
15 


60  46 

2  75 

14  50 


55 
39  46 


2  08 
10 
03 

44 
19  15 

89 
75 


230  51 

1  32 
50 


47 


MANUFACTURES  AND   OCCUPATIONS. 


119 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  hy  Name — Continued. 


Akticles  Made. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Average 
Value. 

Salt,  tabic 

$30,000 

Salt,  Epsom,       .... 

bush.. 

208 

258 

$1~24 

Saltpetre, 

- 

28,000 

— 

Sand  for  sandpaper,  . 

'.    bbls., 

700 

5,000 

7  14 

Sandpaper,          .... 

.    reams. 

30,000 

106,000 

3  63 

Satinet 

yds., 

3,802,021 

1,289,245 

34 

Sausages, 

lbs., 

2,636,745 

374,016 

14 

Bologna 

.    lbs.. 

318,933 

38,272 

12 

Bologna,  and  head  cheese, 

lbs., 

650,000 

65,000 

10 

Sausage  cases 

- 

4,320 

•. 

Saw  gummers,   .... 

25 

1,250 

50  00 

Sawed  and  turned  wood,  . 

- 

212,017 

- 

Saws, 

- 

117,400 

- 

Scarfs  and  ties,  women's, . 

doz., 

51,000 

118,700 

2  33 

Scenic  paintings. 

- 

1,750 

- 

Scraps  (pork  and  beef)i   • 

- 

43,881 

- 

Screws,  jack,  cotton  press,  etc.. 

- 

15,200 

- 

Screws,  machine  and  set, . 

- 

70,600 

- 

Scythes, 

.    doz., 

2,100 

18,833 

8  97 

corn  hooks,  etc 

- 

13,167 

- 

- 

9,029 

- 

enatli-nebs  and  irons, 

- 

500 

- 

stones,          .... 

doz., 

9,651 

2,950 

31 

Settees  and  stools,     .... 

- 

16,800 

— 

lbs., 

204,299 

1,865,400 

9  13 

Sewing-machines, 

- 

1,130,000 

— 

button-hole, 

75 

7,500 

100  00 

parts  of,       .... 

- 

47,010 

- 

attachments, 

- 

24,700 

- 

needles,        .... 

- 

208,941 

- 

- 

500 

- 

Shawls  and  table  spreads,  printed, 

- 

15,000 

- 

Shearing  machines,  . 

— 

5,000 

- 

Shipping  and  merchandise  tags, 

- 

21,281 

- 

Shirts 

152,627 

233,750 

1  53 

and  drawers, 

- 

407,045 

— 

and  bosoms. 

- 

58,000 

- 

Shirting  flannels  (woollen), 

yds.. 

30,000 

15,000 

50 

(cotton  and  wool), 

yds.. 

425,000 

85,000 

20 

Shoddy 

lbs.. 

4,983,667 

943,474 

19 

wool  extract, 

lbs.. 

25,000 

5,000 

20 

wool  waste, 

lbs.. 

100,000 

5,000 

05 

Shoes.    (See  Boots.) 

Shoe  findings 

- 

103,834 

- 

Shoe  pegs, 

bush., 

16,700 

28,925 

1  73 

Shoe  trimmings. 

- 

103,850 

- 

Shoemakers'  wax,     . 

- 

17,500 

— 

Show  cards 

~ 

14,000 

- 

Showcases 

75,390 

— 

Shrouds,     ..... 

- 

50,480 

- 

Shuttles 

- 

128,825 

- 

Shuttle  eyes  (porcelain),   . 

gross. 

604 

285 

47 

Signs 

- 

72,823 

— 

Signs,  metallic 

- 

2,750 

- 

Silesia, 

yds.. 

1,022,256 

112,448 

11 

Silk  ribbons 

yds.. 

8,400 

1,800 

21 

- 

1,082,100 

— 

Silver-plated  ware,   .... 

- 

869,762 

- 

Pinks,  cast  iron. 

tons, 

76 

8,000 

105  26 

Sizing 

lbs.. 

4,000 

240 

06 

Skates, 

pairs. 

50,000 

102,500 

2  05 

Skewers 

- 

3,000 

— 

Skirts,  Balmoral, 

17,695 

23,924 

1  35 

Sleds,  children's. 

7,900 

6,070 

77 

Sleighs 

- 

136,885 

- 

Small  beer,         .... 

- 

135,790 

- 

Small  wares 

— 

2,200 

- 

Snuff, 

lbs.. 

46,882 

28,720 

61 

Snuff  and  cigars. 

- 

40,000 

- 

Soap 

- 

309,682 

- 

bar 

lbs.. 

22,416,363 

1,343,874 

06 

eoft 

bbls., 

56,653 

177,202 

3  13 

120 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  by  Name — Continued. 


Articles  Made. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


Soap  and  tallow 

Soap  liqukls  and  compounds, 

Soap  and  candles, 

Soap  and  glue  for  printers tons, 

Soapstono  goods 

Soda  water, 

Soda  water  and  compounds, 

Soda-water  apparatus,  etc 

Sole  linings  (India  rubber) cases. 

Spades  and  shovels, doz., 

Spade  and  shovel  plates, doz.. 

Spectacles  and  eye  glasses, 

eye-glass  frames, gross, 

eye-glass  holders gross, 

Spermaceti lbs., 

Spokes, 

Spice 

Spring  beds, 

Springs,  furniture  and  bod, tons, 

Stairs, 

Stair  rails  and  balusters, 

Stamps,  seal  presses, "etc 

Starch 

Staves M, 

Staves  and  heads 

Staves,  heading  and  heads, 

Stearine lbs., 

Steam  boilers 

Steam  boilers,  tanks  and  keirs, 

Steam  drills, 

Steam  en^'ines 

Steam  engines  and  boilers 

Steam  excavators,  dredging  machines,  etc.,    . 

Steam  and  gas  fittings, 

Steam  and  water  gauges,  detectors,  etc 

Steam  governors, 

Steam-heating  apparatus, 

Steam  packing lbs., 

Steam  pumps, 

Steam  and  water  regulators 

Steam  and  water  power  furnished H.  P., 

Steels,  butchers', doz., 

Steel  letters  and  figures, 

Steel  shanks  for  boots  and  shoes, gross. 

Stencil  plates,  letters,  etc 

Stereoscopes 

Stockinet, 

Stocks  for  anchors 

Stoves,  furnaces  and  ranges  (cast  Iron),.        .        .        .    tons, 

Stoves,  sheet  iron, 

Stove  shelves,     . 

Stoves  and  tinware, 

Stove  polish,  black  lead,  etc., 

Straw  goods,       . 

Stucco  work 

Supporters,  skirt,  stocking,  etc 

Surcingles, 

Surcingle  webbing, yds., 

Surgical  elastic  goods 

Surgical  instruments  and  appliances 

Surveyors'  instruments 

Suspenders doz.. 

Suspenders  and  garters, 

Tallow, lbs.. 

Tallow  and  scraps, 

Tassels  and  carriage  trimmings, 

Taxidermic  goods 

Telegraphic,  electric  and  fire-alarm  machines. 

Telescopes, 

Thermometers 

Thimbles 


50 


500 

126,612 

5,000 

1,000 

100 

135,000 

508,360 


172 


14,298 


2,586,980 
393 


331 


180,000 
2,016 

191 
274 

145,044 


287 
7,573 

2,523 
12,000 


60,000 
15,000 


253,250 
8,587,063 


15 
9,000 


$60,190 

2,009 

142,360 

15,000 

39,005 

44,757 

312,621 

764,410 

10,000 

1,721,461 

45,000 

208,500 

3,400 

2,000 

26,250 

25,914 

182,727 

393,672 

37,780 

50,400 

10,000 

35,200 

88,000 

83,015 

36,300 

26,150 

347,638 

267,970 

484,363 

8,500 

425,550 

265,000 

34,000 

224,277 

307,000 

24,000 

22,444 

35,000 

721,800 

6,500 

19,100 

1,500 

2,200 

164,000 

51,990 

23,200 

35,000 

485 

1,113,554 

10,700 

12,000 

794,109 

100,081 

6,247,932 

35,898 

104,000 

17,420 

1,500 

19,000 

72,000 

11,250 

792,850 

171,516 

789,414 

125,000 

6,300 

5,126 

64,000 

10,000 

2,800 

6,500 


$300  00 


20  00 

13  60 

9  00 

3  40 

20  00 

19 

05 


219  65 


5  80 


13 
681  86 


1,285  65 


19 
358  00 

100  00 
5  47 

1  13 


1  69 

147  00 

4  24 

1  00 


29 
10 


3  13 

09 


666  67 
31 


MAXUPACTURES   AND   OCCUPATIONS. 


121 


3Ianufactures  and  Occupations  hy  Name — Continued. 


Abticles  Made. 


Tinctures,  extracts,  etc., 

Tin  heddles, 

Tinware  (also,  sheet  iron  and  copper  ware), . 

Tobacco lbs., 

Tobacco  cutters, doz.. 

Toe  calks, tons. 

Toilet  articles,  belt  clasps,  etc 

Tools, 

boot  and  shoe, 

carpenters', 

tanners'  and  curriers', 

Toys, 

Treenails, M, 

Tree  protectors, 

Tripe lbs.. 

Trunks  and  valises, 

Trusses 

Tubing,  brass  and  copper, tons, 

iron feet. 

Tweeds, yds.. 

Twist  drills 

Type, tons. 

Umbrellas  and  parasols 

Undershirts  and  drawers doz., 

Valentines, 

Valve  packing, 

Valves,  cocks  and  couplings,  brass,  iron,  etc.. 

Varnish  and  japan, 

Venetian  blinds, 

Vessels, — barges 

barks 

barkentines 

brigs 

iishing  boats 

schooners, 

ships 

sloops, 

sloops  of  war, 

steamboats, 

steam  revenue  cutters, 

sail  boats 

yachts, 

Vinegar, bbls., 

Vises, 

Wash  benches 

Washing  machines, 

Watch  movements, 

Watches  and  movements 

Watch  cases 

Watches  and  clocks, 

Watch  and  clock  springs, 

Watch  hands  (steel) gross, 

Watch  keys, gross. 

Watchmakers'  machinery  and  tools 

Water  meters, 

Water  wheels, 

Water  wheels, 

turbine, 

Wax  work, 

Weather  vanes  and  cresting 

Weavers'  reeds, 

Webbing  and  binding, 

Wedding  stationery 

Whalebone  goods, 

Whaling  apparatus  (harpoons,  etc.) 

Wheelbarrows 

Whips, doz., 

Whip  coverings 


Quantity. 


23,807 

113 

70 


200 

800 

903,571 


200 

360,000 

11,394 

184 


67,092 


2 

13 

3 

1 
1 

48 

12 

1 

1 

2 

1 

10 

7 

29,438 

3,168 

200 
55,431 


1,.500 
1,752 

1,500 
110 

101 


785 
148,179 


Value. 


$4,340 

2,400 

1,289,008 

8,282 

2,500 

17,000 

27,700 

186,867 

102,650 

56,777 

3,375 

145,469 

1,695 

1,000 

62,050 

781,000 

102,375 

250,000 

111,000 

5,698 

136,505 

266,000 

82,469 
402,778 

50,000 

10,000 

512,148 

221,000 

1,450 

3,500 

740,065 

112,000 

20,000 

100 

863,585 

1,303,070 

10,500 

148,000 

26,500 

73,000 

4,575 

8,600 

171,950 

16,514 

200 

23,771 

642,509 

2,000 

360,363 

300,000 

700 

4,500 

19,112 

26,217 

45,000 

26,432 

265,400 

29,300 

4,675 

8,000 

37,825 

86,800 

25,000 

114,876 

12,170 

2,043 

826,002 

12,000 


Average 
Value. 


$0  35 

22  12 

242  85 


8  43 

1  25 

07 


1,250  00 
31 
50 

1,445  65 


6  00 


1,750  00 
66,928  08 
37,333  33 


17,991  35 
108,589  17 


13,250  00 


457  50 

228  57 

5  84 

5  21 

1  00 

11  60 

3  00 
10  90 

30  00 
240  29 

290  10 


2  61 
5  57 


16 


122 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  hy  Name — Continuecl. 


Articles  Made. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


Whip  butts, M, 

plaiting  machines 

lashes, doz., 

mountings, 

lash  stock 

snappers, doz., 

White  and  red  lead,  litharge,  etc., 

White  and  red  lead,  etc., lbs., 

White  and  sheet  lead, tons, 

White  lead  and  chemical  colors, 

Whiting, bbls. 

Willow  ware, 

Windlasses  and  steering  apparatus,         .... 

Windows, 

Wine  (native), 

Wire  cloth, sq.  ft.. 

Wire  cloth  goods, 

Wire  ferrules, 

Wooden  faucets, 

Wood  hangings, 

Wood,  kindling, 

Wood  (for  stove) 

Wood  parts  of  tools, 

W'ood  pulp, lbs.. 

Wood  screws, gross. 

Wooden  ware, 

Wood,  slabs  and  waste, cords. 

Woollen  blankets, 

blankets yds., 

cloths, yds., 

goods, yds., 

goods 

flannel, s        .        .     yds., 

flannel  (cotton  warp), yds., 

sh.iwls 

shawls, yds., 

and  worsted  goods  (mixed) yds., 

Wool  scourers, 

Worsted  dress  goods  (alpacas  and  poplins),  .        .        .     yds., 

coatings yds., 

goods, 

Wrenches, 

Wrenches,  parts  of, 

Writing  ink, gals., 

and  bluing, 

and  mucilage 

Yarn, 

Yarn,  warp  and  filling,  woollen  and  worsted,         .        .    lbs.. 
Yeast,  dry 

liquid, 

and  distillery  slops, 

Yellow  metal,  rolled, lbs.. 

Zinc,  sheet, lbs., 

refined lbs.. 


520 

7 

11,565 


1,500 

12,165,908 
1,000 

22,000 


263,000 


1,380,459 
175,000 

5,902 

306,700 

300 

3,156,601 

2,910,250 

18,485,004 

2,476,661 

110,168 

4,140 

984,571 

5,167,377 
181,000 

330,242 

10,000 


1,859,875 

33,350 

750,000 

500,000 
400,000 


$4,120 

1,050 

9,475 

22,700 

1,400 

94 

117,377 

1,279,641 

225,000 

100,000 

57,500 

7,900 

1,650 

22,000 

300 

53,600 

1,028,423 

19,600 

15,890 

24,031 

174,071 

3,193 

10,179 

61,463 

60,000 

551,670 

14,216 

398,000 

240 

1,962,931 

2,932,532 

2,440,000 

5,583,289 

629,661 

371,162 

16,301 

687,000 

46,810 

1,516,.396 

510,000 

1,356,350 

193,890 

2,000 

7,.500 

8,000 

112,750 

367,020 

1,.398,954 

84,712 

5,000 

2,000 

175,000 

40,000 
36,000 


$7  92 

150  00 

82 


06 

11 

225  00 

2  61 


20 


04 
34 

2  41 
1  30 

80 
62 

1  00 

30 
25 

3  37 
3  94 

70 

29 

2  82 

59 
75 


75 
15 

23 

08 
09 


Occupations. 


WOHK  Done. 


Establish- 
ments. 


Capital  in- 
vested. 


Value  of  work 
done. 


Artificial  limb  repairing,  , 

Blacksmithing 

Bleaching,  dyeing  and  cleansing, 


1,180 
36 


$100 

1,064,421 
158,456 


$400 

3,077,668 
490,531 


MANUFACTURES  AXD   0CCUPATI0:N"S. 


123 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  by  Name — Continued. 


Work  Done. 


Establish- 
ments. 


Capital  in- 
vested. 


Bone  boiling, 

Bookbinding, 

Book  k'ttciing  and  stamping,   .... 

Boot  tree  and  shoe  tool  repairing,    . 

Boot  and  shoe  heels  and  heeling, 

Boot  and  shoe  making  (contract  work),  . 

Boot  and  shoe  stitching, 

Bottling  ale,  beer,  cider,  etc.,    .... 

Bread  baking, 

Building  moving, 

Butchering, 

Burnishing  jewelry, 

Camera  shield  repairing, 

Carpentry  and  joinery, 

Carpet,  feather  and  hair  cleansing,  . 

Carpet  sewing, 

Carpet  weaving, 

Carriage  and  harness  repairing  and  trimming. 
Carriage  and  wagon  making  and  repairing,  . 
Casket  and  burial  case  trimming,     . 

Chair  cane  seating, 

China  decorating,       ...... 

Cider  and  vinegar  making,        .... 

Cigar  making, 

Cistern  building, 

Clothes  cleaning,  repairing  and  remodelling, . 
Clothes  wringer  repairing,        .... 

Cloth  finishing, 

Clothing  making  and  repairing. 

Cobbling, 

Colored  sand  or  smalt  preparing. 

Comb  repairing  (machinery) 

Coopering, 

Coppersmithing, 

Cotton  dyeing, 

Cotton  and  woollen  waste  cleaning  and  sorting. 
Cutlery  repairing  and  tool  sharpening,    . 
Cutting  shoe  patterns 

Drain  building, 

Draughting  and  designing,        .... 

Dress  and  cloak  making, 

Dressmaking, 

Dressmaking  iind  millinery,  .... 
Die  repairing  and  cutting,         .... 

Embossing 

Embroidery  stamping, 

Enamelling, 

Engraving 

Etching  glass  ware, 

Finishing  porcelain  picture  glass,     . 

Fish  curing  and  packing 

Fresco  painting  and  decorating. 

Fruit  canning  and  preserving 

Funeral  wreath  preserving,  .... 
Fur  goods  dyeing  and  repairing. 

Furniture  painting, 

Furniture  repairing 

Gilding,  bronzing,  etc., 

Glass  cutting  and  graining 

Glass  decorating 

Glazing, 

Gold  and  silver  plating 

Gold  pen  repairing 

Grading, 

Grain  grinding, 

Grinding  bark,  etc 

Gum  cojial  cleaning, 


1 


1 

5 
1 

2 
16 
92 
47 
43 
10 
48 
435 

1 

1 

,042 

23 

42 

3 

306 

64 

8 

55 

2 

10 

4 

3 

272 

2 

6 

152 

998 

1 

1 

87 

24 

1 

8 

4 

2 

20 
59 
66 
314 
17 
4 

1 

23 

7 


1 

50 

40 

3 

1 

2 

27 
50 

42 
7 
2 

114 
1 
1 
3 
16 
1 
1 


$4,700 

1,900 

1,100 

11,490 

408,273 

103,225 

140,440 

26,200 

57,075 

2,082,747 

500 

50 

1,851,956 

12,162 

37,007 

320 

226,639 

38,696 

24,825 

2,919 

1,5110 

18,775 

6,400 

10 

74,498 

600 

36,600 

38,941 

170,137 

500 

700 

117,958 

14,658 

88,100 
3,600 
3,600 

54,552 

40,127 

6,389 

45,563 

4,035 

6,850 

1,000 
11,830 

3,910 
47,510 

4,000 

3,000 

862,443 

41,047 

28,100 

25 

450 

89,810 

23,368 

45,307 
21,575 

5,100 
44,689 

1,500 
150 

9,000 
10,700 

5,000 
390 


Value  of  work 
done. 


$1,200 

14,743 

3,000 

4,600 

137,694 

2,085,424 

528,602 

370,855 

72,160 

154,841 

14,379,934 

1,728 

700 

8,012,265 

20,373 

110,108 

500 

595,105 

177,009 

73,754 

24,968 

5,025 

3,478 

92,545 

8,300 

264,590 

2,060 

23,380 

359,245 

835,415 

250 

1,500 

452,129 

76,740 

1,125 

153,780 

10,800 

10,500 

152,673 

141,440 

64,488 

257,443 

10,601 

12,850 

2,000 
24,947 

4,520 

169,272 

10,000 

1,000 

3,811,814 

161,333 

20,312 

300 

1,050 

295,044 

36,945 

124,358 

96,657 

3,000 

124,793 

9,500 

800 

40,800 

8,893 

5,000 

773 


124 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  by  Name — Continued. 


WoKK  Done. 


Establish- 
ments. 


Capital  in- 
vested. 


Value  of  work 
done. 


Gunny  bag  repairing, 
Gunsmithing, 


Hair  pickins:  and  carding, 

Hair  work,  human, 

Ham  curing  and  smoking, 

Hand-card  board  making, 

Hat,  cap  and  bonnet  bleaching,  cleansing  and  repairing, 

Hide  packing, 

Horn  pressing, 

Horseshoeing,  etc., 

Horseshoe  making, 

House,  carriage  and  sign  painting,  etc., 

Ice  cutting 

Japanning 

Kindling  wood  making, 

Lapidary  work, 

Lard  rendering 

Lathing, 

Laying  concrete  roofs  and  walks, 

Leather  belting  repairing, 

Leather  finishing  and  dressing, 

Lithographing, 

Locksmithing  and  bell-hanging, 

Locomotive,  passenger  and  freight  car  painting  and  repairing. 

Loom  harness  repairing, 

Lumber  sawing  and  dressing, 


Machine  stitching  and  button-hole  making,     . 

Machinists'  work, 

Map  mounting, 

Marble  cutting  and  dressing 

Masoning  and  plastering, 

Mast,  spar,  block  and  pump  making  and  repairing, 

Match  card  sawing 

Mattress  making, 

Metal  plating, 

Metal  punching  and  stamping, 

Mica  work, 

Millinery, 

Millwrighting, 

Model  and  pattern  repairing, 

Musical  instrument  reijairing 

ISTautical  instrument  repairing, 

Net  and  seine  repairing 

Nickel  plating 


Palm  leaf  splitting,  .... 
Paper  and  wood  hanging, .  .  . 
Paper  hanging,  glazing,  etc.,     . 

Paper  ruling, 

Paper  stock  assorting. 

Paving, 

Paving  and  roofing,  .... 
Photograph  finishing, 

Photographing 

Photographing  and  painting  on  iron, 
Picture  framing,  .... 

Plastering 

Ploughs,  titling  wood  parts  of,         , 
Plumbing,  gas" fitting  and  roofing,    . 
Preparing  hair  for  plastering,  . 
Pulverizing  bones,  ores,  minerals,  etc., 


Rag  sorting  and  picking,  . 

Railroad  bridge  and  station  repairing, 

Railroad  repairing,  etc.,    . 


1 

35 

2 

23 

5 

1 

19 

o 

i 

42 

1 

811 


8 

1 

29 


18 
1 

65 
6 
o 

28 

6 

171 

1 

9 

373 

14 

1 

1 

28 

1 

1 

110 

6 

1 

15 

1 
1 
1 


163 
97 
8 
3 
11 
1 
2 

25 

1 

15 

104 

1 

267 

1 

1 

15 
1 
1 


$300 
14,740 

2,000 

7,495 

46,800 

3,000 

7,435 

40,000 

250 

57,335 

100 

743,045 

36,000 

8,100 

4,400 

20,139 
15,000 

2,078 
11,400 

40,325 
6,500 

32,431 

132,000 

7,200 

61,880 

3,975 

1,134,055 

600 

11,116 

490,013 

17,088 

300 

1,000 

35,135 

2,000 

2,000 

97,895 

11,800 

3,000 

3,175 

1,150 

500 

20,000 

20,700 

87,803 

130,351 

28,800 

7,000 

156,787 

2,000 

325 

32,175 

500 

14,935 

58,351 

100 

523,259 

300 

25,000 

34,650 
6,000 


19,380 

5,.500 

55,555 

71,900 

500 

64,320 

390,000 

300 

197,148 

1,045 

2,850,221 

41, .500 

16,550 

10,200 

44,565 

35,000 

22,719 

47,166 

500 

102,793 

7,004 

104,-578 

183,-328 

19,900 

41,243 

16,020 

2,134,717 

4,000 

26,9.50 

2,203,579 

32,765 

1,800 

400 

95,536 

8,000 

9,000 

247,8-59 

111,-3.50 

4,2-50 

16,880 

1,-500 

500 

50,000 

-53,080 

241,303 

393,375 

53,190 

40,754 

504,362 

2,400 

2,700 

48,877 

150 

35,689 

311,368 

60 

1,631,509 

5,000 

30,000 

152,191 

59,099 
147,199 


MAI^UFACTUKES   AND   OCCUPATIONS. 


125 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  hy  Name — Concluded. 


Work  Done. 


Establish- 
ments. 


Capital  in- 
vested. 


Value  of  work 
done. 


Rigging 

Road  building, 

Roll  covering, 

Roofing, 

Rubber  grinding 

Sail,  awning  and  tent  making  and  repairing. 
Saw  and  file  cutting  and  repairing,  . 
Sewing-macliine  repairing, 

Sheepskin  finishing, 

Ship  carpentry  and  joinery,     . 

Ship  steering  wheel  making,     . 

Ship  windlass  making,      .... 

Shipwrighting  and  calking. 

Silver  plating 

Silversmithing, 

Skeleton  leaves,  preparing. 
Spectacle  and  eye-glass  repairing,   . 

Stair  building, 

Stamping  and  gilding  boots  and  shoes,  . 

Steam  and  gas  fitting 

Stencil  cutting, 

Stone  cutting,  dressing,  etc 

Stone  quarrying, 

Stove  and  furnace  repairing,     . 
Straw  goods  making  and  dyeing,     . 
Sugar  pulverizing 

Tack  leathering 

Tallow  rendering, 

Taxidermy, 

Telegraph  and  electrical  instrument  making. 
Tin  and  copper  smithing,  roofing,  etc.,  . 

Tripe  cleaning  and  pickling 

Trunk  repairing, 

Tubular  well  driving, 

Umbrella  repairing, 

Upholstering,  varnishing  and  polishing, . 

Varnishing,  polishing,  etc 

Watch,  clock  and  jewelry  repairing, 

Wheelw  righting, 

Whip  covering, 

Whip  stocking  and  rounding,  .        .        .        . 

Whitening  and  coloring 

Window  shade  fitting, 

Wire  working 

Wood  carving,  turning,  etc.,     .        .        .        . 
Wool  carding,  stapling,  washing,  etc.,    . 
Woollen  and  worsted  frame  knitting. 


12 

6 

5 

138 

1 

10 

21 

41 
1 

65 
1 
2 

15 
4 

24 
1 
0 

45 
1 

96 
2 
128 
9 
8 
2 
1 

1 

2 
6 
1 
374 
2 
1 
3 

29 
202 

82 

857 
388 

1 

1 
72 

2 

2 
43 
19 

2 


$28,950 
6,950 
4,200 

191,634 
8,000 

15,591 
14,979 
17,146 

144,100 
200 

25,850 

3,800 

13,780 

10,835 

112,469 

6,000 

271,019 

2,020 

579,770 

35,600 

1,150 

1,800 

5,000 

5,000 

8,000 

10,925 

25,000 

475,516 

2,500 

150 

595 

2,885 
310,156 

58,792 

202,198 

192,480 

500 

1,000 

44,812 

1,100 

135 

61,105 

186,710 

525 


$99,460 
24,988 
49,259 

891,606 
20,000 

25,147 

22,485 

55,552 

3,500 

591,327 

450 

680 

82,630 

13,883 

29,253 

600 

5,075 

276,573 

7,000 

1,130,837 

5,050 

1,703,954 

79,050 

9,050 

1,578 

9,500 

13,700 

12,000 

6,969 

50,000 

990,974 

6,500 

675 

3,235 

7,187 
805,416 

141,417 

592,555 

632,939 

1,.500 

7,000 

149,363 

5,600 

1,500 

182,867 

202,656 

732 


EECAPITULATION   OF   AGGEEGATES. 

[Under  the  following  general  heads,  all  the  foregoing  articles  and  occupations  (work  done)  are  included.] 


Manufactures  and  Occupations. 


Establish- 
ments. 


Capital  in- 
vested. 


Value  of  goods 
and  work. 


Arms  and  ammunition. 
Agricultural  implements. 
Artisans'  tools. 

Bags  and  bagging. 


20 

38 

124 


$964,300 
1,144,475 
2,226,570 

437,000 


$1,502,841 
2,365,004 
2,459,275 

670,595 


126 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Recapitulation  of  Aggregates — Concluded. 


Manufactures  and  Occupations. 


Establish- 
ments. 


Capital  in- 
vested. 


Value  of  goods 
and  work. 


Boots  and  shoes, 

Boxes, 

Brushes  and  brooms 

Building 

Carpetings, 

Carriages  and  wagons,         .        , 

Chemical  preparations, 

Clocks  and  watches,     .... 

Clothing 

Cotton  goods 

Cotton  and  woollen  and  other  textiles, 

Dress  trimmings, 

Drugs  and  medicines,  .... 
Dyestuffs 

Fertilizers 

Fine  arts,        ...... 

Food  preparations,       .... 

Furniture, 

Glass, 

Leather, 

Linen,    

Liquors  and  beverages, 

Lumber 

Machines  and  machinery,  . 
Metals  and  metallic  goods,  . 
Musical  instruments  and  materials,    . 

Oils  and  illuminating  fluids, 

Paper 

Polishes  and  dressings, 
Printing  and  publishing. 
Print  works  (work  done),   . 

Railroad  construction 

Rubber 

Scientific  instruments  and  appliances. 

Bilk 

Stone, 

Tobacco 

Vessels 

"Wooden  goods 

Woollen  goods 

Worsted  goods 

Miscellaneous  manufactures, 
Occupations  (value  of  work  done),     . 

Totals, 


1,461 

157 

57 

379 

24 

356 

9 

14 

1,088 

220 

28 

7 

116 

2 

9 

31 

783 

294 


13 

495 

5 

155 

679 

311 

768 
71 

33 

120 

27 

633 

9 

15 
15 

52 

6 

151 

264 

163 

460 

183 

14 

1,250 
11,313 


$18,692,864 

1,147,250 

395,650 

1,484,045 

3,855,950 
2,412,709 
311,800 
1,853,950 
9,184,826 
63,844,708 
4,751,597 

147,450 

1,069,226 

55,000 

1,230,500 

14,918 

9.850,459 

4,949,990 

1,555,000 

8,399,850 

924,000 

4,154,309 

2,719,711 

13,859,618 

21,907,802 

3,845,600 

2,287,250 

10,860,281 

295,525 

6,413,427 

2,570,000 

1,019,175 

1,787,706 

428,675 

488,000 

1,663,965 

811,697 

934,485 

4,475,095 

17,209,980 

1,693,000 

26,745,414 
15,608,916 


22,228 


$282,683,7  8 


$89,375,792 
2,624,901 
1,023,925 
8,656,471 

6,190,239 

4,433,458 
661,447 

1,331,824 
29,340,962 
77,934,753 

8,107,999 

458,118 

2,987,305 

145,000 

821,900 

70,595 

44,633,984 

8,422,883 

1,484,500 

23,680,775 

790,609 

8,967,140 

3,953,956 

16,399,230 

37,884,873 
5,504,030 

5,838,889 

15,602,599 

628,391 

12,120,674 

3,609,669 

1,720,510 
3,383,796 

643,075 

1,842,200 
2,902,190 

2,599,819 

3,840,119 

7,208,317 

39,566,378 

2,991,210 

34,754,113 
60,195,629 


$592,331,962 


MA:NUrACTUEES   AND   OCCUPATION'S.  127 

From  this  presentation  it  is  seen  that-  the  manufacture  of  textiles 
and  leather  and  leather  goods  comprises  nearly  one-half  the  total  value 
of  all  goods  made  in  the  State.     The  textiles  are  as  follows  : — 

Bags  and  bagging, $670,695 

Carpetings, 6,190,239 

Cotton  goods, 77,934,753 

Cotton  and  woollen  and  other  textiles, 8,107,999 

Linen  goods 790,609 

Woollen  goods, 39,566,378 

Worsted  goods, 2,991,210 

Total $136,251,783 

Leather,  and  boots  and  shoes,  as  follows  : — 

Leather, $23,680,775 

Boots  and  shoes, 89,375,792 

Total, $113,056,567 

Aggregate  of  these  two  grand  industi'ies,      .        .        .  $249,308,350 

Those  industries  which  produced  $1,000,000  worth,  or  over,  of 
goods  or  work,  in  1875,  are  the  following  : — 

Arms  and  ammunition, $1,502,841 

Agricultural  implements, 2,365,004 

Artisans'  tools, 2,459,275 

Blacksmithing  (including  horseshoeing), .        .        .         .  8,274,816 

Boots  and  shoes, 89,376,792 

Boot  and  shoe  making  (cobbling  and  contract-work),       .  3,449,441 

Boxes, 2,624,901 

Brushes  and  brooms, 1,023,925 

Bricks, 1,656,250 

Butchering, 14,379,934 

Building 8,656,471 

Carpentry  and  joinery, 8,012,265 

Carpetings, 6,190,239 

Carriages  and  wagons,       .        .        .     '   .        .        .        .  4,433,458 

Clocks  and  watches, 1,331,824 

Clothing, 29,340,962 

Cordage,  lines,  etc., 2,124,332 

Cotton  goods 77,934,753 

Cotton  and  woollen  and  other  textiles,      ....  8,107,999 


128 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Drugs  and  medicines, 

Elastic  goods, 

Fish  curing  and  packing, 

Fisliing, 

Freigliting,  ocean  and  coastwise 

Food  preparations, 

Furniture,    .... 

Gas  and  residual  products, 
Glass,  ..... 

House  and  sign  painting,   . 

Leather,       .... 
Liquors  and  beverages. 
Lumber,       .... 

Machines  and  machinery,  . 
Machinists'  work, 
Masoning  and  plastering,  . 
Metals  and  metallic  goods, 
Musical  instruments  and  materials. 

Oils  and  illuminating  fluids, 

Paints,  colors  and  chemicals, 
Paper,  .... 
Plumbing,  gas  fitting  and  roofin 
Printing  and  publishing, 
Print  works, 

Railroad  construction. 
Rubber  goods,     . 

Silk  goods,  . 

Soap,  candles,  tallow,  etc., 
Steam  and  gas  fitting. 
Stone,  .... 
Stone  cutting  and  dressing. 
Straw  and  palm-leaf  goods. 

Tin  and  coppersmithing,  etc.. 
Tobacco  goods,   . 

Vessels, 

Wooden  goods,  . 
Woollen  goods,  . 
Worsted  goods,  . 


g. 


$2,987,305 

1,932,486 

3,811,814 
7,684,716 
3,164,845 
44,633,984 
8,422,883 

4,350,841 
1,484,500 

2,850,221 

23,680,775 
8,967,140 
3,953,956 

16,399,230 
2,134,717 
2,203,579 

37,884,873 
5,504,030 

5,838,889 

2,239,408 
15,602,599 

1,631,509 
12,120,674 

3,609,669 

1,720,510 
3,383,796 

1,842,200 
3,315,434 
1,130,837 
2,902,190 
1,703,954 
5,922,345 

1,882,580 
2,599,819 

3,840,119 

7,208,317 

39,566,378 

2,991,210 


In  order  that  the  facts  relating  to  the  chief  indnstries  of  the  State 
for  the  year  ending  May  1,  1875,  may  be  compared  with  those  for 
former  years,  we  have  arranged  the  following  table,  showing  compar- 
ison for  1845,  1855,  1865  and  1875  :— 


MANUrACTUKES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


129 


Principal  Manufactures  for  1845,  1855,  1865  and  1875. 


Manufactures. 


1843. 


1S3S. 


18G3. 


1875. 


Agricultural  Implements. 
Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used, 
Persons  emploj'cd,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 

Arms  and  Ammunition. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 

Artisans'  Tools. 

Number  of  establishments. 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 

Bags  and  Bagging.    ■= 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used, 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 

Boots  and  Shoes. 
Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made. 
Pairs  of  boots  and  shoes  made. 

Boxes. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 

Bricks. 

Number  of  establishments. 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 
Quantity  made,  in  M, 

Brushes  and  Brooms. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made. 

Building. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  emjiloyed,     .        . 
Value  of  goods  made. 

Buttons. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 


132 

$252,115 

68S 
$510,838 

32 

$1,029,848 

454 
$508,319 


$48,225 

340 
$256,340 


45,877 

$14,799,140 

20,896,312 


235 

^215,105 


1,407 

$612,832 

110,076 


19 

$68,875 

533 
$354,714 


55 

$657,375 

1,260 
$1,779,027 

33 

$236,500 

376 

$673,751 

26 

$409,860 

1,532 

$1,769,268 


77,827 

$37,501,725 

45,066,828 


199 
$439,125 

792 
$997,783 


1,109 

$2,267,165 
108,353 


18 
$267,600 

689 
$807,635 


2 

$51,500 

60 

$56,080 


$172,500 

229 
$267,120 


40 

$1,063,040 

$1,460,510 

1,109 

$2,648,810 


$1,596,250 

$1,637,229 

2,307 

$4,898,094 


55 

$1,889,250 

$1,561,205 

2,162 

$3,474,240 


$108,000 

$342,500 

192 

$419,500 


206 

$10,322,599 

$36,418,845 

52,821 

$56,113,987 

31,870,581 


221 

$512,612 

$798,860 

1,191 

$1,393,718 


101 

$566,815 

1,079 

$772,442 

88,495 


10 

$281,200 

$310,117 

535 

$593,577 


788 

$4,121,411 

4,742 

$6,708,608 


10 

$226,800 

$293,300 

419 

$608,617 


38 
$1,144,475 

$365,586 

1,187 

$2,365,004 


20 

$964,300 

$421,047 

1,109 

$1,502,841 


124 

$2,226,570 

$831,980 

1,240 

$2,459,275 


$437,000 

$528,282 

226 

$670,595 


1,461 

$18,692,864 

$54,976,504 

48,090 

$89,375,792 

59,762,866 


157 

$1,147,250 

$1,351,241 

1,528 

$2,624,901 


104 

$1,657,625 

$468,176 

2,394 

$1,655,250 

215,152 


57 

$395,650 

$526,670 

669 

$1,023,925 


379 

$1,484,045 

$3,451,545 

4,033 

$8,656,471 


10 

$409,000 

$213,355 

771 

$559,058 


17 


130 


CEN^SUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUTVI. 


1^7'incipal  Manufactures,  etc. — Continued. 


Manufactdkes. 


1843. 


1833. 


1863. 


1875. 


Carpetings. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used, 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 
Yards  of  carpeting  made. 

Carriages  and  Wagons. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 

Clocks  (and  Watches  in  1875). 
Number  of  establishments. 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 


Clothing. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 

Cordage,  Lines,  etc. 
Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used, 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made. 
Pounds  manufactured. 


Cotton  Goods. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Number  of  spindles,  . 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used,  . 
Persons  employed, 
Value  of  goods  made. 
Yards  of  cloth  manufactured. 


Cotton  and  Woollen  and  other  Textiles 

Number  of  establishments. 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stuck  used, . 
Persons  employed, 
Value  of  goods  made, 

Drugs,  Medicines  and  Dyestuffs. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested,         .... 
Value  of  stock  used, .... 
Persons  employed,     .... 
Value  of  goods  made. 


Fertilizers. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  Invested, 
Value  of  stock  used, . 
Persons  employed, 
Value  of  goods  made, 

Fine  Arts. 
Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used, . 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made. 


17 

$488,000 

1,034 

$834,322 
1,158,958 


563 
$553,434 

1,881 
$1,343,576 


$10,350 

40 
$54,975 


160 
$213,793 

1,003 
$797,434 


49 
$543,930 

647 
$906,321 
9,398,783 


302 

817,483 

$17,739,000 

20,710 
$12,193,449 
178,401,614 


13 

$2,264,172 

1,614 

$1,362,819 
1,988,460 


425 

$949,770 

2,491 
12,352,955 


2 

$17,000 

26 


93 
$3,120,973 

1,758 
$9,061,896 


44 
$636,400 

1,000 

20,653,418 


294 

1,519,527 

$31,961,000 

34,787 
$26,140,537 
318,224,188 


13 

$2,370,200 

$3,153,609 

1,734 

$4,207,509 

2,124,915 


285 

$1,106,938 

$1,248,673 

1,941 

$2,427,777 


2 

$43,000 

$6,500 

42 

$35,764 


809 

$16,806,596 

$18,252,309 

29,914 

$24,235,862 


31 

$850,175 

$1,985,186 

822 

$2,768,902 

13,865,600 


237 
1,913,756 
$33,822,086 
$50,393,831 
24,151 
$55,508,447 
175,875,934 


89 

$474,667 

$937,652 

391 

il,719,015 


1 

$20,000 

$55,000 

20 

$75,000 


2 

$264 

$364 

3 

$1,560 


24 

$3,855,950 

$3,236,606 

3,119 

$6,190,239 

8,507,235 


356 

$2,412,709 

§2,099,173 

3,072 

$4,433,458 


14 

$1,853,950 

$523,643 

1,140 

$1,331,824 


1,088 

$9,184,826 

$17,412,942 

13,702 

$29,340,962 


16 

$537,000 

$1,498,705 

992 

$2,124,332 

25,658,000 


220 
3,859,237 
$63,844,708 
$41,059,893 
60,176 
$77,934,753 
874,780,874 


28 

$4,751,597 

$4,260,185 

3,290 

$8,107,999 


118 
$1,124,226 
$1,334,310 

363 
$3,132,305 


$1,230,500 

$372,858 

298 

$821,900 


31 

$14,918 

$5,920 

22 

$70,595 


MANITFACTURES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


131 


Pi^incipal  Manufactures,  etc. — Continued. 


Mandfacthkes. 

1845. 

1853. 

1865. 

1875. 

Food  Preparations. 

Number  of  establishments 

596 

472 

580 

783 

Capital  invested 

$901,335 

$1,741,374 

$3,779,621 

$9,850,459 

Value  of  stock  used 

- 

- 

$11,565,908 

$31,856,274 

Persons  employed, 

747 

2,187 

2,750 

4,672 

Value  of  goods  made 

$1,502,375 

$8,665,484 

$21,599,625 

$44,633,984 

Fur  Goods,  etc. 

Number  of  establishments,       .... 

_ 

_ 

21 

17 

Capital  invested, 

_ 

_ 

$322,100 

$238,275 

Value  of  stock  used, 

_ 

- 

$336,200 

$318,150 

Persons  employed, 

- 

- 

205 

115 

Value  of  goods  made 

- 

- 

$558,485 

$430,950 

Furniture. 

Number  of  establishments,       .... 

449 

309 

306 

294 

Capital  invested, 

$477,374 

$1,913,615 

$1,853,403 

$4,949,990 

Value  of  stock  used 

- 

- 

$2,338,366 

$3,799,379 

Persons  employed 

2,594 

4,243 

4,097 

6,674 

Value  of  goods  made 

$1,476,679 

$3,969,982 

$4,989,891 

$8,422,883 

Gas  and  Residual  Products. 

♦ 

Number  of  establishments,       .... 

_ 

37 

58 

53 

Capital  invested, 

- 

$2,733,900 

$4,850,246 

$10,865,016 

Value  of  stock  used 

- 

- 

$1,187,175 

$891,501 

Persons  employed 

- 

318 

663 

1,155 

Value  of  goods  made 

- 

$932,332 

$2,031,085 

$4,350,841 

Glass. 

Number  of  establishments 

10 

13 

23 

13 

Capital  invested 

$700,200 

$1,805,500 

$1,755,500 

$1,555,000 

Value  of  stock  used , 

- 

- 

$1,245,600 

$503,436 

Persons  employed 

630 

1,887 

2,101 

1,291 

Value  of  goods  made 

$758,300 

$2,648,125 

$2,905,750 

$1,484,500 

Horn  and  Shell  Goods. 

Number  of  establishments,       .... 

_ 

_ 

25 

22 

Capital  invested, 

- 

- 

$178,500 

$293,700 

Value  of  stock  used 

- 

- 

$233,866 

$248,097 

Persons  employed, 

- 

- 

599 

661 

Value  of  goods  made 

- 

- 

$516,586 

$812,616 

Leather. 

Number  of  establishments,       .... 

772 

851 

667 

495 

Capital  invested 

- 

$4,744,933 

$5,840,505 

$8,399,850 

Value  of  stock  used 

- 

- 

$10,095,527 

$16,108,845 

Persons  employed 

2,691 

4,808 

5,321 

6,620 

Value  of  goods  made 

$4,259,451 

$13,790,107 

$18,937,413 

$23,680,775 

Linen. 

, 

Number  of  establishments,       .... 

3 

4 

5 

5 

Capital  invested 

$79,000 

$550,000 

$665,000 

$924,000 

Value  of  stock  used, 

- 

- 

$915,648 

$278,107 

Persons  employed 

192 

910 

901 

1,059 

Value  of  goods  made, 

$145,000 

$1,440,000 

$1,330,900 

$790,609 

Liquors  and  Beverages. 

Number  of  establishments,       .... 

_ 

55 

54 

155 

Capital  invested 

- 

$1,085,925 

$1,036,595 

$4,154,309 

Value  of  stock  used 

- 

- 

$1,638,895 

$3,874,031 

Persons  employed 

- 

280 

501 

879 

Value  of  goods  made, 

- 

$3,509,667 

$2,959,512 

$8,967,140 

Lumber. 

Number  of  establishments 

_ 

_ 

1,137 

579 

Capital  invested, 

- 

- 

$1,594,760 

$2,719,711 

Value  of  stock  used 

- 

- 

- 

$2,123,563 

Persons  employed, 

2,506 

3,413 

1,980 

1,961 

Value  of  goods  made 

$921,106 

$3,664,462 

$3,824,754 

$3,953,956 

Machines  and  Machinery. 

Number  of  establishments,       .... 

130 

165 

258 

311 

Capital  invested, 

$1,305,850 

$4,794,500 

$5,766,036 

$13,859,6ia 

Value  of  stock  used, 

- 

- 

$8,149,476 

$6,329,204 

Persons  employed, 

2,732 

6,707 

8,694 

9,561 

Value  of  goods  made, 

$2,314,438 

$7,493,590 

$16,024,261 

$16,399,230 

132 


CENSUS    or   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Principal  Manufactures,  etc. — Continued. 


Mancpactdees. 


1843. 


1855. 


1865. 


1873. 


Mattresses,  Bedding,  etc. 
Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 


Metals  and  Metallic  Goods. 

Number  of  establisbments. 
Capital  Invested, 
Value  of  stock  used, 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 


Musical  Instruments  and  Materials 
Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 

O'lLS  AND  Illuminating  Fluids. 
Number  of  establishments. 
Capital  invested,        .        . 
Value  of  stock  used, 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made. 


Paper, 

Numljer  of  establishments. 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used, 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 

Paints  and  Colors. 

Kumber  of  establishments, 
Cai)ital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made. 


Photographs,  etc. 

Number  of  establishments. 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  emploj'ed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made. 

Printing  and  Publishing. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used, 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 

Print  Works. 
Number  of  establishments. 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used, 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  work  done, 
Yards  subjected  to  processes, 

Polishes  and  Dressings. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used. 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made. 

Railroad  Construction. 

Number  of  establishments. 
Capital  invested,         . 
Value  of  stock  used, 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 


642 

$4,392,615 

5,556 
$7,270,883 


31 

$293,100 

427 
$548,625 

69 

$2,619,917 

377 
$3,346,483 

89 
$1,144,537 

1,369 
$1,750,273 


$192,000 


23 

$1,602,000 

2,264 
$6,945,817 
64,027,014 


35 

$10,422 


$8,643,050 

10,788 
$18,707,651 


69 

$1,280,700 

1,765 
$2,656,830 


56 
$4,017,513 

538 
$6,955,675 


121 
$2,564,500 

2,630 
$4,141,847 


$280,340 

134 

$139,875 

260 


$749,550 

1,134 

$1,351,318 


17 
$2,639,000 

1,801 
$10,324,200 
129,890,200 


60 
$75,800 


19 

$93,875 

$235,670 

163 

$339,096 


842 

$12,566,521 

$21,164,381 

15,823 

$35,797,633 


78 

$1,233,330 

$1,200,668 

1,565 

$2,774,364 


31 

$1,884,700 

$5,763,004 

392 

$8,045,083 


125 

$3,701,260 

$5,294,248 

3,578 

$8,451,783 


4 

$49,000 

$43,100 

29 

>218,200 


254 

$338,140 

$331,903 

766 

$806,288 

243 

$3,259,534 

$1,572,723 

3,011 

$7,292,580 

11 

$4,110,000 

$11,760,394 

4,130 

$23,935,271 

89,463,013 

31 

$127,553 

100 
$292,363 

2 

$9,500 

$31,694 

22 

$51,728 


24 

$163,090 

$427,635 

183 

$723,920 


768 

$21,907,802 

$19,460,275 

17,563 

$37,884,873 


71 

$3,845,600 

$1,760,280 

2,249 

$5,604,030 


33 

$2,287,250 

$5,180,685 

673 

$5,838,889 


120 

$10,860,281 

$9,471,987 

6,493 

$15,602,599 


20 
$1,115,800 
$1,253,570 

304 
$2,239,408 

148 

$250,290 

$183,607 

347 


533 
$6,413,427 

$3,842,358 

4,360 

$12,120,674 

9 

$2,570,000 

$1,930,024 

3,199 

$3,609,669 

251,405,321 

27 

$295,525 

$359,807 

115 

$628,391 

15 

$1,019,175 
$1,157,141 

537 
$1,720,510 


MANUFACTURES   AKD   OCCUPATIONS. 


133 


Pi'incipal  Manufactures,  etc. — Continued. 


Manufactures. 

1845. 

1835. 

1863. 

1875. 

Rubber  and  Elastic  Goods. 

Number  of  establishments 

- 

5 

16 

23 

Capital  invested, 

- 

$438,000 

$1,621,000 

$3,484,706 

Value  of  stock  used, 

- 

- 

$2,006,063 

$3,1.54,714 

Persons  employed, 

- 

462 

1,062 

2,195 

Value  of  goods  made 

- 

$968,000 

$2,840,030 

$5,316,282 

Scientific  Instruments  and  Appliances. 

Number  of  estriblishnients 

- 

- 

24 

52 

Capital  invested, 

- 

- 

$154,400 

$428,675 

Value  of  stock  used, 

- 

- 

$202,255 

$268,687 

Persons  employed, 

68 

76 

190 

367 

Value  of  goods  made 

$54,050 

$204,850 

$420,450 

$643,075 

Shoddy. 

Number  of  establishments,       .... 

- 

- 

35 

20 

Capital  invested, 

- 

- 

$164,650 

$149,900 

Value  of  stock  used, 

- 

- 

$334,155 

$440,326 

Persons  employed, 

- 

- 

212 

157 

Value  of  goods  made 

- 

- 

$653,800 

$538,474 

Silk  Goods. 

Number  of  establishments,       .... 

8 

5 

9 

6 

Capital  invested, 

$38,000 

$55,000 

$204,000 

$488,000 

Value  of  stock  used 

- 

- 

$782,298 

$1,010,807 

Persons  employed, 

156 

138 

503 

860 

Value  of  goods  made 

$150,477 

$300,000 

$1,179,300 

$1,842,200 

Soap,  Tallow  and  Candles. 

Number  of  establishments,        .... 

109 

114 

189 

124 

Capital  invested 

$405,872 

$1,582,500 

$631,645 

$1,480,835 

Value  of  stock  used 

- 

- 

$1,365,224 

$2,356,993 

Persons  employed, 

343 

445 

504 

451 

Value  of  goods  made, 

$836,156 

$7,720,533 

$1,925,333 

$3,315,434 

Stone. 

Number  of  establishments,       .... 

- 

- 

128 

151 

Capital  invested, 

- 

- 

$417,446 

$1,663,965 

Value  of  stock  used, 

- 

- 

$419,283 

$1,123,718 

Persons  employed, 

2,161 

2,660 

913 

2,553 

Value  of  goods  made, 

$1,285,603 

$2,146,863 

$1,097,917 

$2,902,190 

Straw  and  Palm-Leaf  Goods. 

Number  of  establishments 

- 

42 

99 

23 

Capital  invested 

- 

- 

$1,237,995 

$2,629,500 

Value  of  stock  used 

- 

- 

$3,130,704 

$3,211,059 

Persons  employed, 

13,311 

14,511 

13,501 

5,004 

Value  of  goods  made 

$1,649,496 

$3,713,375 

$4,889,158 

$5,922,345 

Textiles  (all  kinds). 

Number  of  establishments 

510 

464 

499 

480 

Number  of  cotton  spindles,       .... 

817,483 

1,519,527 

1,913,756 

3,859,237 

Number  of  sets  of  machinerj',  . 

514 

695 

1,157 

1,574 

Capital  invested 

$24,424,002 

$43,316,672 

$52,429,458 

$92,716,235 

Value  of  stock  used, 

- 

- 

$91,912,042 

$74,853,615 

Pounds  of  cotton  used, 

57,051,954 

105,904,749 

46,686,250 

185,697,210 

Pounds  of  wool  used, 

17,173,676 

21,667,272 

31,865,387 

49,946,173 

Persons  employed, 

30,154 

48,463 

46,663 

88,405 

Value  of  goods  made 

$22,704,815 

$42,497,608 

$112,540,839 

$136,251,783 

Yards  manufactured 

195,759,729 

354,570,708 

232,176,160 

992,506,132 

Tobacco,  Cigars,  etc. 

Number  of  establishments 

- 

- 

- 

264 

Capital  invested 

- 

- 

$394,037 

$811,697 

Value  of  stock  used, 

- 

- 

$565,090 

$1,038,589 

Persons  employed 

572 

775 

855 

1,350 

Value  of  goods  made 

$324,639 

$988,790 

$1,059,912 

$2,599,819 

Vessels  and  Materials. 

Number  of  establishments 

_ 

- 

281 

163 

Capital  invested 

- 

$2,367,200 

$1,490,390 

$934,485 

Value  of  stock  used 

- 

- 

$4,167,149 

$1,875,426 

Persons  employed, 

1,385 

5,198 

2,424 

1,454 

Value  of  goods  made 

$1,382,339 

$1,235,809 

$6,963,457 

$3,840,119 

134 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Principal  Manufactures,  etc. — Concluded. 


Manufactures. 


1845. 


1853. 


18(i5. 


1873. 


Whips. 

Number  of  establishments, 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used,  . 
Persons  employed,     . 
Value  of  goods  made, 

"Wooden  Goods. 

Number  of  establishments. 
Capital  invested. 
Value  of  stock  used, . 
Persons  employed. 
Value  of  goods  made, 


Woollen  Goods. 

Number  of  establishments, 

Number  of  sets  of  machinery. 

Capital  invested. 

Value  of  stock  used,  . 

Persons  employed. 

Value  of  goods  made, 

Yards  of  cloth  manufactured,  . 

Worsted  Goods. 
Number  of  establishments. 
Number  of  sets  of  machinery. 
Capital  invested, 
Value  of  stock  used, . 
Persons  employed. 
Value  of  goods  made,        .        . 
Yards  of  cloth  manufactured,  . 


526 
$111,947 


1,592 
$964,833 


178 

514 

$5,604,002 

7,372 
$8,877,478 
13,877,819 


10 

$514,000 

846 
$654,566 
2,321,338 


367 
$505,500 


109 
$328,980 

1,822 
$2,271,923 


146 

695 
$7,305,500 

10,090 

$12,105,512 

26,168,130 


$1,236,000 

1,062 

$1,448,740 
8,189,930 


40 

$186,600 

$337,800 

476 

$628,002 


487 

$1,-585,870 

$1,820,630 

2,688 

$3,387,538 


231 

1,157 

$14,714,672 

$35,377,996 

18,753 

$48,879,828 

46,008,141 


8 

$749,500 

$1,728,458 

932 

$2,194,655 

8,167,170 


54 

$615,630 

$384,009 

626 

$922,096 


460 

$4,475,095 

$3,627,888 

4,26T 

$7,208,317 


183 

1,383 

$17,209,980 

$23,607,561 

19,036 

$39,566,378 

90,208,280 


14 

191 

$1,693,000 

$1,882,981 

1,499 

$2,991,210 

9,873,464 


The  foregoing  table  embraces  all  important  industries  for  which 
the  elements  of  comparison  in  one  or  more  particulars  existed  for  two 
or  more  of  the  years  named.  Many  more  points  for  1875  could  have 
been  stated,  but  no  corresponding  facts  had  been  returned  for  the 
other  years.  In  this  matter  we  miss  comparisons  as  to  wages,  values 
of  buildings,  steam  and  water  power,  etc.  All  values  stated  in  the 
table  are  currency,  gold  being  at  par  in  1845  and  1855,  at  1.57  in 
1865,  and  1.12  in  1875  ;  to  reduce  the  values  in  1865  to  par,  divide 
by  1.57,  and  1875  by  1.12.  We  then  have  a  just  money  value  of 
comparison.  This  basis  is,  however,  fictitious  in  a  large  degree ; 
hence  the  importance  of  the  table  above,  wherein  other  elements, 
quantities,  hands  employed,  etc.,  are  exhibited.  With  these  matters 
understood,  the  table  becomes  of  great  utility,  and  the  labor  and 
research  essential  to  its  production  are  amply  repaid.  Attention 
should  be  called  to  some  of  its  features. 

In  Arms  and  Ammunition  for  1845  and  1865,  it  is  evident  the  items 
for  the  United  States  Armory  have  been  included. 

Glancing  at  Boots  and  Shoes,  the  efiect  of  machinery  becomes 
clearly  apparent.     In  1845,  the  number  of  hands  employed,  45,877, 


MAN^UFACTURES   AND   OCCUPATIONS.  135 

produced  20,896,312  pairs  of  boots  and  shoes  ;  in  1855,  77,827 
persons  made  45,066,828  pairs;  in  1865,  52,821  persons  produced 
31,870,581  pairs,  while  48,090  persons  in  1875  made  59,762,866 
pairs,  or  nearly  three  times  as  many  as  were  made  in  1845  by  only 
3,000  less  persons.  The  number  employed  in  1875,  however,  as 
shown  by  the  table  above,  should  be  increased  by  1,518  women,  fur- 
nished with  work  at  home,  making  a  total  employed  in  boots  and  shoes 
of  49,608.     This  does  not  change  the  features  stated. 

To  the  value  of  Brushes  and  Brooms  for  1875,  there  should  be 
added  $400,000  worth  manufactured  by  an  establishment  whose 
returns  were  inadvertently  omitted  in  the  body  of  the  tables  under 
Manufactures  by  Name. 

To  the  number  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  Clothing  for  1875, 
should  be  added  9,249  women  working  at  home. 

In  the  manufacture  of  Cotton  Goods  in  1875,  60,176  operatives 
produced  874,780,874  yards  of  goods,  while  in  1845,  about  one- 
third  (20,710)  the  number  of  operatives  produced  but  one-tifth 
(178,401,614)  the  number  of  yards.  We  have  shown  Cotton  and 
Woollen  Goods  (mixed)  for  1875,  but  not  for  the  other  years,  because 
for  those  years  they  were  classed  either  with  cotton  or  woollen  goods. 

The  statements  for  Print  Works  demand  attention.  In  all  the  cen- 
suses prior  to  1875,  the  products  of  print  works  have  in  a  majority 
of  instances  been  identical  in  yards  and  value  with  the  products  of 
the  mills  weaving  print  cloths.  This,  of  course,  is  erroneous,  as  the 
printing  is  only  a  part  of  the  manufacture  of  the  completed  prints, 
and  should  only  appear  as  such,  as  in  the  statement  for  1875.  This 
explanation  will  account  for  the  apparently  glaring  discrepancies  in  the 
foregoing  table  under  Print  Works.  It  has  been  impossible  to  elimi- 
nate the  duplications  in  1845,  1855  and  1865.  This  error  of  dupli- 
cation in  the  products  of  cotton  Victories  often  occurs  in  censuses, 
and  of  course  to  the  extent  of  its  occurrence  deceives  the  public,  and 
exaggerates  the  production  of  a  State.  This  has  occurred  in  a  recent 
Census  in  a  neighboring  State,  where  the  products  of  her  print  works 
have  been  reported  at  over  sixteen  million  dollars,  and  the  whole  prod- 
uct of  her  cotton  mills  but  about  twenty-two  million,  while  the  stock 
used  in  her  print  works  was  over  thirteen  millions,  and  in  her  cotton 
mills  only  twelve  millions.  The  true  product  of  her  print  works 
should  have  been  reported  at  about  $3,000,000. 

The  value  of  work  clone  in  print  works,  for  1875,  amounted  to 
$3,609,669  on  251,405,321  yards  of  goods,  while  in  1865  the  value 


136 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPEN^DIUM. 


of  j)rocliicts  was  given  at  $23,935,271  on  89,463,013  yards,  while  the 
whole  products  of  our  cotton  mills  in  that  year  were  valued  at 
155,508,447.  The  figures  for  1875  relate  to  work  done  in  establish- 
ments carried  on  exclusively  as  "print  works,"  and  not  to  those 
cotton  factories  having  their  own  print  works  connected  therewith. 

By  Railroad  Construction,  is  meant  cars,  springs,  wheels,  etc. 

To  the  number  of  persons  employed  on  Straw  and  Palm-leaf  Goods, 
should  be  added  14,762  women  furnished  with  work  at  their  homes  ; 
the  number  in  the  table  includes  those  only  who  work  in  the  factory. 

The  magnitude  of  all  our  textile  manufactures  is  well  displayed 
under  Textiles  (all  kinds) ,  where  it  is  seen  that  the  product  has  grown 
from  195,759,729  yards  in  1845,  to  992,506,132  yards,  the  product 
of  our  mills  for  1875,  a  bandage  long  enough  to  be  wound  around 
the  globe  nearly  twenty-three  times. 

In  Woollen  Goods  again,  is  the  influence  of  machinery  clearly 
shown,  19,036  persons  producing  90,208,280  yards  of  goods  in  1875, 
while  it  took  18,753  persons  in  1865  to  produce  46,008,141  yards. 


Stock  Used  :    by  Industries. 

[The  value  of  stock  used  was  not  called  for  in  those  branches  of  industry  designated  as  "  Occupations."] 


In  the  Makdfactuke  of— 


Value  of  stock 
used. 


Arms  and  ammunition, 
Agricultural  implements, 
Artisans'  tools,    . 

Bags  and  bagging, 
Boots  and  shoes. 
Boxes,  .... 
Brushes  and  brooms, . 
Building, 


Carpetings,  . 

Carriages  and  wagons. 

Chemical  preparations. 

Clocks  and  watches,   . 

Clothing, 

Cotton  goods, 

Cotton  and  wool  and  other 


Dress  trimmings, 
Drugs  and  medicines, 
Dyestuffs,    . 

Fertilizers,  . 

Fine  arts,     .       .       . 


tex 


es, 


$421,047 
365,586 
831,980 

528,282 

54,976,504 

1,351,241 

526,670 

3,451,545 

3,236,606 

2,099,173 

254,561 

523,643 

17,412,942 

41,059,893 

4,260,185 

361,666 

1,212,210 

122,100 

372,858 
5,920 


In  the  Manufacture  of- 


Food  preparations,     .        .        .        , 
Furniture 

Glass 

Leather, 

Linen 

Liquors  and  beverages. 

Lumber 

Machines  and  machinery,  .        . 
Metals  and  metallic  goods. 
Musical  instruments  and  materials, . 

Oils  and  illuminating  fluids. 

Paper 

Polishes  and  dressings, 
Printing  and  publishing,    . 
Print  works,        .       .        .        . 

Railroad  construction. 

Rubber 

Scientific  instrum'ts  and  ajspliances. 
Silk 


Value  of  stock 
used. 


$31,856,274 
3,799,379 

503,436 

16,108,845 

278,107 

3,874,031 

2,123,563 

6,329,204 

19,460,275 

1,760,280 

5,180,685 

9,471,987 

359,807 

3,842,358 

1,930,024 

1,157,141 
2,127,400 

268,687 
1,010,807 


MANUrACTUEES   AND   OCCUPATIONS. 


137 


8tock  Used:  by  Industries — Continued. 


In  the  Manufacture  of — 


Stone, 

Tobacco,      .... 

Vessels 

Wooden  goods,   . 
Woollen  goods,  .        .        . 
Worsted  goods,  . 

Miscellaneous. 

Acid,  pyroligneous  and  iron  liquor 
Alphabet  blocks, 
Artificial  tcctb  and  dental  work. 
Awnings,  tents  and  horse-covers, 

Base  balls 

Billiard,  bagatelle  and  sijipio  tables 
Bluing,  soluble  and  Chinese,     . 
Boot  and  shoe  patterns  and  lasts, 

Bouquets 

Braided  cords  and  steam  packing. 

Bricks, 

Brush  woods 

Burial  cases,  caskets,  coffins,  etc., 
Buttons, 

Cabinet  oil  tanks,        .        .        '. 
Cases  for  jewelry  and  silver  ware, 
Cement,  adhesive, 
Channel  cement,         . 

Charcoal, 

Chewing  gum 

Cisterns,  tanks  and  vats,    . 

Cologne 

Combs,  toilet 

Concrete  walks 

Cordage,      .        .     '  . 

Corks 

Counters,  show  cases,  etc.. 
Crayons  and  lead  pencils,  . 

Croquet  sets 

Curtain  fixtures, 

Curtain  fixtures  and  window  shades. 


Drain  pipe, 

Drain  pipe,  garden  vases,  wall  cop 
ing,  etc 

Earth  closets  and  corn  planters, 

Earthen  ware 

Earthen  and  stone  ware,   . 

Elastic  goods 

Elastic  webs,       .... 


Value  of  stock 
used. 


$1,123,718 

1,038,589 

1,875,426 

3,627,888 

23,607,561 

1,882,981 


1,300 

19,015 

500 

30,000 
114,775 

60,000 

23,232 
1,000 

39,800 

468,176 

600 

271,336 

213,355 

8,050 

7,500 

20,000 

13,000 

6,500 

587 

3,800 

61,186 

60,200 

11,125 

732,545 

28,720 

30,312 

18,200 

3,400 

1,000 

9,350 

60,502 

2,400 

2,500 

37,029 

16,434 

614,806 

412,508 


In  the  Manufacture  of — 


Elastic  and  non-elastic  webs,  . 
Emery,  .        .        .        .  '     . 

Emery  cloth, 

Emery,  flint,  sand  and  match  paper 

emery  cloth,  etc.,    . 
Enamelled  cloth. 
Erasable  tablets. 

Extracts,  colognes,  hair  oils,  etc., 
Eye-glass  frames  and  screws,   . 

Feather  dusters,  beds  and  pillows. 

Fire  brick 

Fire  brick,  tiles,  etc., . 
Fire-clay  goods,  .... 

Fireworks 

Fish,  and  other  lines  and  cords, 
Fish  covers,         .... 

Fishing  nets 

Fishing  rods,  etc.. 

Flags,  banners  and  decorations. 

Fly  traps, 

Fur  goods  and  buffalo  robes,     . 

Games 

Gas, 

Gas  and  coke,  .... 
Gas,  coke  and  tar, 

Glue, 

Glue  and  plasterers'  hair,  . 
Grease, 

Hair,  curled,  .... 
Hair  felting,  .... 
Hair  goods,  human,    . 

Hair  oil, 

Hair  work, 

Hair  work,  switches,  wigs,  etc., 

Harness  hames 

Hemp  twine  and  marline,  . 
Horn  and  shell  combs,  jewelry,  etc 
Horse  boots,        .... 
Horse  clothing  and  saddlery  goods. 

Horse  feeders 

Horse  powers,  machinery,  etc.. 
Hose,  rubber,  linen,  etc.,   . 


Ice 

Ink  and  mucilage. 
Ink,  printing,  and  lampblack. 
Ink,  writing,  and  bluing,    . 
Insect  bellows,    . 


Value  of  stock 
used. 


$15,000 

95,750 

5,580 

80,165 
70,000 
28,000 
17,187 
736 

7,030 

4,500 

6,400 

21,000 

9,034 

18,160 

362 

3,500 

2,300 

503 

214 

318,150 

86,500 
792,394 

13,330 

85,777 
153,955 
100,000 

45,000 

274,675 

28,000 

101,928 

50 

4,360 

19,339 

150 

7,800 

248,097 

16,000 

147,742 

1,000 

2,500 

110,000 

17,500 

35,400 

4,600 

16,100 

59 


18 


138 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Stock  Used:  hy  Industries — Concluded. 


In  the  Mandfacture  of — 


Value  of  stock 
used. 


Jewelry,  hair, 

Lamp  shades,  folding. 

Leather  cement, . 

Life  ijreservers,  buoys,  fenders,  etc. 

Lime, 

Lime  and  lime  casks, 
Lime  from  oyster  shells,    . 
Lime  hurdles. 
Liquid  cement,    . 

Manganese  and  plaster. 
Manufactures  not  specified  by 
Matches,       .... 
Match  woods  and  cases, 
Mattressess,  bedding,  etc.. 
Mirrors,  knobs,  frames,  clasps,  etc, 
Models  and  patterns, 

Oakum 

Ornaments  and  pressed  goods,  made 

from  ground  hoofs, 
Ox  muzzles,  etc., 

Paints,  colors  and  chemicals, 

Palm-leaf  goods, 

Passepartouts,  panels,  and  mats  for 

pictures,    . 
Paste,   .... 
Pencils,  indelible. 
Perfumes  and  toilet  preparations. 
Photographs,  etc.. 
Photographic  goods,  etc.. 
Printers'  materials. 
Printers'  rollers,  . 

Refrigerators,      .        . 

Roofing  cement,  . 

Roofing  material. 

Roofing  materials  and  coal  tar  prod 

ucts 

Rope,    .... 
Rope  and  cordage. 
Rope  halters. 

Sails,  awnings,  etc.,    . 
Saltpetre,  refined, 
Sash  holders. 
Sausage  cases. 
Scenery,  theatrical,  etc., 


$3,000 

1,350 

25 

40,000 

77,785 

50,600 

7,200 

1,500 

500 

800 
12,250 
71,199 
12,120 
427,635 
12,000 
14,292 

25,000 

195 

67 

1,253,570 
12,900 

9,200 

33,020 

300 

32,350 

183,607 

14,000 

6,090 

600 

30,545 

7,943 

26,400 

75,000 

350,000 

398,000 

3,000 

211,604 

25,000 

725 

480 

1,635 


In  the  Manufacture  of— 


Shoddy, 

Show  cards,  .... 

Show    cards,    enamelled,    iron    and 

glass,         .        ,        •        .        . 
Show  cases,  etc.. 
Shuttle  eyes,  porcelain. 

Signs 

Signs,  glass  and  metal. 

Soap,  hard  and  soft,   , 

Soap,  soft,    :        .        .        .        . 

Soap  and  candles,       . 

Soap,  candles,  and  rendered  grease 

and  tallow,       .... 

Soap,  glue,  etc 

Soap  and  tallow, 

Solar  pictures,     .... 

Spirits  of  turpentine,  rosin,  pitch 

etc 

Spring  shade  rollers,  . 

Stairs, 

Starch 

Stoneware, 

Stove  lining  and  fire  brick, 
Straw  goods,        .... 
Stucco  work,       .... 
Stufied  birds,  animals,  etc.. 

Tags,  shipping,    .... 
Tags,  labels,  tickets  and  jewellers 

cards  and  boxes, 
Tallow,  rendered. 
Tallow  and  scraps, 
Tallow,  grease,  scraps,  ground  bone, 

neat's-foot  oil,  etc.,  . 

Torpedoes, 

Toys 

Trellises,  Wardian  cases,  etc.,  . 

Trunks 

Twine, 


Wax  flowers,       .... 
Wax,  shoe  and  harness,     • 

Waxwork 

Whalebone  goods, 
Whips  and  whip  materials. 
Window  and  door  screens. 
Window  shades,  screens,  rollers  and 
rubber  mouldings,  .        .        .        . 


Value  of  stock 
used. 


$440,326 
1,800 

8,205 

750 

42 

17,243 

3,000 

580,389 

17,305 

166,086 

1,019,299 

46,334 

79,220 

197 

8,000 

3,100 

11,620 

60,000 

23,245 

39,011 

3,198,159 

6,041 

1,845 

1,000 

56,425 

36,960 

7,500 

358,900 

500 

31,637 

4,000 

307,711 

2,200 

1,500 

1,100 

50 

39,970 

384,009 

19,250 

151,684 


MANUFACTURES   AND   OCCUPATIONS. 


139 


The  total  value  of  stock  used  in  producing  the  goods  made  during 
the  year  ending  May  1,  1875,  was  $294,963,575  as  against  $264,958,- 
060  for  1865.  Comparisons  with  former  years,  so  far  as  the  stock 
used  in  the  staple  products  is  concerned,  can  readily  be  made  by 
reference  to  the  table  of  Principal  Manufactures  for  1845, 1855, 1865 
and  1875.  The  principal  articles  of  stock  used  in  1875,  are  as  fol- 
lows : — 


Description  op  Stock  Used. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Building  stone,  brick,  etc., 

Cotton  (not  including  waste) lbs.. 

Cotton  goods  (not  including  warps), 

Flax,  hemp  and  jute  (including  tow  and  jute  butts),  .        .        .    lbs., 

Flour bbls., 

Meal, bush., 

Iron  (pig  and  scrap) tons. 

Iron  (manufactured)  steel  and  other  metals,         .... 
Leather  (not  including  rough  leather,  hides  and  skins). 

Lumber 

Paper 

Sugar,  syrup  and  molasses, 

Shoe  findings  (including  leather  in  some  towns), 

Wool  (not  including  waste) lbs.. 

Woollen  and  worsted  goods 


- 

$814,565 

185,697,210 

29,538,663 

- 

5,366,048 

39,133,359 

2,562,118 

212,402  1 
206,352  1 

1,757,507 

82,514 

2,780,898 

- 

14,120,500 

- 

39,922,928 

- 

9,523,445 

- 

3,128,281 

- 

14,966,5.33 

- 

8,431,098 

49,946,173 

23,840,143 

- 

10,228,342 

Values  of  Buildings,  Stock  on  Hand  and  Machinery. 

[The  figures  given  in  this  table  as  the  values  of  buildings,  stock  on  hand  and  machinery  are  drawn 
exclusively  from  the  returns  classified  as  Manufactures.] 


Ko.  of 

Value  of  Aver- 

Value  of  im- 

Counties. 

Establish- 

Value of  Build- 

age  Stock  on 

Value   of   Ma- 

ported   Ma- 

ments. 

mgs. 

hand. 

chinery. 

chinery. 

The  State, 

.       .        . 

10,740 

$80,997,503 

$89,061,506 

$73,434,914 

$5,120,488 

Barnstable, 

98 

157,230 

352,638 

211,760 

850 

Berkshire, 

391 

3,444,411 

3,835,786 

4,006,997 

157,865 

Bristol, 

536 

11,942,529 

8,685,164 

15,377,809 

2,118,651 

Dukes, 

9 

23,250 

11,100 

13,750 

- 

Essex, 

1,771 

9,444,384 

15,998,760 

9,738,208 

471,115 

Franklin,   . 

288 

1,419,895 

1,085,789 

1,012,358 

155 

Hampden, . 

616 

6,206,022 

6,339,726 

6,219,841 

449,918 

Hampshire, 

295 

1,912,415 

2,066,473 

1,790,158 

671,252 

Middlesex, 

1,443 

13,754,149 

15,018,625 

12,695,366 

614,656 

Nantucket, 

25 

52,050 

16,240 

14,835 

- 

Norfolk,     . 

506 

2,262,275 

3,215,521 

2,051,435 

107,543 

Plymouth, 

534 

1,669,425 

2,942,488 

2,084,523 

27,100 

Sufiblk,      . 

2,636 

16,808,720 

16,892,835 

8,561,773 

196,670 

^yorce8ter, 

1,592 

11,900,748 

12,600,341 

9,656,101 

304,713 

140 


CE:N-SUS   0¥   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


The  value  of  buildings  occupied  by  manufacturers  is  $80,997,503. 
The  whole  number  of  establishments  in  the  State,  10,915,  of 
course,  would  not  return  this  point,  because  many  occupy  buildings 
returned  l)y  others,  owners  and  proprietors ;  but  whenever  this  oc- 
curred, the  foct  was  stated  ;  thus  it  will  be  seen  that  these  figures  are 
trustworthy.  The  value  of  average  stock  on  hand  reaches  the  sum 
of  $89,0(31,500,  and  of  machinery  used,  $73,434,914,  of  which  only 
$5,120,488  worth  was  imported  during  the  decade,  1865-1875,  while 
the  value  of  machinery  made  in  Massachusetts  for  the  same  period 
was  at  least  $80,000,000,  it  being  $10,399,230  for  1875.  This  cer- 
tainly does  not  show  very  great  dependence  upon  foreign  production 
so  far  as  machinery  is  concerned. 

The  total  amount  invested  in  buildings,  stock  on  hand  and  ma- 
chincr}'^  is  $243,493,923,  which  represents  so  much  of  the  capital 
invested  in  manufiictures  ($207,074,802,  not  including  occupations), 
and  is  an  excellent  proof  of  the  correctness  of  the  latter  sum,  for  if 
details  are  correct,  results  must  be  also. 

The  facts,  as  shown  in  this  presentation,  were  brought  out  by  ques- 
tions suggested  by  the  Honorable  Commissioner  of  Insurance,  and 
the  original  returns  upon  these  points  will  be  classified  by  him  in  his 
official  reports,  but  upon  an  insurance  basis,  and  therefore  can  not 
be  compared  with  our  showing,  because  we  simply  deal  with  the  item 
of  value  in  the  as-ofreffate. 

The  value  of  buildings  occupied  foi;  manufactures,  together  with 
the  value  of  machinery  and  of  average  stock  on  hand,  classified  by 
industries,  are  shown  in  the  following  table  : — 


Values  of  Buildings,  etc.,  by  Industries. 


Industhies. 


Value  of 
Buildings. 


Value  of 
Macliinery. 


Value  of 

Average  Stock 

on  hand. 


Agricultural  implements, 
Arms  and  ammunition, 
Artisans'  tools. 

Bags  and  bagging, 
"Boots  and  shoes,    . 
Boxes,     .... 
Brushes  and  hrooms,     . 
Building, 

Carriages  and  wagons, . 
Carpetings,     . 
Chemical  preparations. 


$227,845 
195,350 
512,150 

202,000 

4,330,332 

479,250 

91,350 

327,175 

1,150,665 

923,900 

3,250 


$171,950 
425,900 
401,430 

251,000 

2,588,305 

341,796 

27,910 

172,790 

218,913 

836,275 

1,574 


$340,625 
203,500 
701,665 

32,500 

9,031,734 

346,303 

290,285 

312,195 

1,276,584 

1,004,175 

2,050 


MAJ^UFACTFRES   AN"D    OCCUPATIOITS. 


141 


Values  of  Buildings,  etc.,  hy  Industries — Concluded. 


Industries. 


Value  of 
Buildings. 


Value  of 
Machinery. 


Value  of 

Average  Stock 

on  hand. 


Clocks  and  watches,      .... 

Clothing 

Cotton  goods 

Cotton  and  -woollen  and  other  textiles, 

Dress  trimmings 

Drugs  and  medicines,   .... 
Dyestuffs, 

Fertilizers 

Fine  arts 

Food  preparations,        .... 
Furniture, 

Glass, 

Leather, 

Linen, 

Liquors  and  beverages. 

Lumber, 

Machines  and  machinery,     .        . 
Metals  and  metallic  goods,   . 
Musical  instruments  and  materials,    . 

Oils  and  illuminating  fluids. 

Paper 

Polishes  and  dressings. 

Printing  and  publishing. 

Print  works 

Railroad  constniction,  .... 
Rubber, 

Scientific  instruments  and  appliances. 

Silk 

Stone, 

Tobacco, 

Vessels, 

Wooden  goods, 

Woollen  goods 

Worsted  goods, 

Miscellaneous, 


$242,800 

4,399,060 

10,162,506 

1,155,000 

13,000 

508,360 
89,000 

296,500 

23,300 

3,291,850 

1,809,540 

180,600 

2,138,702 
361,600 

1,342,477 
999,945 

2,600,943 

7,921,648 

992,800 

483,000 

3,096,741 

46,800 

1,880,140 

11,815,758 

174,400 

401,180 

73,292 

22,000 
445,565 

431,405 

175,950 

1,541,195 

5,167,218 

167,600 

8,102,461 


$418,820 

870,126 

13,703,549 

1,961,500 

29,169 

129,273 

76,200 

184,850 

3,540 

1,493,334 

854,565 

188,605 

1,218,838 
182,000 
466,582 

1,029,937 

2,633,033 

6,602,583 

167,780 

426,113 

2,985,104 

20,850 

1,001,254 

14,428,345 

163,200 
412,050 

66,450 

80,600 

222,574 

13,099 

44,165 

929,491 

5,795,953 

237,500 

8,947,039 


$955,066 
6,465,157 
6,437,792 
3,154,233 

16,300 
334,495 
100,000 

370,500 

10,625 

2,366,474 

2,430,532 

393,570 

5,302,486 
127,586 
734,761 

1,293,750 

2,613,836 
9,098,027 
1,027,933 

1,089,410 

2,434,746 
111,137 
868,216 

7,461,679 

320,400 

712,000 

129,700 
105,900 
614,991. 

563,758 

320,561 

1,767,136 

7,439,882 

224,400 

8,122,851 


Motive  Power. 


Counties. 

Steam 
engines. 

Water 

wheels. 

Horse 
powers. 

Hand 
powers. 

Foot  powers. 

Wind 
mills. 

The  State 

Barnstable, 

Berkshire, 

2,525 

7 
134 

2,950 

9 
333 

254 
8 

1,031 

4 

12 

2,749 

6 

2 

38 
33 

142 


CEN^SUS   OP   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 
Motive  Power — Concluded. 


Counties. 


Steam 
engines. 


Water 

wheels. 


Horse 
powers. 


Hand 
powers. 


Foot 
powers. 


Whid 

mills. 


Bristol,    . 

Dukes,     . 

Essex, 

Franlilin, 

Hampden, 

Hampshire, 

Middlesex, 

Nantucket, 

Norfolk,  . 

Plymouth, 

Suflblk,   . 

Worcester, 


236 

2 

414 

28 
137 

56 
450 

136 
114 
452 
359 


134 

1 

177 

267 
285 
246 
352 

138 

203 

4 

801 


14 

25 
2 
24 
13 
40 

10 

17 

2 


41 

3 

93 

5 

50 

21 

237 

1 

210 

39 

217 


56 

936 
9 
129 
133 
304 
6 
326 
171 
428 
238 


Steam  and  Water  Power. 


CODNTIES. 

Number  of 
Engines. 

Nominal 
Horse  power. 

Actual  Horse 
power. 

Number  of 
Water  wheels. 

Nominal 
Horse  power. 

The  State, 

2,525 

109,307 

208,186 

2,950 

110,582 

Barnstable,   . 

7 

220 

428 

9 

186 

Berkshire, 

134 

4,767 

9,654 

333 

11,116 

Bristol,  . 

236 

23,281 

46,093 

134 

4,280 

Dukes,  . 

2 

40 

50 

1 

10 

Essex,    . 

414 

19,956 

37,267 

177 

12,519 

Franklin, 

28 

728 

1,406 

267 

8,586 

Hampden, 

137 

3,053 

5,989 

285 

14,472 

Hampshire, 

56 

2,237 

3,716 

246 

6,416 

Middlesex, 

450 

19,067 

34,482 

352 

19,039 

Norfolk, 
Plymouth, 

136 
114 

4,407 
4,031 

8,238 
7,179 

138 
203 

3,230 
4,918 

Suflblk,. 
Worcester, 

452 
359 

13,077 
14,443 

26,935 
26,749 

4 
801 

80 
25,730 

Steam  and  Water  Power  :  By  Industries. 

[In  the  following  presentation  of  horse  power  by  industries,  indefiniteness   in    the    returns   has 
compelled  the  dropping  of  14  steam  engines  and  221  water  wheels  from  the  classification.] 

STEAM    POWER. 


INDUSTKIE8. 


Engines. 


Nominal 
Horse  power. 


Actual 
Horse  power. 


Agricultural  implements. 
Arms  and  ammunition,  . 
Artisans'  tools,  . 


13 


23 


597 
352 
251 


1,158 

683 
487 


MA:NTrPACTUEES   AND   OCCUPATIOISrS. 


143 


Steam  Power — Concluded. 


INDUSTEIES. 


Bags  and  bagging, 

Boots  and  slices, 

Boxes 

Building 

Carpetings, 

Carriages  and  wagons, 

Chemical  preparations, 

Clocks  and  watches, 

Clothing 

Cotton  goods, 

Dress  trimmings, 

Drugs  and  medicines, 

Dyestufls 

Fertilizers, 

Food  preparations 

Furniture 

Glass 

Leather 

Linen,         

Liquors  and  beverages 

Lumber, 

Machines  and  machinery 

Metals  and  metallic  goods 

Musical  instruments  and  materials,        .        . 

Oils  and  illuminating  fluids 

Paper 

Printing  and  publishing, 

Print  works, 

Polishes  and  dressings, 

Railroad  construction 

Rubber, 

Scientific  instruments  and  appliances,    .        . 
Stone, 

Tobacco 

Vessels, 

Wooden  goods, 

Woollen  goods, 

Worsted  goods 

Miscellaneous  manufactures  and  occupations, 


Engines. 


2 

242 

52 

39 

10 

30 

8 

3 

35 

134 

3 
3 

2 

8 
97 

77 


26 


363 


Nominal 
Horse  power. 


325 
4,454 
1,674 
1,014 

1,210 

591 

154 

14 

1,280 

20,895 

24 
85 

450 

376 
3,240 

2,797 

296 


198 

4,389 

8,515 

3 

225 

436 

37 

748 

1,461 

102 

3,733 

7,242 

194 

5,366 

10,410 

218 

11,741 

22,777 

22 

591 

1,146 

980 


66 

3,020 

5,859 

80 

916 

1,776 

104 

6,945 

13,473 

6 

165 

320 

12 

615 

1,193 

12 

1,570 

3,046 

6 

179 

347 

34 

775 

1,503 

1 

3 

6 

12 

325 

630 

82 

2,975 

5,771 

129 

7,923 

15,370 

6 

865 

1,678 

15,179 


Actual 
Horse  power. 


630 
8,641 
3,247 
1,967 

2,347 

1,146 

299 

27 

2,483 
40,536 

46 
165 
873 

729 

6,285 
5,426 

574 


1,901 


25,587 


144 


CEK"SUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


WATER    POWER. 


Industries. 


Water 

Nominal 

wheels. 

Horse  power 

31 

877 

18 

753 

69 

1,506 

4 

176 

72 

1,295 

7 

101 

6 

765 

26 

448 

1 

2 

6 

250 

292 

32,959 

3 

50 

181 

4,390 

110 

2,405 

2 

30 

63 

1,061 

6 

225 

7 

86 

521 

10,362 

74 

2,183 

135 

4,991 

1 

10 

298 

14,527 

4 

114 

40 

4,294 

162 

3,008 

2 

40 

3 

120 

1 

8 

164 

3,751 

309 

13,994 

15 

955 

Agricultural  implements,  • 

Arms  and  ammunition,      .        .        . 

Artisans'  tools, 

Boots  and  shoes,         .... 

Boxes, 

Building 

Carpetings 

Carriages  and  wagons, 

Clocks  and  watches 

Clothing 

Cotton  goods, 

Fertilizers 

Food  preparations 

Furniture, 

Glass, 

Leather 

Linen,    

Liquors  and  beverages, 

Lumber 

Machines  and  machinery,  . 
Metals  and  metallic  goods, 
Musical  instruments  and  materials, 

Paper, 

Printing 

Print  works 

Saw  and  grist  mills 

Scientific  instruments  and  appliances. 

Tobacco, 

Vessels, 


Wooden  goods 

Woollen  goods 

Worsted  goods 

Miscellaneous  manufactures  and  occupations, 


96 


4,846 


These  tables  show  2,525  steam  engmes,  2,950  water  wheels,  254 
horse  powers,  1,031  hand  powers,  2,749  foot  powers,  and  38  wind 
mills  in  use  in  the  State  for  driving  its  machinery.  Of  the  whole 
number  of  steam  engines,  2,257  are  high  pressure,  and  of  the  water 
wheels  209  are  breast,  124  overshot,  62  undershot,  and  the  great 
majority,  2,317,  are  turbine. 

The  tables  also  exhibit  the  nominal  and  actual  horse  power  of  the 


MANTJFAOTUIIES   A:N^D    OCCUPATIONS.  145 

steam  engines  and  water  wheels.  By  nominal  horse  power  is  meant 
that  estimated  power  put  upon  an  engine  by  the  seller ;  this  is  always 
far  within  the  actual  capacity,  for  reasons  of  safety  and  on  account  of 
the  deduction  usually  made  for  power  to  drive  the  belting,  shafting, 
etc.  ;  so  that  the  nominal  horse  power  has  more  particular  reference  to 
the  power  delivered  to  the  machine,  while  actual  horse  power,  which 
we  have  obtained  by  proper  measurement,  and  computation  in  this 
office,  relates  to  the  actual  initial  capacity  of  an  engine. 

In  regard  to  water  wheels,  we  could  obtain  only  the  nominal  power, 
for  to  secure  the  actual  power  would  require  a  scientific  survey  of  all 
the  elements  of  each  water  power,  the  head,  the  fall,  etc.  The 
nominal  horse  power  of  the  steam  engines  of  the  State  is  109,307, 
the  actual,  208,186,  and  the  nominal  power  of  the  water  wheels, 
110,582. 

Under  the  title.  Steam  and  Water  Power  by  Industries,  power 
is  classified  according  to  the  industries  in  which  it  is  used.  The  total 
horse  power,  of  steam  engines  and  water  wheels,  emploj^ed  in  the 
industries  of  the  State,  is  318,768,  equal  to  the  hand  labor  of 
1,912,488  men  ;  this  labor  is  actually  performed,  with  the  aid  of  the 
motive  power  of  the  State,  by  about  300,000  men,  women  and  children. 
In  other  words,  the  industries  of  Massachusetts,  without  the  aid  of 
her  motive  power,  would  require  a  population  of  about  7,400,000,  or 
nearly  4|  times  as  great  as  it  is  now,  to  furnish  the  hand  labor  neces- 
sary to  carry  them  on.  The  use  of  motive  power  is  to  this  extent 
supplemented  to  hand  labor,  Ijut  the  influence  of  this  supplemental 
labor  has  not  been  alike  in  all  industries.  In  horology,  29  horse 
power,  or  the  physical  force  of  174  men,  representing  on  the  scale  we 
have  chosen  a  population  of  522,  supplements  by  the  aid  of  accurately 
thought-out  machinery  the  work  of  1,140  souls,  representing  a 
population  of  5,700,  and  by  the  aid  of  this  very  machinery  in 
which  human  thought  is  so  formularized  in  metal  as  to  go  on  forever 
with  the  cheapest  power  doing  the  work  of  very  competent  men, 
represents  a  far  greater  increase  in  the  production  of  clocks  and 
watches  than  the  average  ratio  of  4|  to  1,  while  the  20,386  horse 
power  of  the  paper  workers  which  supplements  the  labors  of  6,792 
souls  in  the  business  probal)ly  represents  a  less  productive  ratio.  In 
the  one  case,  the  watchmaker  represents  the  physical  force  of  1.15 
men.  In  the  other,  the  paper  worker  represents  the  physical  force  of 
more  than  18  men.  In  textile  fabrics,  with  70,715  work  people,  we 
have  105,492  horse  power  employed,  representing  in  each  operative 

19 


146 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


the  phj'sical  force  of  nearly  9.  The  hard  work  of  the  leather  busmess 
is  done  for  6,774  persons  by  9,576  horse  power,  while  the  1,565  box 
makers  consume  4,542  horse  power.  The  48,536  boot  and  shoe 
workers,  with  their  infinite  subdivisions  and  wonderful  use  of  highly 
organized  machinery,  only  employ  8,817  horse  power,  or  about  a  man 
power  each  beyond  his  own  force,  while  the  furniture  artisan  employs 
1.1  horse  power,  and  the  lumber  workers,  2,095  in  number,  employ 
16,865  horse  power,  giving  each  a  physical  equivalency  of  about  50 
men.  In  the  manufacture  of  food  preparations,  only  4,760  persons 
are  employed  in  the  State,  much  of  our  food  being  imported,  yet  they 
consume  10,010  horse  power,  having  a  productive  equivalency  of 
more  than  12.7  to  1. 

These    comparisons    illustrate  the  magnitude   of   the  influence   of 
motive  power  on  the  industries  of  the  State. 

Persons   Employed    in    Manufactures   and    Occupations,    with 
Classification  by  Age,  Sex,  Etc. 

[This  presentation  gives  the  whole  number  of  persons  employed  in  manufacturing  and  mechanical  in- 
dustries during  the  year  ending  May  1,  1875.  The  figures  presented  under  "  Manufactures  "  are  drawn 
from  the  returns  of  manufacturers,  and  those  under  "Occupations"  from  the  returns  of  other  employers. 
These  are  combined  under  "  Manufactures  and  Occupations,"  to  obtain  the  totals.  The  numbers  given  ill 
the  fourth  to  ninth  columns,  both  Inclusive,  in  the  three  parts  of  the  presentation,  are  comprehended  in 
the  first  three  columns.  As  regards  women  furnished  with  work  at  home,  in  many  cases  work  was  so 
supplied  to  women  living  in  other  towns  than  where  the  establishment  was  situated.  The  figures  in  the 
tenth  column  are  not  included  in  those  given  in  the  third  column.] 

MANUFACTURES . 


, 

, 

0*? 

—  V- 

,; 

0 

u  u  a    ■ 

c^ 

Oh    ■« 

a 

w 

rH   0 

^  0 

2 

T-H 

0;  ,c  c  ^ 

Counties. 

O     o 

.    o. 

3    S 

°  § 

O 
1 

o 
i| 

i  ^ 

a 

(4 
■a 

ales    between 
and    15   yean 
age. 

emales  botwee 
and    15   yean 
age. 

0 
t— ( 

u 

-a 

^    to 
CO     c; 

s  <.- 

a    0 

a  e 

oth   Sexes,   ui 
15,  employed 
more    than 
mths.  in  the  y 

^    1 

IS 

s 

(^ 

S 

S 

Pi 

S 

b< 

a 

y^ 

The  State, 

267,925 

177,781 

90,144 

8,982 

6,568 

4,915 

84 

114 

872 

31,185 

Barnstable,     . 

700 

695 

105 

6 

16 

- 

- 

- 

- 

444 

^Berkshire, 

10,729 

6,701 

4,028 

606 

484 

319 

- 

4 

118 

69 

Bristol,    . 

28,081 

16,947 

11,134 

1,119 

1,311 

1,049 

6 

- 

26 

1,093 

Dukes,    . 

89 

88 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

Essex, 

44,837 

28,382 

16,455 

1,762 

747 

535 

3 

- 

36 

2,978 

Franklin, 

4,284 

2,875 

1,409 

440 

203 

236 

10 

70 

4 

642 

Hampden, 

19,812 

11,045 

8,767 

986 

527 

558 

18 

32 

42 

976 

Hampshire,     . 

6,825 

3,823 

3,002 

300 

370 

293 

10 

6 

7 

611 

Middlesex, 

47,978 

30,346 

17,632 

1,471 

985 

794 

- 

1 

43 

1,544 

Nantucket, 

144 

40 

104 

81 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

267 

Norfolk, . 

12,548 

9,447 

3,101 

196 

160 

44 

- 

- 

4 

7,234 

Plymouth, 

10,317 

8,754 

1,563 

218 

142 

38 

10 

- 

10 

1,963 

Sufi"olk,  . 

38,478 

27,855 

10,623 

495 

376 

145 

1 

- 

215 

6,214 

Worcester, 

43,103 

30,883 

12,220 

1,301 

1,247 

904 

26 

1 

367 

7,149 

MANUFACTURES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


147 


OCCUPATIONS. 


Counties. 


i. 

o 

B^ 

■a 

^ 

>, 

o 

Q. 

o 

!2i 

o 

03 

o 

C 

o 

>- 

1 

s 

« 
o 

H 

is 

o 

1   s 

BO 

a 

•a 
a 

36,527 

4,511 

516 

679 

7 

1 

811 

21 

4 

5,530 

120 

6 

91 

1 

- 

4,795 

1,571 

43 

265 

17 

10 

2,526 

276 

96 

466 

7 

- 

4,710 

302 

37 

183 

- 

- 

1,132 

28 

5 

702 

28 

6 

11,399 

1,694 

227 

3,238 

439 

81 

a-a  o 


c 

3 


5     « 


U   L4    X      • 

o;  o  —  ^ 
•C  ■"  .=  S 


^   S   OJ   !» 


^  i 


S  =  2 
izi 


The  State 

» 

41,038 

Barnstable,     . 

686 

Berkshire, 

832 

Bristol,   . 

5,650 

Dulfes,    . 

92 

Essex, 

6,366 

Franklin, 

282 

Hampden, 

2,802 

Hampshire, 

473 

Middlesex, 

5,012 

Nantucket, 

183 

Norfolk,  . 

1,160 

Plymouth, 

730 

Suffolk,  . 

13,093 

Worcester, 

3,677 

103 


38 
6 

7 


1 

39 
11 


73 


20 
51 


54 


54 


23 


1,517 
1 


46 

9 

21 

59 


1 

1 

1 

2 

14 

18 

2 

1,356 

MANUFACTURES    AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


The  State, 

308,963 

214,308 

94,655 

9,498 

6,671 

4,988 

84 

168 

895 

32,702 

Barnstable,     . 

1,386 

1,274 

112 

7 

16 

- 

- 

_ 

445 

Berkshire, 

11,561 

7,512 

4,049 

610 

485 

319 

- 

4 

118 

69 

Bristol,    . 

33,731 

22,477 

11,254 

1,125 

1,311 

1,049 

6 

- 

26 

1,097 

Dukes,    . 

181 

179 

2 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

Essex,     . 

51,203 

33,177 

18,026 

1,805 

785 

536 

3 

_ 

36 

3,024 

Franklin, 

4,566 

3,140 

1,426 

450 

203 

236 

10 

70 

4 

651 

Hampden, 

22,614 

13,571 

9,043 

1,082 

533 

558 

18 

32 

45 

997 

Hampshire, 

7,298 

4,289 

3,009 

300 

370 

293 

10 

6 

7 

611 

Middlesex, 

52,990 

35,056 

17,934 

1,508 

992 

795 

- 

1 

45 

1,603 

Nantucket, 

327 

223 

104 

81 

- 

- 

- 

- 

267 

Norfolk,  . 

13,708 

10,579 

3,129 

201 

160 

44 

- 

- 

5 

7,235 

Plymouth, 

11,047 

9,456 

1,591 

224 

143 

38 

10 

- 

11 

1,965 

Suffolk,  . 

51,571 

39,254 

12,317 

722 

415 

165 

1 

- 

229 

6,232 

Worcester, 

46,780 

34,121 

12,659 

1,382 

1,258 

955 

26 

55 

369 

8,505 

This  presentation  gives  the  whole  number  of  persons,  by  sex  and 
age,  actually  engaged  in  the  mechanical  industries  of  the  State  during 
the  year  ending  May  1,  1875,  as  returned  on  the  certificates  of  the 
manufacturers  and  proprietors  themselves,  and  these  returns  compre- 
hended all  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  goods  or  in  occupations, 
in  accordance  with  the  classification  stated  at  the  beginning  of  this 
Part.     This  table  furnishes  the  best  proof  of  the  completeness  and 


148  CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 

accuracy  of  the  Census  of  1875,  in  this,  that  by  the  returns  of  the 
people  themselves,  upon  the  family  schedule,  as  shown  on  page  82, 
Part  I.,  the  whole  number,  of  all  ages  and  of  both  sexes,  having  an 
occupation  in  some  manufacturing  or  mechanical  industry  was  316,459  ; 
of  which  233,252  were  males,  and  83,207  were  females;  and  of  the 
males  228,469  were  above  fifteen  years  of  age,  4,725  from  ten  to  fifteen, 
and  58  below  ten;  of  the  females  77,238  were  above  fifteen,  5,863 
from  ten  to  fifteen,  and  106  below  ten.  This  total,  316,459,  included 
all  actually  engaged  in  mechanical  pursuits,  and  also  those  who 
claimed  a  mechanical  pursuit  as  an  occupation,  whether  actually 
engaged  during  the  year  or  not.  Now,  from  the  returns  of  the  manu- 
facturers and  proprietors,  on  certificates  entirely  distinct  from  the 
family  returns,  we  have,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  page  147,  a 
total  of  308,963  of  both  sexes  and  all  ages  actually  employed  in  man- 
ufacturing and  mechanical  pursuits.  Of  this  number  214,308  were 
males,  207,553  being  over  fifteen,  6,671  between  ten  and  fifteen,  and 
84  under  ten  years  of  age.  The  females  numbered  94,655,  of  which 
89,499  were  over  fifteen,  4,988  between  ten  and  fifteen,  and  168 
under  ten  years  of  age.  The  variation  in  totals,  as  shown  between 
the  family  returns,  presented  in  Part  I.,  and  those  from  manufact- 
urers and  proprietors,  is  but  7,496,  a  very  small  number  indeed. 
The  variation  in. the  nuniber  of  females  over  fifteen,  as  given  by  the 
two  processes,  is  the  result  of  erroneous  answers  to  the  family  sched- 
ule inquiries  as  to  occupations.  The  figures,  drawn  from  the  returns 
which  form  the  basis  of  this  Part,  must  be  taken  as  correct,  for  the 
classification  has  been  arbitrary  and  absolute,  on  the  answers  of  the 
proprietors,  of  the  number  of  males  and  females  employed,  and  no 
liability  to  error  existed,  as  in  the  case  of  the  answers  by  operatives. 
The  apparent  discrepancy  in  the  number  of  males  occurs  1)y  not 
counting,  in  this  Part,  the  proprietors  themselves,  while  in  Part 
I.,  on  the  basis  of  the  family  returns  as  to  occupation,  they  were 
classed  as  engaged  in  a  manufacturing  or  mechanical  industry.  The 
variations,  however,  on  the  whole,  are  so  insignificant,  and  the 
reasons,  to  us,  so  satisfactory,  that  we  consider  the  comparison  the 
best  test  of  the  completeness  of  the  Census,  and  of  the  conscientious 
co-operation  of  the  people.  In  addition  to  the  308,963,  as  shown 
as  being  employed  in  mechanical  jDursuits,  32,702  women  were  fur- 
nished with  work  at  home,  being  also  engaged  in  housework.  By 
this  present^ition  we  learn  that  895  children,  of  both  sexes,  were 
employed  for  more  than  nine  months  in  the  year,  in  direct  violation 


MANUFAOTUKES   AND    OCCUPATIOXS. 


149 


of  the  provisions  of  law;  by  the  family  returns  (Part  I.)  there  were 
returns  of  8,616  such  violations. 

.    Persons  Employed  and  Wages. 

[In  this  presentation  only  those  persons  for  whom  wages  were  returned  arc  given.  In  the  preceding 
presentation,  "Persons  Employed,"  the  whole  number  of  employes  is  given  without  regard  to  wages.  To 
learn  the  connection  between  this  presentation  and  the  succeeding,  which  relates  to  persons  employed  and 
wages  by  industries,  see  explanatory  note  on  page  150.] 


Average  Yearly  Wages. 


Persons  Employed, 
Both  Sexes. 

Classification  by  Sex  and  Age. 

Counties. 

Average 

Males 

Average 

Females 

Average 

Both  sexes 

Average 

Number. 

wages. 

above  15. 

wages. 

above  15. 

wages. 

under  15. 

wages. 

The  State, 

266,339 

$475  76 

179,383 

$568  13 

76,389 

$343  42 

10,567 

$146  65 

Barnstable,      . 

690 

452  70 

577 

503  55 

97 

204  43 

16 

123  81 

Berkshire, 

10,615 

393  60 

6,466 

486  36 

3,376 

271  94 

773 

150  38 

Bristol,     . 

28,376 

444  81 

16,967 

547  12 

9,082 

331  80 

2,347 

141  U 

Dukes, 

164 

395  94  . 

103 

395  82 

1 

419  00 

- 

- 

Essex, 

46,208 

441  35 

29,272 

524  80 

15,769 

307  34 

1,167 

159  77 

Franklin,  . 

3,115 

432  14 

2,362 

480  83 

568 

320  43 

185 

153  47 

Hampden, 

19,496 

453  44 

11,323 

576  38 

7,063 

307  23 

1,110 

133  24 

Hampshire, 

5,807 

389  18 

3,311 

502  86 

1,975 

269  98 

521 

118  56 

Middlesex, 

45,696 

452  55 

28,959 

559  08 

15,033 

281  45 

1,704 

151  31 

Nantucket, 

71 

448  86 

65 

476  01 

6 

154  66 

- 

- 

Norfolk,    . 

10,459 

456  55 

8,019 

521  78 

2,272 

249  35 

168 

145  07 

Plymouth, 

8,667 

472  62 

7,385 

502  50 

1,172 

312  07 

110 

176  41 

Suffolk,    . 

46,977 

616  23 

36,364 

697  11 

10,108 

346  91 

505 

162  86 

Worcester, 

39,998 

453  96 

28,150 

531  62 

9,887 

293  45 

1,961 

153  41 

150  CEN-sus  OF  MASS.— 1S75.     compe:n^dium. 

The  foregoing  exhibits  a  statement  of  persons  employed,  chissi- 
fied  as  to  age  and  sex,  with  their  wages,  as  returned  by  proprietors 
in  manufactures  and  occupations,  for  266,339  employes.  The  whole 
number  of  persons  employed,  as  returned,  was,  as  stated  under  the 
previous  topic,  308,963,  but  wages  were  given  for  266,339  of  that 
number,  as  shown  in  this  presentation.  The  total  amount  of  wages 
paid  this  latter  number  was  $126,711,583,  of  which  males  above  fif- 
teen years  of  age  received  $101,913,544,  and  females  above  fifteen, 
$23,248,404;  both  sexes  mider  fifteen,  $1,549,635.  The  average 
yearly  Avages  of  both  sexes  was  $475.76;  of  males  above  fifteen, 
$568.13  ;  of  females  above  fifteen,  $343.42  ;  and  of  both  sexes  under 
fifteen',  $146.65.  From  returns  made  by  individuals,  independent  of 
the  proprietors,  as  will  be  shown  in  Part  IV.,  the  average  yearly 
wage  for  the  State,  both  sexes  and  all  industries,  was  $418.39.  From 
the  United  States  Census  of  1870,  the  average  wages  per  year  for  the 
State,  including  both  sexes,  as  returned  by  the  manufacturers  for  279,- 
380  employes,  were  $422.10.  For  further  remarks  on  average  wages, 
see  p.  157.  The  averages,  in  the  foregoing  table,  it  should  be  re- 
membered, are  for  all  industries  ;  for  each  industry  they  are  given  in 
the  next  presentation,  entitled, — 

Persons  Employed  in  Manueactures  and  Occupations,  by  Indus- 
tries ;  AviTH  Classification  by  Sex,  Age,  etc.  ;  Average 
Yearly  and  Total  Wages  ;  and  Nibiber  of  Day  and  Piece 
Hands,  with  Classification  by  Sex  and  Age. 

[In  the  presentation  on  page  146  of  this  Part,  entitled  "  Persons  Employed,"  the  returns  made  by  manu- 
facturers and  other  employers  of  the  number  of  persons  in  their  employ  are  given.  The  entire  number 
borne  on  the  schedules  are  tliere  presented,  with  a  classification  showing  the  respective  numbers  engaged 
in  Manufactures  and  Occupations,  and  with  other  particulars  concerning  sex,  ages,  married  females,  chil- 
dren unlawfully  employed,  and  women  supplied  with  work  at  their  homes. 

In  the  presentation  on  page  149,  entitled  "  Persons  Employed  and  Wages,"  the  distinctions  relating  to 
Manufactures  and  Occupations  are  dropped,  and  only  those  are  accounted  for,  for  whom  wages  were 
returned.  The  presentation,  therefore,  gives  the  whole  number  of  persons  for  whom  j-early  wages  were 
given,  and  the  amount  of  the  wages.  The  persons  employed  are  therein  divided  into  male  employes 
above  15  years  of  age,  female  employes  of  a  similar  age,  and  employes  of  both  sexes  under  15  j-ears  of  age. 

The  following  presentation  relates  to  persons  employed,  working  time,  wages,  etc.,  with  reference  to 
industries.  Under  each  subdivision  the  diti'erent  industries  are  specified.  In  making  the  showing  for  each 
industry,  only  those  persons  are  accounted  for  for  whom  the  information  presented  in  the  subdivision 
was  given.  Besides,  in  all  cases  where  only  one  person  was  returned  in  an  industry,  the  person  and  par- 
ticulars h.ave  been  dropped.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  total  of  the  persons  omploj'ed  in  all  the 
industries,  as  given  in  the  succeeding  tables,  will  compare  with  the  presentation  given  on  page  149  and 
not  with  that  given  on  page  146.  The  preceding  explanation  serves  to  show  that  the  number  for  whom 
wages  were  reported  was  smaller  than  the  number  returned  as  being  employed. 

The  second  8ul)division  of  tliis  presentation  contains  columns  showing  the  number  of  males  and 
females  for  whom  the  data  of  average  working  time  and  daily  wages  were  given.  All  deficiencies  in  the 
returns  operated,  of  course,  to  render  the  totals  of  these  columns  less  than  those  of  "  persons  employed  " 
in  the  first  subdivision  of  the  presentation. 

The  yearly  and  total  wages  given  are  derived  from  the  details  for  average  yearly  working  time  and 
daily  wage.] 


MANUPACTUKES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


151 


Persons  Employed,  with  Classification  by  Ages. 


Persons  Employed. 

2. 

Persons  Employed,  With  Age. 

u 

to 

I—) 

o 

o 
o 

o 

o 

<u 

« 

tH 

o 

a 

O 

f— 1 

QJ 

Industries. 

a 

a 

GJ 

o 

i~t 

■O 

a 

3 

a 
fe 

> 

O 

a 

a 

<i: 

1 

c 

y. 

•a 

03 

<^ 

5 

in 

0) 

1 

OS 

a 

a 

a 

to 

« 

a 

Manufactures. 

Agricultural  implements,    . 

1,187 

1,187 

- 

- 

1,185 

- 

2 

- 

- 

- 

Arms  and  ammunition, 

1,109 

1,014 

95 

- 

1,014 

95 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Artisans'  tools,     . 

1,240 

1,225 

15 

1 

1,212 

13 

12 

1 

1 

1 

Bags  and  bagging, 

226 

108 

118 

15 

81 

97 

27 

21 

- 

- 

Book  binderies,     . 

1,096 

499 

597 

6 

493 

597 

6 

- 

- 

- 

Boots  and  shoes,  . 

48,090 

36,767 

11,323 

1,631 

35,885 

10,997 

870 

326 

12 

- 

Boxes, 

1,528 

1,051 

477 

23 

1,044 

477 

7 

- 

- 

- 

Brooms,          .... 

140 

121 

19 

- 

119 

19 

2 

- 

- 

- 

Building 

4,033 

4,033 

- 

- 

4,032 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

Carpetings 

3,119 

1,349 

1,770 

152 

1,319 

1,760 

30 

10 

- 

- 

Carriages  and  wagons. 

3,072 

3,018 

54 

2 

3,016 

54 

2 

- 

- 

- 

Chemical  preparations, 

163 

155 

8 

- 

154 

8 

1 

- 

- 

- 

Clocks  and  watches,     . 

1,140 

757 

383 

3 

750 

380 

7 

3 

- 

- 

Clothing,        .... 

13,702 

4,016 

9,686 

1,046 

3,886 

9,588 

126 

98 

4 

- 

Cotton  goods. 

60,176 

24,814 

35,362 

2,871 

21,706 

32,399 

3,090 

2,953 

18 

10 

Cotton     and    woollen    and 

other  textiles,     . 

3,290 

1,647 

1,643 

318 

1,516 

1,541 

131 

102 

- 

- 

Dress  trimmings, . 

278 

37 

241 

3 

37 

231 

_ 

10 

_ 

_ 

Drugs  and  medicines,  . 

363 

262 

101 

4 

260 

99 

2 

2 

- 

- 

Fertilizers,    .... 

298 

295 

3 

2 

295 

3 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Food  preparations, 

4,672 

3,754 

918 

113 

3,722 

900 

32 

18 

- 

- 

Furniture,     .... 

6,674 

6,014 

660 

57 

5,975 

569 

29 

71 

10 

20 

Glass 

1,291 

1,208 

83 

3 

1,144 

83 

64 

- 

- 

- 

Leather,         .... 

6,620 

6,394 

226 

20 

6,379 

224 

15 

2 

_ 

_ 

Linen,     

1,059 

527 

532 

14 

446 

447 

81 

85 

- 

- 

Liquors  and  beverages. 

879 

879 

- 

- 

879 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Lumber 

1,961 

1,958 

3 

2 

1,941 

3 

17 

- 

- 

- 

Machines  and  machinery,    . 

9,561 

9,309 

252 

24 

9,254 

232 

54 

20 

1 

_ 

Metals  atid  metallic  goods,  . 

17,563 

16,155 

1,408 

65 

15,808 

1,337 

341 

71 

6 

- 

Musical     instruments     and 

materials 

2,249 

2,213 

36 

2 

2,203 

36 

10 

- 

- 

- 

Oils  and  illuminating  fluids. 

673 

558 

115 

1 

558 

115 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Paper 

6,493 

2,760 

3,733 

687 

2,713 

3,692 

47 

41 

- 

_ 

Polishes  and  dressings. 

115 

77 

38 

- 

77 

37 

- 

1 

- 

- 

Printing  and  publishing. 

4,360 

3,427 

933 

39 

3,336 

926 

91 

7 

- 

- 

Railroad  construction, 

537 

534 

3 

_ 

530 

3 

4 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Kubber,         .... 

1,054 

635 

419 

30 

617 

411 

18 

8 

- 

- 

Scientific   instruments    and 

appliances, 

367 

318 

49 

2 

315 

49 

3 

- 

- 

- 

Stone 

2,553 

2,553 

- 

- 

2,552 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

Tobacco 

1,350 

948 

402 

79 

936 

399 

12 

3 

- 

- 

Vessels,         .... 

1,454 

1,450 

4 

- 

1,449 

4 

1 

- 

- 

- 

Wooden  goods. 

4,267 

4,091 

176 

27 

3,972 

174 

119 

2 

_ 

_ 

Woollen  goods. 

19,036 

11,334 

7,702 

854 

10,376 

7,018 

950 

684 

8 

- 

Worsted  goods,    . 

1,499 

580 

919 

154 

532 

823 

48 

96 

- 

- 

Miscellaneous  manufactures, 

23,127 

15,340 

7,787 

699 
8,949 

14,765 

7,536 

562 

220 

13 

31 

Totals 

263,664 

175,371 

88,293 

168,483 

83,376 

6,815 

4,855 

73 

62 

152 


CEXSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPEJTOIUM. 


Persons  Employed,  with  Classification  by  Ages — Concluded. 


PuitsoNs  Employed. 

i 

CO 

Persons  Emploted,  With  Age. 

lO 

ic 

o 

o 

.2 

o 

.— 1 

Industries. 

.a 

"5 

a 

o 

a 

o 

u 

CI 

S 

<u 

> 

s 

^ 

2 

o 

a 

3 

U* 

O 

c3 

a 

c 

■o 

3 

ir, 

■3 

w 
o 

1 

— 

M 

"rf 

o 

X 

a 

m 

"^ 

to 

o 

s 

(4 

a 

o 

rt 
S 

£13 

3 

Occupations. 

Blacksmitliing, 

2,458 

2,458 

- 

- 

2,455 

- 

3 

_ 

_ 

^ 

Bleaching  and  dyeing, 

569 

253 

316 

48 

253 

316 

.. 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Boot  and  slioe  making  and 

repairing 

2,626 

1,462 

1,164 

324 

1,459 

1,156 

3 

8 

_ 

_ 

Bottling,        .... 

141 

141 

- 

- 

138 

- 

3 

- 

_ 

_ 

Building  moving, . 

193 

193 

_ 

_ 

193 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Butchering 

743 

743 

- 

- 

740 

- 

3 

- 

- 

Carpentry  and  joinery, 

5,059 

5,059 

^ 

_ 

5,059 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Clock,   watch   and   jewelry 

re  )airing,   .... 

490 

487 

3 

1 

484 

3 

3 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Clot  les  making  and  repair- 

ing  

518 

126 

392 

67 

125 

389 

1 

3 

_ 

_ 

Clothing  repairing  and  re- 

modelling, .... 

573 

281 

292 

38 

281 

291 

_ 

1 

_ 

_ 

Coopering 

168 

168 

- 

- 

167 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

Dress  making. 

860 

- 

860 

153 

- 

852 

- 

8 

- 

- 

Glass  and  china  decorating. 

100 

92 

8 

3 

90 

8 

2 

_ 

_ 

Glazing,     painting,     paper 

hanging,  etc 

1,491 

1,484 

7 

4 

1,484. 

7 

- 

- 

- 

_ 

Gilding,          .... 

122 

118 

4 

- 

Ill 

4 

7 

- 

- 

- 

Harness  and  saddle  repair. 

ing 

293 

293 

- 

- 

292 

- 

■      1 

- 

- 

- 

Machinists'  work, 

1,754 

1,754 

_ 

1,750 

4 

Masoning  and  plastering,    . 

2,716 

2.716 

- 

- 

2,714 

- 

2 

- 

- 

_ 

Millinery,       .... 

339 

10 

329 

40 

9 

328 

1 

1 

- 

- 

Painting,        .... 

1,877 

1,877 

_ 

_ 

1,877 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Paper  hanging,     . 

246 

243 

3 

- 

243 

3 

_ 

_ 

- 

- 

Plumbing  and  gas  fitting,    . 

1,188 

1,185 

3 

- 

1,180 

3 

5 

- 

- 

- 

Roofing 

347 

347 

- 

- 

346 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

Stair  building, 

188 

188 

_ 

_ 

188 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Stone  cutting  and  dressing. 

1,542 

1,542 

- 

- 

1,539 

- 

3 

- 

- 

- 

Tinsmithing, 

873 

873 

- 

- 

873 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Upholstering, 

498 

424 

74 

11 

421 

73 

3 

1 

- 

- 

Vessel  and  boat  repairing,  . 

380 

380 

- 

- 

380 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Wheelwrighting,  . 

303 

303 

- 

- 

303 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Miscellaneous   occupations, 

4,723 
33,378 

4,235 

29,435 

488 

45 

4,181 

483 

54 

5 

- 

- 

Totals 

3,943 

734 

29,335 

3,916 

100 

27 

- 

- 

Aggregates. 

• 

Manufactures, 

263,664 

175,371 

88,293 

8,949 

168,483 

83,376 

6,815 

4,855 

73 

62 

Occupations, 

33,378 

29,435 

3,943 

734 

29,335 

3,916 

100 

27 

- 

- 

Totals 

297,042 

204,806 

92,236 

9,683 

197,818 

87,292 

6,915 

4,882 

73 

62 

MANUFACTUEES  A:N'D  OCCUPATIOXS. 


153 


AvEEAGE  Yearly  axd  Total  Wages. 


Working  Tim 
Wagks  Given 

E  AND 
FOK,— 

Average  Yearly  Wages. 

INDUSTEIES, 

1 
S 

3 

n 

CO 

a 
S 

CO 

c    <s 
pa 

l-H 

ll 

s 

a  - 

g    a 

to 

y,  '-' 

o     u 
V.    a 

O     3 

O     ^      CO 

Manufactures. 

Agricultural  implements, 
Arms  and  ammunition, . 
Artisans'  tools. 

1,176 
1,108 
1,132 

1,176 
1,013 
1,122 

95 
10 

$680  85 
662  69 
646  13 

$681  63 
702  48 
657  30 

$238  44 
223  90 

$225  00 
171  64 

$800,686 
734,264 
731,427 

Bags  and  bagsing,  . 
Book  binderies. 
Boots  aud  sboes,     . 

Boxes, 

Brooms, 

Building 

224 

1,034 

38,516 

1,445 

103 
3,816 

108 
468 
29,148 
991 
103 
3,816 

116 

566 

9,368 

454 

249  59 
516  04 
455  05 
489  57 
485  88 
604  97 

307  07 
758  39 
546  02 
.540  50 
485  88 
605  12 

249  47 
323  69 
325  17 
404  14 

150  62 
197  20 
165  90 
285  60 

6  00 

55,803 

533,592 

18,727,124 

707,835 

50,052 

2,308,567 

Carpetings,      .... 
Carriages  and  wagons,  . 
Chemical  ])rcparations,  . 
Clocks  and  watches, 

Clothing, 

Cotton  goods,  .... 

Cotton  and  woollen  and  other 

textiles 

3,112 

3,003 
162 

1,106 
10,376 
56,182 

3,259 

1,346 

2,951 
154 
728 

3,134 
23,266 

1,627 

1,766 

52 

8 

378 

7,242 

32,916 

1,632 

322  66 
622  04 
612  76 
707  22 
445  75 
333  15 

367  22 

429  33 
628  05 
627  06 
882  10 
689  75 
446  13 

480  61 

246  54 
289  08 
337  50 
370  42 
349  20 
295  41 

285  84 

129  60 
202  00 

154  82 
136  18 

168  81 

1,004,127 

1,867,982 

99,267 

782,192 

4,625,136 

18,717,286 

1,196,793 

Dress  trimmings,    . 
Drugs  and  medicines,    . 

213 
336 

36 
243 

177 
93 

316  51 
433  65 

540  36 
497  26 

282  18 
267  44 

84  00 

67,418 
145,707 

Fertilizers 

Food  preparations, 
Furniture 

294 
4,441 

5,802 

291 
3,603 
5,278 

3 

838 
524 

639  64 
543  44 
569  39 

642  04 

611  77 
601  80 

407  00 

262  49 
260  04 

197  30 
112  91 

188,056 
2,414,442 
3,303,630 

Glass 

1,288 

1,207 

♦  81 

537  49 

587  29 

255  80 

148  47 

692,290 

Leather 

Linen 

Liquors  and  beverages, . 
Lumber 

6,172 

1,059 

802 

1,664 

6,051 
527 
802 

1,662 

121 
532 

2 

589  28 
284  81 
612  01 
432  08 

596  54 
390  35 
612  01 

434  78 

319  33 

243  76 

85  00 

268  09 
107  40 

163  64 

3,637,146 
301,619 
480,872 
718,987 

Machines  and  machinery, 
Metals  and  metallic  goods,     . 
Musical  instruments  and  ma- 
terials  

9,374 
16,962 

2,095 

9,134 
15,643 

2,059 

240 
1,319 

36 

641  47 
577  09 

866  09 

652  46 
611  55 

876  99 

326  31 
307  62 

325  28 

200  95 
158  56 

134  25 

6,013,174 
9,802,629 

1,814,463 

Oils  and  illuminating  fluids,  . 

628 

514 

114 

545  70 

582  92 

- 

- 

342,705 

Paper, 

Printing  aud  publishing. 

6,408 

101 

3,932 

2,728 

63 

3,090 

3,680 

38 
842 

430  00 

506  48 
629  72 

591  50 
593  39 
702  16 

316  91 
362  40 
412  39 

172  10 

198  47 

2,774,756 

51,155 

2,476,092 

Railroad  construction,   . 

507 
956 

504 
574 

3 

S82 

561  47 
476  29 

564  49 
605  00 

54  00 
306  95 

143  24 

284,666 
455,341 

Scientific  instruments  and  ap- 
pliances  

Stone, 

354 
2,499 

306 
2,499 

48 

.595  28 
627  30 

632  34 
627  30 

359  02 

_ 

210,730 
1,567,642 

Tobacco 

1,211 

862 

349 

565  74 

665  03 

328  60 

270  44 

683,419 

Vessels 

1,213 

1,209 

4 

619  41 

620  91 

167  00 

- 

751,350 

Wooden  goods, 
"Woollen  goods, 
Worsted  goods. 

4,037 

17,692 

1,481 

3,873 

10,530 

575 

164 

7,162 
906 

553  58 
350  84 
371  54 

575  62 
420  67 
545  31 

237  91 

293  78 
288  11 

194  10 
159  00 
180  70 

2,235,039 

6,207,057 

550,248 

Miscellaneous  manufactures. 

18,676 

13,938 

4,738 

426  21 

- 

- 

- 

7,960,065 

Totals 

235,951 

158,952 

76,999 

$462  27 

- 

- 

- 

$109,072,831 

20 


154 


CENSUS   OP   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 


Average   Yearly  and  Total  Wages — Concluded. 


Industries. 


Working  Time  and 
Wages  Given  for,— 


Occupations. 

Blacksmitliiiif;, 
Bleaching  and  dyeing,    . 
Boot  and   shoe   making  and 

repairing, 
Bottling,  .... 
Building  moving,    . 
Butchering, 

Carpentry  and  joinery,  . 
Clock,  watch  and  jewelry  re 

pairing, 
Clothes  making  and  repairing 
Clothing    repairing    and    re 

modelling,     . 
Coopering, 

Dressmaking,  . 

Glass  and  china  decorating. 
Glazing,  painting,  paper  hang 

ing,  etc 

Gilding 

Harness  and  saddle  repairing, 

Machinists'  work,   . 
Masoning  and  plastering, 
Millinery, 

Painting,  .... 
Paper  hanging. 
Plumbing  and  gas  fitting. 

Roofing,  .... 

Stair  building, 

Stone  cutting  and  dressing, 

Tinsmithing,    . 

Upholstering,  . 

Vessel  and  boat  repairing, 

Wheelwrighting,     . 

Miscellaneous  occupations, 
Totals,       .        .        . 

Aggregates. 

Manufactures, . 

Occupations,    . 
Totals, 


2,171 
543 

2,373 
131 
190 

630 

4,791 

400 
495 

539 
163 

774 

96 

1,392 
118 

265 

1,723 

2,542 

308 

1,781 

201 

1,143 

■      346 

186 
1,417 

821 

433 

373 

272 

3,771 

30,388 


235,951 
30,388 


266,339 


2,171 
239 

1,218 
131 
190 
630 


4,791 

400 
113 

262 
163 


88 

1,390 
116 

265 

1,723 
2,542 


1,781 

198 

1,143 

346 

186 
1,417 

821 

375 

373 

272 

3,315 

26,665 


158,952 
26,665 


185,617 


304 
1,155 


382 
277 

774 


302 


58 


456 


3,723 

76,999 
3,723 


80,722 


Average  Yearly  Wages. 


o 


a  s 


$636  21 
400  32 

405  78 
405  52 
467  62 
658  00 

658  63 

748  98 
412  66 

448  49 
674  46 

286  18 

619  27 

665  36 
686  03 

573  11 

682  70 

593  82 
319  94 

568  92 
585  98 
685  20 

573  30 

743  49 
650  17 

617  57 

577  18 

662  35 

594  91 
511  08 


$580  45 

$462  27 
580  45 


$475  76 


$636  21 
575  98 

493  01 

405  52 

467  62 

658  00 

658  63 

755  06 
587  00 

639  30 
674  46 


665  70 

665  36 

615  47 

573  11 

683  93 
594  16 
465  16 

568  92 
590  15 
687  44 

573  30 

743  49 
650  77 

617  57 

616  01 
662  35 
594  91 


$262  21 
314  91 


363  55 
268  00 

286  37 
240  00 

302  50 


317  06 
310  00 


361  07 


$182  88 


146  75 
170  00 


238  66 
140  00 

222  85 


179  50 
150  00 


174  60 


225  00 


153  50 


$568  13  $343  42  :$146  65 


.s  S 

J* 

1^     00 

t— ) 

C3 

a) 

^ 

.C    1-1 

to     C3 

O 

.5  3 

H 

$1,381,228 

217,374 

962,935 

63,124 

88,848 

414,582 

3,165,514 

299,592 

204,210 

241,736 

110,937 

221,224 


59,450 

926,197 
69,152 


151,875 

1,176,409 

1,509,493 

98,543 

1,023,052 
117,783 
783,183 

198,500 

138,290 
921,302 

507,025 

251,021 

247,060 

161,817 

1,927,296 


$17,638,752 

$109,072,831 
17,638,752 


$126,711,583 


MANUFACTUKES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


155 


NmiBER  OF  Day  and  Piece  Hands,  with  Classification  by  Age. 


Persons  Employed. 

Day  Hands. 

riECE  Hands. 

Industries. 

u 

x> 
B 
a 
"A 

0) 

o 

■a 
c 

C3 

a 
A 

m 

•a 

c 

03 

a 

>      O 

CO          . 

O      O 

■5  ^ 

I— < 

CO 

a    ° 

c    P 

3     ^ 
(n     ■*-) 

g    6 
■£  .o 

O    r1 

a>     o 

>    o 

s  ^ 

to 

-     o 

3      ^ 

M      *^ 

V     C3 

■S  « 

O     --I 

pa 

Manufactures. 
Agricultural   implements, 
Arms  and  ammunition. 
Artisans'  tools,  . 

1,176 
1,108 
1,132 

1,118 

588 
798 

58 
520 
334 

1,116 
493 
775 

95 
9 

2 
14 

58 
520 
330 

1 

3 

Bags  and  bagging,     . 
Book  binderies, . 
Boots  and  shoes, 
Boxes,         .... 
Brooms,      .... 
Building 

224 

1,034 

38,516 

1,445- 

103 

3,816 

191 

599 

12,882 

1,2(10 

61 

3,774 

33 

435 

25,634 

245 

42 

42 

79 

387 

10,206 

914 

61 

3,773 

92 

207 

2,442 

282 

20 

5 

234 

4 

1 

2 

72 
18,397 
72 
42 
42 

3 

363 

6,752 

172 

28 

485 
1 

Carpetings, 
Carriages  and  wagons, 
Chemical  preparations,     . 
Clocks  and  watches,  . 

Clothing 

Cotton  goods. 
Cotton    and   woollen    and 
other  textiles, . 

3,112 

3,003 

162 

1,106 

10,376 

56,182 

3,259 

2,159 

2,492 

151 

695 

6,002 

29,064 

1,666 

953 

511 

11 

411 

4,374 

27,118 

1,593 

1,150 

2,443 

151 

535 

2,004 

14,472 

1,043 

969 
48 

160 
3,835 

9,856 

402 

40 

1 

163 
4,736 

221 

166 

507 

3 

193 

1,033 

5,799 

457 

787 

4 

8 

218 

3,337 

20,184 

1,127 

4 
1,135 

9 

Dress  trimmings. 
Drugs  and  medicines, 

213 
336 

121 
322 

92 
14 

25 
240 

96 

82 

- 

11 
3 

71 
11 

10 

Fertilizers, .... 
Food  preparations,    . 
Furniture 

294 
4,441 

5,802 

294 
4,304 
3,516 

137 
2,286 

291 
3,544 
3,445 

3 

725 
59 

35 
12 

38 
1,821 

97 
444 

2 
21 

Glass 

1,288 

900 

388 

771 

66 

63 

351 

15 

22 

Leather 

Linen, 

Liquors  and  beverages,     . 
Lumber,      .... 

6,172 

1,059 

802 

1,664 

5,469 
769 
802 

1,617 

703 
290 

47 

5,356 
367 
802 

1,605 

79 
300 

34 
102 

12 

661 
84 

43 

42 
142 

2 

64 
2 

Machines  and  machinery, . 
Metals  and  metallic  goods. 
Musical    instruments    and 
materials. 

9,374 
16,962 

2,095 

8,969 
13,975 

806 

405 

2,987 

1,289 

8,752 
13,051 

789 

153 

675 

13 

64 
249 

4 

331 

2,270 

1,266 

73 

598 

23 

1 
119 

Oils  and  illuminat'g  fluids, 

628 

624 

4 

510 

114 

- 

4 

- 

- 

Paper 

Po  ishes  and  dressings,     , 
Printing  and  publishing,  . 

6,408 

101 

3,932 

4,434 

95 

3,300 

1,974 

6 

632 

2,683 
63 

2,589 

1,699 

32 

628 

52 
83 

10 
424 

1,953 
6 

208 

11 

Railroad  construction, 
Rubber 

507 
956 

507 
613 

343 

504 
485 

3 
111 

17 

72 

263 

8 

Scientific  instruments  and 

appliances. 
Stone, 

354 
2,499 

261 
2,155 

93 
344 

239 
2,155 

22 

- 

67 
344 

26 

_ 

Tobacco 

1,211 

391 

820 

229 

160 

2 

627 

186 

7 

Vessels,       .... 

1,213 

1,172 

41 

1,168 

4 

- 

41 

- 

- 

Wooden  goods,  . 
Woollen  goods,  . 
Worsted  goods,  . 

4,037 

17,692 

1,481 

3,259 

11,227 

1,063 

778 

6,465 

418 

3,105 

7,603 

440 

llfi 

2,322 

506 

38 

1,302 

117 

681 

2,005 
93 

46 

4,194 

316 

51 

266 

9 

Miscellaneous     manufact- 
ures,         .... 

18,676 

14,522 

4,154 

12,090 
112,503 

1,924 

28,289 

508 
8,135 

1,327 

2,726 

101 

Totals,  .... 

235,951 

148,927 

87,024 

40,267 

44,398 

2,359 

156 


CEI^SUS    OP   MASS.  — 1ST5.       COMPENDIUM. 


N'umber  of  Day  and  Piece  Hands,  etc. — Concluded. 


Persons  Employed. 

DAT  Hands. 

Piece  Han 

DS. 

INDDSTEIES. 

a 

o 

•a 
c 

C! 

a 
o 

m 

c 

a 

O 

o 

'C 

Males  above  15, 
No.  at  work. 

»— ( 

>    S 
°    fe 
a    > 

a   ^ 

03 

BO 

g   'A 

u 

=    js 
u    a 
S    6 

>    a 

o    o 
a    "A 

Fern's  above  15, 
No.  at  work. 

u 

•a   '5 

s  > 

a    o 
1^ 

Occupations. 

Blacksmithing,  . 
Bleaching  and  dyeing, 
Boot  and  slice  making  and 

repairing, 
Bottling,      .... 
Building  moving, 
Butchering, 

2,171 
543 

2,373 
131 
190 
630 

2,159 
497 

913 
131 

190 
617 

12 

46 

1,460 
13 

2,159 
236 

810 
131 
190 
614 

261 

97 

6 
3 

12 
3 

407 
13 

43 
1,050 

3 

Carpentry  and  joinery,     . 

Clock,  watch  antl,  jewelry 
repairing, 

Clothes  making  and  repair- 
ing, 

Clothing  repairing  and  re- 
modelling, 

Coopering,  .... 

4,791 

400 

495 

539 
163 

4,790 

380 

323 

489 
114 

1 

20 

167 

50 
49 

4,790 

378 

98 

238 
114 

230 
251 

2 

1 
20 
14 

24 

49 

149 
26 

4 

Dressmaking,     . 

77-t 

768 

6 

- 

762 

6 

- 

6 

- 

Glass  and  china  decorating. 
Glazing,    painting,    paper 

hanging,  etc.,  . 
Gilding,       .... 

96 

1,.392 
118 

90 

1,384 
91 

6 

8 
27 

83. 

1,382 
83 

5 

2 
2 

2 
6 

3 

8 
26 

3 

1 

Harness  and  saddle  repair- 
ing  

265 

264 

1 

264 

- 

1 

- 

- 

Machinists'  work, 
Masoning  and  plastering, . 
Millinery,    .... 

1,723 

2,542 

308 

1,723 
2,456 

297 

86 
11 

1,719 

2,454 

6 

291 

4 

2 

86 

11 

- 

Paintihg,     .... 
Paper  hanging,  . 
Plumbing  and  gas  fitting, . 

1,781 

201 

1,143 

1,730 

127 

1,141 

51 

74 

2 

1,730 

124 

1,136 

3 

5 

51 

•  74 

2 

- 

Roofing 

346 

346 

- 

346 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Stair  building,    . 
Stone   cutting   and   dress- 
ing  

186 
1,417 

170 
1,203 

16 
214 

170 
1,201 

- 

2 

16 
214 

- 

_ 

Tinsmithing, 

821 

815 

6 

815 

- 

- 

6 

- 

- 

Upholstering,     . 

433 

414 

19 

354 

58 

2 

19 

- 

- 

Vessel  and  boat  repairing, 

373 

363 

10 

363 

- 

- 

10 

- 

- 

Wheelwrighting, 

272 

266 

6 

266 

- 

- 

6 

- 

- 

Miscellaneous  occupations. 

3,771 

3,570 

201 

3,177 

373 

20 

117 

79 

5 

Totals, .... 

30,388 

27,826 

2,562 

25,431 

2,335 

60 

1,182 

1,367 

13 

Aggregates. 
Manufactures,     . 

235,951 

148,927 

87,024 

112,503 

28,289 

8,135 

40,267 

44,398 

2,359 

Occupations, 

30,388 

27,826 

2,562 

25,431 

2,335 

60 

1,182 

1,367 

13 

Totals 

266,339 

176,753 

89,586 

137,934 

30,624 

8,195 

41,449 

45,765 

2,372 

MANUFACTURES   AND    OCCUPATIONS.  157 

This  grand  presentation  of  the  subject  of  wages  is  for  the  266,339 
persons,  as  stated  above.  The  variation  in  numbers — that  is,  between 
the  whole  number  employed,  308,963,  and  the  number  for  whom 
wages  were  returned,  266,339 — is  accounted  for  generally  by  inability 
to  divide  time,  in  many  callings,  and  give  the  proper  classification  of 
wage  payments ;  this  reason  prevailed  in  most  cases,  for  the  propri- 
etors returned  age  and  sex  for  297,042,  and  only  omitted  wage  returns 
from  want  of  ability  to  state  the  facts  with  accuracy.  The  wage 
return,  however,  for  266,339  is  so  complete  and  satisfactory  no  fault 
can  be  found  with  the  presentation.  Estimates  based  on  this  table 
will  be  found  on  pages  158-161,  Summary  of  General  Statistics  of 
Manufactures,  and  will  be  treated  under  that  title. 

The  foregoing  ta])les  are  exceedingly  instructive  and  thoroughly 
incontrovertible.  From  them  it  appears  that  the  highest  yearly  wages 
are  paid  in  the  manufacture  of  musical  instruments  and  materials, 
$866.09,  while  the  lowest  is  in  the  manufacture  of  liags  and  liagging, 
$249.59.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  total  wages  paid  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  boots  and  shoes  and  in  cotton  goods  is  very  nearly  the 
same,  being  $18,727,124  in  the  first  named  for  38,516  persons,  and 
$18,717,286  in  the  second  for  56,182  persons.  The  average  j^early 
wages  in  the  first,  however,  are  $455.05  ;  in  the  latter,  $333.15. 

These  averages  and  all  in  the  preceding  tables  are  drawn  from  the 
actual  working  time  and  actual  wages  paid,  and  not  from  any  com- 
putation based  on  a  weekly  Avage.  In  most  all  tabulated  statements 
usually  made  in  reports  dealing  with  the  subject  of  wages,  it  has  been 
necessary  heretofore  to  rely  upon  the  returns  made  by  a  few  indi- 
viduals, and  oftentimes  the  most  earnest  discussions  have  been  based 
upon  the  results  obtainable  from  less  than  a  score  of  returns,  and 
upon  an  average  yearly  wage  made  up  from  the  weekly  earnings  on 
full  time  multiplied  by  fifty-two.  Eesults  thus  secured  are  of  course 
unsatisfactory,  for  it  is  at  once  alleged  that  the  average  from  the 
deficiencies  would  more  than  counterbalance  those  ol)tained,  the 
number  of  deficiencies  in  proportion  to  the  number  given  being 
usually  far  the  greater ;  in  the  above  tables  the  reverse  is  true,  the 
deficiency  being  too  small,  as  has  been  stated,  to  aflect  the  results. 
This  fact  in  connection  with  the  other,  that  the  tallies  give  actual 
wages  earned  on  actual  time  employed,  enables  the  Census  to  furnish 
data  long  desired  in  this  State. 


158 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Summary  of  the  General  Statistics  of  Manufactures. 

[In  this  presentation  the  jjrincipal  points  given  in  the  preceding  presentations  are  brought  into  juxtaposi- 
tion  for  purposes  of  ready  use  and  comparison.  Eacli  column  stands  for  itself,  and  when  comparisons  and 
deductions  are  made  the  information  given  in  the  head-notes  of  tlie  various  tables,  and  in  tlie  text  relating 
to  them,  must  be  taken  into  account.  Every  column,  with  the  exception  of  the  one  headed  "  Stocli  Used 
in  Manufactures,"  contains  figures  representing  manufactures  and  related  occupations  combined.  The 
"  Estimated  Wage  "  figures  for  the  308,963  persons  employed  are  based  upon  full  and  accurate  returns 
from  266,339,  the  deficiency  being  for  42,624  persons,  or  13.7  per  cent.] 


<„  a 

O     J= 

o    S 
'A 

Steam  Engines. 

Watek  Wheels. 

All  Ages. 

COVNTIES. 

Number. 

Actual 
power. 

Number. 

Nominal 
power. 

Persons 
Emploied. 

Males. 

Females. 

The  State,     . 

22,228 

2,525 

208,186 

2,950 

110,582 

308,963 

214,308 

94,655 

Barnstable,   . 

281 

7 

428 

9 

186 

1,386 

1,274 

112 

Berkshire, 

867 

134 

9,654 

333 

11,116 

11,.561 

7,512 

4,049 

Bristol,  . 

1,142 

236 

46,093 

134 

4,280 

33,731 

22,477 

11,254 

Dukes,  .     • 

51 

2 

50 

1 

10 

181 

179 

2 

Essex,    . 

3,246 

414 

37,267 

177 

12,519 

51,203 

33,177 

18,026 

Franklin, 

489 

28 

1,406 

267 

8,586 

4,666 

3,140 

1,426 

Hampden, 

1,347 

137 

5,989 

285 

14,472 

22,614 

13,571 

9,043 

Hampshire, 

581 

56 

3,716 

246 

6,416 

7,298 

4,289 

3,009 

Middlesex, 

3,156 

450 

34,482 

352 

19,039 

52,990 

35,056 

17,934 

Nantucket, 

69 

- 

- 

- 

- 

327 

223 

104 

Norfolk, 

1,042 

136 

8,238 

138 

3,230 

13,708 

10,579 

3,129 

Plymouth, 

1,007 

114 

7,179 

203 

4,918 

11,047 

9,456 

1,591 

Suflfolk, 

5,829 

452 

26,935 

4 

80 

51,571 

39,254 

12,317 

Worcester, 

3,121 

359 

26,749 

801 

25,730 

46,780 

34,121 

12,659 

MAI^^UFACTUPtES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


159 


SUIVIMARY    OF    MaNUFACTUKES  :    BY   INDUSTRIES. 

[Before  using  the  figures  in  this  presentation  for  purposes  of  comparison  or  calculation  reference 
should  be  made  to  the  head-note  of  the  preceding  presentation,  entitled,  "Summary  of  the  General 
Statistics  of  Manufactures."  The  remarks  there  made  are  equally  applicable  to  both  "summaries."  For 
reasons  specified  in  the  note  on  page  150,  the  persons  employed,  as  classified  by  Industries,  fall  short  of  the 
preceding  classification  to  the  number  of  11,921.  Their  estimated  wages  amount  to  $6,564,061,  or  a  yearly 
average  of  $550.6-1.  These  rejections  were  all  made  in  the  case  of  small  establishments.  Those  engaged 
in  manufactures  comprised  4,261;  those  in  related  occupations,  7,660.] 


Inddsteies. 


Arras  and  ammunition, 
Agricultural   implements. 
Artisans'  tools,  . 

Bags  and  bagging, 

Boots  and  shoes, 

Boxes, 

Brushes  and  brooms. 

Building,     . 

Carpetings, 
Carriages  and  wagons. 
Chemical  prcparatior 
Clocks  and  watches. 
Clothing,     . 
Cotton  goods,     . 
Cotton   and  woollen    and 
other  textiles, 

Dress  trimmings. 
Drugs  and  medicines 
Dyestufts,  . 

Fertilizers, . 
Fine  arts,    . 
Food  preparations, 
Furniture,  . 

Glass, . 

Leather, 

Linen, 

Liquors  and  beverages. 

Lumber, 

Machines  and  machinery, 
Metals  and  metallic  goods, 
Musical   instruments   and 
materials, 

Oils      and      Illuminating 
fluids,      .        .        .        . 

Paper,  .  .  .  . 
Polishes  and  dressings,  . 
Printing  and  publishing,  . 


w  S 

CO 

O    S 


28, 


31 

783 
294 

13 

495 

5 

155 

579 

311 

768 

71 

33 

120 

27 

533 


Steam  Engines. 


Number. 


13 
23 

2 

242 

52 

39 


10 

2,347 

30 

1,146 

8 

299 

3 

27 

35 

2,483 

134 

3 
3 


97 

77 


198 

3 

37 

102 

194 

218 


26 

66 

6 

80 


Actual 
power. 


683 
1,158 

487 

630 
8,641 
3,247 

1,967 


40,536 

46 
165 
873 

729 

6,285 
5,426 

574 

8,515 

436 

1,451 

7,242 

10,410 

22,777 

1,146 

1,901 

5,859 

320 

1,776 


Water  Wheels. 


Number. 


Nominal 
power. 


18 
31 
69 


26 

1 
■    6 

292 


262 
110 

2 

63 
6 

7 
602 

74 
135 


298 
4 


753 

877 

1,506 

176 
1,295 

101 

765 
448 

2 
250 

32,959 


50 

5,894 
2,405 

30 

1,061 

225 

86 

11,866 

2,183 
4,991 

10 


14,527 
114 


All  Ages. 


Persons 
employ'd. 


Males. 


Females. 


1,109 

1,014 

1,187 

1,187 

1,240 

1,225 

226 

108 

48,090 

36,767 

1,528 

1,051 

669 

504 

4,063 

4,033 

3,119 

1,349 

3,072 

3,018 

163 

155 

1,140 

757 

13,702 

4,016 

■  60,176 

24,814 

[  3,290 

1,047 

278 

37 

363 

262 

298 

295 

4,672 

3,754 

6,674 

6,014 

1,291 

1,208 

6,620 

6,394 

1,059 

527 

879 

879 

1,961 

1,958 

9,561 

9,309 

17,563 

16,155 

2,249 

2,213 

673 

558 

6,493 

2,760 

115 

77 

5,456 

3,926 

95 
15 

lis 

11,323 

477 
165 

1,770 

54 

8 

383 

9,686 

35,362 

1,643 

241 
101 


918 
660 

83 

226 
532 

3 

252 
1,408 

36 

115 

3,733 

33 

1,530 


160 


CENSUS   OF   IVLASS.  — 1ST5.       COMPENDIUM. 


Summary  of  Manufactures:  hy  Industries — Continued. 


1 

V.  a 

O    J= 

6  n 
"A 

Steam  Engines. 

Water  Wheels. 

All  Agks. 

INDUSTIUES. 

Number. 

Actual 
power. 

Number. 

Nominal 
Power. 

Persons 
employ'd. 

Males. 

Females. 

Print  works  (work  done), 

9 

104 

13,473 

40 

4,294 

3,199 

2,852 

347 

Railroad  construction, 

15 

12 

1,193 

- 

- 

537 

534 

3 

Rubber,       .... 

15 

12 

3,046 

- 

- 

1,054 

635 

419 

Scientific  instruments  and 

appliances, 

52 

6 

347 

2 

40 

367 

318 

49 

Silk 

6 

- 

- 

- 

- 

860 

159 

701 

Stone, 

151 

34 

1,503 

- 

- 

2,5.53 

2,533 

- 

Tobacco,     .... 

264 

1 

6 

3 

120 

1,350 

948 

402 

Vessels,       .... 

163 

12 

630 

1 

8 

1,4.54 

1,450 

4 

Wooden  goods,  . 

460 

82 

5,771 

164 

3,751 

4,267 

4,091 

176 

"Woollen  goods,  . 

183 

129 

15,370 

309 

13,994 

19,036 

11,334 

7,702 

Worsted  goods, . 

14 

6 

1,678 

15 

955 

1,499 

580 

919 

Miscellaneous     manufact- 

ures  

1,2501 

f  18,539 

11,946 

6,593 

Occupations      (value     of 

> 

363 

25,587 

96 

4,846 

< 

work  done),     . 

11,313J 

208,186 

[  33,378 

29,435 

3,943 

Totals,. 

fl-^/?-W 

2,511 

2,729 

110,.5S2 

297,042 

204,806 

92,236 

Summary  of  IVIanufactuees  :  by  Industries — Continued. 


Ages  dnder  15. 

Capital  in- 
vested. 

Total  Yearly 

Wages 

Stock  used 
in  Jlanufiict- 

Value  of  Goods 

Industries. 

made       and 

Males. 

Females. 

(Estimated). 

ures. 

Work  done. 

Arras  and  ammunition,   . 

_ 

_ 

$964,300 

$734,923 

$421,047 

$1,-502,841 

Agricultural  implements, 

2 

- 

1,144,475 

808,169 

365,586 

2,365,004 

Artisans'  tools, . 

13 

2 

2,226,570 

801,201 

831,980 

2,459,275 

Bags  and  bagging,    . 

27 

21 

437,000 

56,407 

528,282 

670,595 

Boots  and  shoes. 

882 

326 

18,692,864 

21,883,354 

54,970,504 

89,375,792 

Boxes,       .... 

7 

- 

1,147,250 

748,063 

1,351,241 

2,624,901 

Brushes  and  brooms. 

2 

- 

395,650 

322,487 

526,670 

1,023,925 

Building 

1 

- 

1,484,045 

2,439,844 

3,451,545 

8,656,471 

Carpetings, 

30 

10 

3,855,950 

1,006,-377 

3,236,606 

6,190,239 

Carriages  and  wagons,    . 

2 

- 

2,412,709 

1,910,907 

2,099,173 

4,433,458 

Chemical  preparations,    . 

1 

- 

311,800 

120,880 

254,561 

661,447 

Clocks  and  watches, 

7 

3 

1,853,950 

806,231 

523,643 

1,331,824 

Clothing,   .... 

130 

98 

9,184,826 

6,107,666 

17,412,942 

29,340,962 

Cotton  goods,    . 

3,103 

2,963 

63,844,708 

20,047,663 

41,059,893 

77,934,7-53 

Cotton  and  woollen  and 

other  textiles. 

131 

102 

4,751,597 

1,208,153 

4,260,185 

8,107,999 

Press  trimmings,     . 

- 

10 

147,450 

87,990 

361,666 

458,118 

MAN^UFACTUEES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


161 


Summary  of  Manufactures:  hy  Industries — Concluded. 


Ages  under  15. 

Capital  in- 
vested. 

Total  Yearly 
Wages 

Stock  used 
in  Manufact- 

Value of  Goods 

Industries. 

made      and 

Males. 

Females. 

(Estimated). 

ures. 

Work  done. 

Drugs  and  medicines, 

2 

2 

$1,069,226 

$157,415 

$1,212,210 

$2,987,305 

Dyestuffs 

- 

- 

55,000 

- 

122,100 

145,000 

Fertilizers,        . 

- 

- 

1,230,500 

190,613 

372,858 

821,900 

Fine  arts 

- 

- 

14,918 

- 

5,920 

70,595 

Food  prei)aration8,  . 

32 

18 

9,850,459 

2,458,952 

31,856,274 

44,633,984 

Furniture, 

39 

91 

4,949,990 

3,800,109 

3,799,379 

8,422,883 

Glass,        .... 

64 

- 

1,555,000 

693,900 

503,436 

1,484,500 

Leather 

15 

2 

8,399,850 

3,901,033 

16,108,845 

23,68i),775 

Linen,        .... 

81 

85 

924,000 

301,614 

278,107 

790,609 

Liquors  and  beverages,   . 

- 

- 

4,154,309 

537,957 

3,874,031 

8,967,140- 

Lumber,    .... 

17 

- 

2,719,711 

847,349 

2,123,563 

3,953,956 

Machines  and  machinery. 

55 

20 

13,859,618 

6,133,095 

6,329,204 

16,399,230 

Metals  and  metallic  goods, 

347 

71 

21,907,802 

10,135,432 

19,460,275 

37,884,873 

Musical  instruments  and 

materials. 

10 

- 

3,845,600 

1,947,836 

1,760,280 

5,504,030 

Oils     and     illuminating 

* 

fluids,     .... 

- 

- 

2,287,250 

367,256 

5,180,685 

5,838,889 

Paper,        .... 

47 

41 

10,860,281 

2,791,990 

9,471,987 

15,602,599 

Polishes  and  dressings,    . 

- 

1 

295,525 

58,245 

359,807 

628,391 

Printing  and  publishing. 

97 

7 

6,413,427 

3,311,159 

3,842,358 

12,120,674 

Printworks  (work done), 

316 

7 

2,570,000 

1,361,686 

1,930,024 

3,609,669 

Railroad  construction,     . 

4 

- 

1,019,175 

301,509 

1,157,141 

1,720,510 

Rubber,     .... 

18 

8 

1,787,706  ■ 

502,010 

2,127,400 

3,383,796 

Scientific  instruments  and 

appliances,     , 

3 

- 

428,675 

218,468 

268,687 

643,075 

Silk, 

20 

65 

488,000 

262,952 

1,010,807 

1,842,200 

Stone 

1 

- 

1,663,965 

1,601,497 

1,123,718 

2,902,190 

Tobacco 

12 

3 

811,697 

763,749 

1,038,589 

2,599,819 

Vessels 

1 

- 

934,485 

900,622 

1,875,426 

3,840,119 

Wooden  goods. 

119 

2 

4,475.095 

2,362,126 

3,627,888 

7,208,317 

Woollen  goods. 

958 

684 

17,209,980 

6,678,590 

23,607,561 

39,566,378 

Worsted  goods. 

48 

96 

1,693,000 

556,938 

1,882,981 

2,991,210 

Miscellaneous   manufact- 

ures,      .... 

239 

179 

26,745,414 

7,978,088 

16,990,510 

34,754,113 

Occupations     (value     of 

work  done),  . 

100 

27 

15,608,916 

19,374,260 

- 

60,195,629 

Totals, 

6,988 

4,944 

$282,683,718 

$139,595,765 

$294,963,575 

$592,331,962 

The  Summary  enables  one  to  make  comparisons  and  calculations; 
without  the  labor  of  research,  and  will  be  found  a  useful  and  convenient 
table.  The  column  in  this  table  entitled  estimated  wages,  is  perhaps 
the  principal  feature  of  it ;    it  exliibits,  by  industries,  the  estimated 

21 


162 


CENSUS   OP   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


wages  of  the  whole  308,963  persons  employed  on  the  basis  of  the 
wages  given  for  266,339.  The  total  wages  paid  this  latter  number, 
as  actually  returned,  as  stated,  was  $126,711,583  ;  on  the  same  basis, 
it  was  $146,159,826  for  the  number  actually  employed.  An  estimate 
of  wages  for  308,963  persons,  based  on  the  actual  wages  of  266,339, 
can  not  vary  materially  from  the  acts,  had  they  been  reported,  and 
is,  to  our  mind,  as  valuable. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  basis  of  the  estimates  referred  to, 
showing,  in  each  industry,  the  whole  number  of  persons  employed, 
the  whole  number  for  whom  wages  have  been  returned,  and  the  defi- 
ciencies. It  will  be  seen  that  in  a  majority  of  instances  the  deficiency 
is  trivial,  and  always,  in  relation  to  the  whole  number,  too  small  to 
vitiate  the  statements  made. 

Basis  for  Estimated  Wages. 


Industries. 


Persons  Em- 
ployed. 


Wages  given 
for,— 


Manufactures. 
Agricultural  implements, 
Arms  and  ammunition,         .        . 
Artisans'  tools 

Bags  and  bagging,         .... 

Book  binderies, 

Boots  and  shoes, 

Boxes, 

Brooms, 

Building, 

Carpetings 

Carriages  and  wagons,  .... 

Chemical  preparations, 

Clocks  and  watches,      .... 

Clothing 

Cotton  goods, 

Cotton  and  woollen  and  other  textiles. 

Dress  trimmings,  ..... 
Drugs  and  medicines,   .... 

Fertilizers, 

Food  preparations,        .... 
Furniture 

Glass, 

Leather,  .        .        .        . 

Linen,      

Liquors  and  beverages, 

Lumber, 

Machines  and  machinery,  . 


1,187 
1,109 
1,240 

226 

1,096 

48,090 

1,528 

140 
4,033 

3,119 

3,072 
163 

1,140 
13,702 
60,176 

3,290 

278 
363 

298 
4,672 
6,674 

1,291 

6,620 

1,059 

879 

1,961 

9,561 


1,176 
1,108 
1,132 

224 

1,034 

38,516 

1,445 

103 

3,816 

3,112 

3,003 
162 

1,106 
10,376 
56,182 

3,259 

213 
336 

294 
4,441 

5,802 

1,288 

6,172 

1,059 

802 

1,664 

9,374 


Deficiency. 


11 
1 

108 

2 

62 

9,574 

83 

37 

217 

7 

69 

1 

34 

3,326 

3,994 

31 

65 

27 

4 

231 

872 

3 
448 

77 
297 

187 


MANUFACTURES   AND   OCCUPATIONS. 


163 


Basis  for  Estimated  Wages — Continued. 


Industries. 


Persons  Em- 
ployed. 


Wages  given 
for,— 


Deflciencj'. 


Metals  and  metallic  goods,  . 
Musical  instruments  and  materials,    . 

Oils  and  illuminating  fluids,         .        , 

Paper 

Polishes  and  dressings. 
Printing  and  publishing, 

Railroad  construction,  .... 
Rubber, 

Scientific  instruments  and  appliances, 
Stone 

Tobacco 

Vessels, 

Wooden  goods, 

Woollen  goods, 

Worsted  goods 

Miscellaneous  manufactures. 

Totals, 

Occupations. 
Blacksmithing 

Bleaching  and  dyeing,  .... 

Boot  and  shoe  making  and  repairing. 

Bottling, 

Building  moving, 

.Butchering,    ...... 

Carpentry  and  joinery. 
Clock,  watch  and  jewelry  repairing,  . 
Clothes  making  and  repairing,     . 
Clothing  repairing  and  remodelling,   . 
Coopering, 

Dressmaking, 

Olass  and  china  decorating. 

Glazing,  painting,  paper  hanging,  etc.. 

Gilding, 

Harness  and  saddle  repairing, 

Machinists'  work, 

Masoning  and  plastering. 

Millinery, 

Painting, 

Paper  hanging, 

Plumbing  and  gas  fitting,     . 

Roofing 

Stair  building, 

Stone  cutting  and  dressing,  . 

Tinsmithing, 

Upholstering, 


17,563 
2,249 

673 

6,493 

115 

4,360 

537 
1,054 

367 
2,553 

1,350 

1,454 

4,267 

19,036 

1,499 

23,127 


263,664 

2,458 
569 

2,626 
141 
193 
743 

5,059 
490 
518 
573 
168 

860 

100 

1,491 

122 

293 

1,754 

2,716 

339 

1,877 

246 

1,188 

347 

188 
1,542 

873 

498 


16,962 
2,095 

628 

6,408 

101 

3,932 

507 
956 

354 
2,499 

1,211 

1,213 

4,037 

17,692 

1,481 

18,676 


235,951 

2,171 
543 

2,373 
131 
190 
630 

4,791 
400 
495 
539 
163 

774 

96 

1,392 

118 

265 

1,723 

2,542 

308 

1,7S1 

201 

1,143 

346 

186 
1,417 

821 

433 


601 
154 

45 

85 
14 

428 

30 
98 

13 

54 

139 

241 

230 
1,344 

18 

4,451 


27,713 

287 
28 

253 

10 

3 

113 

268 

90 

28 

34 

5 

86 

4 

99 
4 

28 

31 

174 
31 

96 
45 
45 


2 

125 

52 
65 


164 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       OOMPEITOIUM. 


Basis  for  Estimated  Wages — Concluded. 


INDUSTKIKS. 


Persons  Em- 
ployed. 


Wages  given 
for,— 


Deficiency. 


"Vessel  and  boat  repairing,   . 

Wheelwrighting, 

Miscellaneous  occupations,  . 

Totals 

Aggregates. 

Manufactures 

Occupations, 

Totals 


380 

303 

4,723 


33,378 

263,664 
33,378 


297,042 


373 

272 
3,771 


30,388 

235,951 
30,388 


266,339 


7 

31 

952 


2,990 

27,713 
2,990 


30,703 


Special  Statistics  of  Manufactures  and  Related  Occupations, 
machinery  for  cotton,  woollen  and  worsted  goods. 


Cotton. 

Woollen. 

Worsted. 

Counties. 

CO 

a 

00 

a 

o 
o 
I-] 

u 

1 

.       1 

BO 

a 

8 

I-) 

•o 
a 
a 

S 
IS 

05 

a 

o 
o 

I-) 

o 

.       1 

a 

o 
o 

^A 

■a 

c 
a 

191 

CO 

i 

u 
& 

5,114 

i 
o 

1^ 

■a 

a 

03 

13 

The  State, 

3,859,237 

80,964 

30 

1,383 

8,412 

131 

3 

Barnstable,    . 

- 

- 

- 

1 

2 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Berkshire, 

125,960 

2,362 

- 

186 

1,134 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Bristol,  . 

1,455,294 

32,282 

- 

8 

25 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Essex,    . 

487,732 

9,584 

- 

260 

1,941 

- 

64 

3,806 

- 

Franklin, 

28,880 

628 

- 

8 

31 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Hampden, 

409,500 

5,995 

- 

92 

371 

- 

3 

271 

- 

Hampshire, 

70,292 

907 

- 

81 

730 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Middlesex, 

801,635 

19,591 

- 

278 

1,527 

62 

85 

191 

- 

Norfolk, 

35,308 

857 

- 

89 

318 

65 

- 

- 

3 

Plymouth, 

10,876 

155 

- 

12 

48 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Suffolk, . 

7,332 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Worcester, 

426,428 

8,603 

30 

368 

2,285  . 

4 

39 

846 

- 

SAWS,    VATS,    PAPER    ENGINES    AND    MACHINES,    RUNS    OF    STONE,    ETC. 


Counties. 

Saws. 

Vats. 

Paper   En- 
gines. 

Paper    Ma- 
chines. 

Runs  of 

Stone. 

The  State, 

2,148 

8,007 

575 

125 

516 

Barnstable,  . 

_ 

_ 

- 

- 

10 

Berkshire, 

192 

247 

101 

28 

61 

Bristol, . 

114 

71 

9 

2 

59 

Essex,    . 

117 

4,312 

35 

5 

38 

Franklin, 

318 

67 

20 

4 

45 

Hampden, 

127 

241 

176 

31 

57 

Hampshire, 

172 

55 

47 

20 

57 

MAN^UFACTUEES   AND   OCCUPATION'S. 


165 


Saws,    Vats,  Paper  Engines,  etc. — Concluded. 


Counties. 


Saws. 


Vats. 


Paper  En- 
gines. 


Paper  Ma- 
chines. 


Runs    of 
Stone. 


Middlesex, 
Norfolk, 
Plymouth, 
Suflblk, . 
"Worcester, 


187 

19 

292 

610 


2,286 
43 
46 

639 


71 
49 
7 
16 
44 


14 

10 

1 

2 


50 
8 
9 

O 

120 


KINDS    OF    SAWS    IN    LUMBER   MILLS. 


Description  of  Saws. 


Band, 
Circular,  , 
Cylinder, 
Gang, 
Gig, .        , 


Number 
of  Saws. 


22 

1,782 

45 

3 

41 


Desceiption  of  Saws. 


Muley,     . 
Up  and  down, 

Total, 


Number 
of  Saws. 


15 

240 


2,148 


CAPACITIES    OF   VATS    IN   TANNERIES. 


Capacity  of  Vats. 

Number 
of    Vats. 

Capacity  op  Vats. 

Number 
of  Vats. 

20  sides, 

25  to  30  sides 

31  to  40  sides, 

41  to  50  sides, 

51  to  60  sides 

50 

131 

1,972 

4,264 

797 

61  to   70  sides, 

71  to  100  sides 

130  to  191  sides 

Total 

403 
212 

178 

8,007 

CAPACITY   OF   PAPER   ENGINES    AND   KINDS    OF   PAPER   MACHINES. 


Paper  En- 
gines. 

Capacity  in 
Pounds. 

Paper  Machines. 

Counties. 

Fourdrinier. 

Other  Kinds. 

Total. 

The  State, 

575 

220,770 

28 

97 

125 

Berkshire,  . 

101 

38,650 

2 

26 

28 

Bristol, 

9 

1,600 

- 

2 

o 

Essex, . 

35 

7,600 

- 

5 

5 

Franklin,     . 

20 

10,400 

4 

- 

4 

Hampden,    . 

176 

82,200 

8 

23 

31 

Hampshire, 

47 

17,750 

4 

16 

20 

Middlesex,  . 

71 

21,775 

4 

10 

14 

Norfolk,       . 

49 

8,000 

- 

10 

10 

Plymouth,   . 

7 

960 

- 

1 

1 

Suffolk, 

16 

3,785 

- 

2 

2 

Worcester,  . 

44 

28,050 

6 

2 

8 

166 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


NEWSPAPERS. 
NUMBER    BY   PERIODS    OF    ISSUE. 


Counties. 

a  ^ 

H 

t       OJ 

a  ^ 

CO 

I 

1     c 
11 

CO 

t; 

a 

1     s 

a  c 

"3 

3 
a 
a 
< 

The  State, 

26 

1 

11 

222 

8 

58 

10 

2 

3 

341 

Barnstable,     . 

- 

_ 

_ 

5 

- 

~ 

- 

_ 

_ 

5 

Berkshire, 

- 

- 

- 

6 

1 

- 

•- 

- 

- 

7 

Bristol,    . 

5 

- 

- 

12 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

17 

Dukes,     . 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

_ 

1 

Essex,     . 

4 

1 

5 

23 

- 

4 

2 

- 

39 

Franklin, 

- 

- 

- 

•       4 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4 

Hampden, 

2 

- 

- 

10 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

12 

Hampshire, 

- 

- 

- 

5 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

6 

Middlesex, 

3 

- 

1 

36 

- 

3 

1 

- 

- 

44 

Nantucket, 

- 

- 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

Norfolk,  . 

- 

- 

- 

16 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

16 

Plymouth, 

- 

- 

- 

9 

- 

- 

- 

- 

9 

Suffolk,  . 

8 

- 

4 

69 

6 

47 

7 

2 

3 

146 

Worcester, 

4 

- 

- 

25 

1 

3 

- 

- 

- 

33 

CIRCULATION   BY   PERIODS    OF   ISSUE. 


Periods  or  Issue. 

Number  of 
Papers. 

Copies  issued 
Annually. 

Periods  op  Issue. 

Number  of 
Papers. 

Copies  issued 
Annually. 

Daily 

Three  times  a  week,  . 
Semi-weekly, 

Weekly, 

26 

1 

11 

222 
8 

83,389,028 

100,000 

2,117,920 

47,650,250 
792,400 

Monthly, 
Quarterly,    . 
Semi-annually,    . 
Annually,    . 

Totals,    . 

58 

10 

2 

3 

7,504,224 

179,560 

30,000 

11,000 

Semi-monthly,     . 

341 

141,774,382 

OB.JECTS    TO    WHICH    DEVOTED    BY    PERIODS    OF    ISSUE. 


ma;n^ufactures  and  occupations. 


167 


Objects  to  which  Devoted  by  Periods  of  Issue — Continued. 


Daily. 

Three  Times 
A  AVeek. 

Semi-Weeklt. 

Weekly. 

Semi- 
Monthly. 

Objects  to  which 
Devoted. 

1 

a 
S5 

i3     fl 

3  .2 

a 

1^ 

a 

i  a 

O  .2 

Is 

c 

S 

a 

1 

a  c 

^  .2 
«   5 

-4 

a 

Freemasonry,  Odd  Fel- 
lowship and    temper- 
ance,    .... 

Law,        .... 

Literature, 

Medicine  and  surgery,  . 

Music,      .... 

News  and  politics, . 

Real  estate  and   insur- 
ance,    .        .        .        . 

Religion,. 

Science  and  art, 

Sunday  schools, 

Various  "  reforms," 

26 

83,389,028 

1 

100,000 

10 

1,717,920  ■ 

8 

1 

1 

175 

12 

1 
2 

7 

6,834,000 
84,000 

17,289,950 

7,890,756 

30,000 

2,577,016 

1,614,528 

1 

2 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

120,000 

250,000 

260,000 
14,400 

36,000 

96,000 
16,000 

Totals,      . 

26 

83,389,028 

1 

100,000 

11 

2,117,920 

222 

47,650,250 

8 

792,400 

Objects  to  which  Devoted  by  Periods  of  Issue — Concluded. 


Monthly. 

Quabterly. 

Semi-Annu- 

ALLY. 

Annually. 

Totals. 

Objects  to  which 
Devoted. 

a 

3 

•a 

3   3 
S   5 

u 

CI 

a 

a 
'A 

5  o 

S    a 

a, 

a 

a 
'A 

■hi 

n 

>< 

u 

a 

a 

3  S 
23 

a 

a 
'A 

u     ^ 

3  o 

«  i 

Advertising,    . 

Agriculture,    . 

Amusement  and  instruc- 
tion of  children,  . 

Commerce  and  finance, . 

Education, 

Freemasonry,   Odd  Fel- 
lowship, and  temper- 
ance  

Law 

Literature, 

Medicine  and  surgery,  . 

Music 

News  and  politics. 

Real    estate  and  insur- 
ance  

Religion, 

Science  and  art, 

Sunday  schools,      . 

Various  "reforms," 

1 

2 
2 

2 

1 

14 

1 
3 

3 

16 

5 

1 

7 

36,000 

480,000 
68,500 

24,000 

10,800 

2,273,640 

9,000 

279,600 

144,400 

3,647,400 

306,000 

45,384 

179,500 

3 

1 
1 

2 
3 

134,400 

24,000 
7,000 

3,460 
10,700 

1 
1 

24,000 
6,000 

1 
1 

1 

2,000 
5,000 

4,000 

2 
5 

4 

15 

1 

3 

2 

26 

2 

5 
213 

3 

32 
9 
4 

15 

66,000 
2,561,000 

8,487,000 

1,016,900 

350,000 

144,000 

34,800 

9,369,640 

93,000 

539,600 

102,511,298 

144,400 
11,581,616 

346,700 
2,718,400 
1,810,028 

Totals,      . 

58 

7,504,224 

10 

179,560 

2 

30,000 

3 

11,000 

341 

141,774,382 

168 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 


DATE    OF    ESTABLISHMENT    OF    NEWSPAPERS. 


GAS    COMPANIES. 


Counties. 

1 
1 

C 
u     o 

•S  1 

s  s 

Capital  Stock. 

Kumber  of 
Shares. 

Amount  received 
for  Gas  and  all 
residual    prod- 
ucts during  the 
year        ending 
May  1,  1875. 

Amount    paid    for 
Coal,  Transport- 
ation   of    same, 
and  all  other  ex- 
penses of  Manu- 
facture and  Man- 
aeement    during 
the  year  ending 
May  1,  1875. 

The  State, 

57 

$10,120,350 

105,572 

$4,471,874 

$3,242,634 

Berkshire, 

4 

,  134,800 

1,867 

68,483 

47,353 

Bristol, 

4 

350,200 

4,302 

231,627 

168,567 

Essex, 

10 

1,268,550 

14,326 

415,319 

256,937 

Franklin,   . 

1 

50,000 

1,000 

9,148 

7,230 

Hampden, . 

2 

454,000 

4,540 

170,000 

89,000 

Hampshire, 

2 

75,000 

4,500 

29,700 

19,213 

Middlesex, 

11 

1,901,700 

19,017 

673,803 

433,289 

Nantucket, 

1 

36,000 

360 

4,405 

4,100 

Norfolk,     . 

3 

387,500 

5,125 

113,119 

79,235 

Plymouth, . 

3 

104,000 

1,040 

23,188 

16,754 

Suffolk,      . 

8 

4,592,000 

41,480 

2,489,627 

1,960,959 

Worcester, 

8 

766,600 

8,015 

243,455 

159,997 

MANUFACTURES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


169 


SHIP    BUILDING. 


Counties. 


The  State, 

Barnstable, 
Bristol,     . 
Essex, 
Norfolk,  . 
Plymouth, 
Suffolk,    . 


Number. 


102 

12 
2 

50 
1 
3 

34 


Tonnage. 


Value  of  Hulls  of 

Vessels. 


Total  Viilue  with, 
complete  Equip- 
ment. 


46,135 

140 

522 

15,942 

2,100 

1,111 

26,320 


$2,479,701 

11,075 

26,000 

858,750 

115,000 

60,500 

1,408,376 


$3,161,995 

16,095 
49,000 

1,167,900 

140,000 

80,000 

1,709,000 


KINDS    OF    VESSELS    BUILT. 


Kind  of  Vessel. 


Number. 


Barges,     . 

Barks, 

Barkentines,    . 

Brig, 

Fishing  boat,  . 

Schooners, 

Ships, 

Sloop, 

Sloop  of  war,  . 

Steamboats, 

Steam  revenue  cutter, 

Sail  boats. 

Yachts,    . 

Totals, 


2 

13 

3 

1 

1 

48 

12 

1 

1 

2 

1 

10 

7 


102 


Tonnage. 


Value  of  Hulls  of 

Vessels. 


350 

10,720 

1,565 

330 

11,262 

20,298 
101 
900 
228 
294 
40 
47 


46,135 


$3,500 

562,065 

77,000 

13,000 

637,965 

1,006,070 

8,500 

148,000 

15,000 

3,175 

5,426 


2,479,701 


Total  Value  with 
complete  Equip- 
ment. 


$740,065 

112,000 

20,000 

100 

863,585 

1,303,070 

10,500 

26,500 

73,000 

4,575 

8,600 


$3,161,995 


WOMEN    FURNISHED    WITH    WORK    AT    HOME. 

[This  table  includes  only  those  women  employed  at  home  for  whom  wages  were  given.] 


Industries. 


Manufactures. 

Bools  and  shoos, 
Brooms,     . 
Brushes,    . 


Clocks  and  watches, 
Clothing,   . 


I'M 
'^.^^ 

O  c  >- 
I.  o 


65 


i^ 


1,518 
1 
3 

1 
9,249 


a 


•o    (2 


$162,839 

30 

252 

50 
614,763 


Industries. 


Cotton  goods,  . 

Drugs  and  medicines,     . 

Furniture, 

Leather,  .... 

Metals  and  metallic  goods. 


SS2 
o     2 


ov..- 


72 

5 

2,450 

5 

48 


^   -T 


^ 


«    5   S 


^ 


$2,725 
450 

87,254 
1,050 
2,825 


22 


170 


CENSUS   or   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Women  furnished  with  Work  at  Home — Concluded. 


INDUSTKIES. 

No.    of   Women 
furnished  with 
Work  at  home. 

s. 

so 

to 

to 

O     CO 

Industries. 

No.   of    Women 
furnished  with 
Work  at  home. 

Wages  for  Year 
ending  May  1, 
1875. 

Paper, 

5 

$54 

Occupations. 

Printing  and  publishing, . 

20 

1,000 

Bleaching  and  dyeing,     . 

3 

$345 

Rubber 

Scientific  instruments  and  ap- 
pliances,        .        .        .        . 

12 
18 

1,251 
600 

Boot  and  shoe  making  and  re- 
pairing  

Clock,  watch  and  jewelry  re- 
pairing  

31 
3 

3,524 

668 

Wooden  goods, 
"Woollen  goods, 
"Worsted  goods. 

12 

158 

94 

1,200 
7,201 
2,863 

Clothes  making  and  repairing. 
Clothing  repairing  and  remod- 
elling  

13 
20 

1,160 
1,414 

Miscellaneous. 

Carpet  making  (sewing). 

10 

750 

Buttons 

4 

$1,220 

Chair  cane  seating,  . 

350 

6,000 

Drums,  hoops,  etc 

7 

236 

Dressmaking,    .        .        .        . 

14 

1,949 

Elastic  goods,   .... 

675 

26,688 

Hat  and  fur  repairing,     . 

2 

75 

Fireworks,        .        .        .       . 

2 

40 

Palm-leaf  splitting,  . 

1,000 

24,000 

Fur  goods  and  buflfalo  robes,  . 

5 

1,000 

Upholstering 

11 

1,263 

Horse  halters,  .... 

4 

100 

Worsted  hood  making,    . 

50 

632 

Mattresses  and  bedding,  . 

3 

289. 

Aggregates. 

Palm-leaf  goods. 

790 

15,150 

Manufactures,   .        .        .        . 

29,409 

$1,486,752 

13,972 
276 

548,569 
7,153 

Occup.ntions 

Totals,        .        .        .        . 

1,507 

41,780 

"Whips 

30,916 

$1,528,532 

Under  Special  Statistics  of  Manufactures  and  Eelated 
Occupations  will  be  found  various  presentations. 

First.  Machinery  for  Cotton^  Woollen  and  Worsted  Goods.  In 
cotton  mills  there  are  3,859,237  spindles,  80,964  power  looms,  and 
30  hand  looms;  in  woollen  mills,  1,383  sets  of  machinery,  8,412 
j)ower  looms,  and  131  hand  looms ;  in  making  worsted  goods,  191 
sets  of  machinery,  5,114  power  looms,  and  3  hand  looms.  Besides 
these,  but  not  called  for  by  the  Census  schedules,  and  not  appearing 
in  the  tables,  there  were  returned  15,606  spindles  and  605  looms 
used  in  making  linen  and  gunny  cloth ;  500  spindles  in  silk  works  ; 
288  weliljing  looms  ;  2,194  braiding  machines  ;  82  power  and  6  hand 
knitting  machines.  The  number  of  spindles  in  cotton  mills  in  1865 
was  1,913,756;  in  1855,  1,519,527;  and  in  1845,  817,483. 

Second.  Saios  in  Lumber  Mills,  Vats  in  Tanneries,  Engines  and 
Machines  in  Pajjer  Mills,  Huns  of  /Stone  in  Grist  and  Flouring  Mills. 

Third.     JVewspaj)e?'S.     In  this  presentation  every  periodical  in  ex- 


MAINUFACTUIIES   AND   OCCUPATIONS. 


171 


isteiice  in  the  State,  May  1,  1875,  is  given.  We  are  not  aware  that 
a  single  paper  has  been  omitted.  The  whole  number  returned  is  341, 
including  26  dailies,  with  an  annual  circulation  of  83,389,028  copies; 
222  weeklies,  with  circulation  of  47,650,250  copies  annually  ;  58  month- 
lies, with  annual  circulation  of  7,504,224  copies.  The  341  periodicals 
circulate  141,774,382  copies  annually.  The  oldest  paper  was  estab- 
lished in  1768;  this  is  the  "Essex  County  Mercury,"  a  weekly 
paper  published  in  Salem. 

Fourth.  Gas  Companies.  There  are  57  establishments,  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $10,120,350,  and  a  product  of  $4,471,874. 

Fifth.  Ship  Building,  by  which  we  learn  that  during  1875  there 
were  built  102  vessels,  of  all  kinds,  valued  at  $3,161,905. 

Sixth.  Women  Furnished  with  Work  at  Home,  by  Industries.  The 
whole  number  of  women  doing  work  at  home  for  manufacturers,  for 
whom  wages  were  given,  was,  in  1875,  30,916,  and  their  wages  for 
the  year  ending  May  1,  1875,  were  $1,528,532,  a  yearly  average  of 
$49.43  ;  and  they  consumed  $1,967,517  worth  of  stock,  and  produced 
$3,233,260  worth  of  goods.  These  two  latter  amounts  are  not  per- 
fectly reliable,  but  the  most  careful  revision  has  enabled  the  office  to 
give  them  as  the  minimum.  The  number  and  wages  of  women 
employed,  and  their  wage  returns,  are  trustworthy.  The  value  of 
stock  used  and  goods  made,  as  stated,  is  undoubtedly  less  than  the 
truth.  It  is  extremely  difficult  to  give  accurate  returns,  for  the  stock 
is  usually  given  out,  and  the  goods  made  are  invoiced  with  the  bulk 
used  and  made  in  the  factory  by  the  establishments  making  the  returns. 

Fishing. 

[In  this  presentation,  in  the  classification  by  name,  it  has  been  impossible  to  bring  the  proportional 
figures  for  capital  invested,  vessels  engaged  and  tonnage  opposite  the  identical  products  where  they  belong. 
Those  figures  marked  with  an  asterisk  are  put  where  they  are  as  being  in  connection  with  the  largest 
product,  but  other  products  were  taken  by  the  use  of  such  capital,  vessels  and  tonnage.] 


Counties. 


Value. 


Capital  In- 
vested. 


Vessels  En- 
gaged in. 


Tonnage. 


Value  of  Salt 
consumed. 


The  State, 

Barnstable,  . 
Bristol, 
Dukes, 
Essex,  . 
Hampden,    • 
Nantucket,  . 
Norfolk,       . 
Plymouth,    . 
Suffolk, 


$7,684,716 

1,879,158 

2,071,925 

48,691 

3,218,254 

794 

39,320 

61,580 

149,659 

215,335 


$7,269,442 

1,366,140 

2,674,812 

51,943 

2,800,062 

410 

10,750 

52,600 

117,125 

195,600 


1,223 

79,882 

415 

20,423 

99 

24,096 

12 

359 

478 

30,251 

125 

_ 

12 

730 

46 

1,396 

36 

2,627 

$278,622 

50,319 
1,230 


209,709 

1,250 

2,273 

3,716 

10,125 


172 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Classification  by  Name. 


Products. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Capital  In- 
vested. 

Vessels 
Engaged 
in. 

Tonnage. 

Value   of 
Salt  con- 
sumed. 

Alewives,     . 

*        .         ■ 

985,562 

$3,683 

$1,370 

4 

8 

$9 

Ambergris, 

lbs.. 

39 

4,150 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Bass,     . 

bbls.. 

120 

420 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Bass,     . 

lbs.. 

22,206 

1,892 

5,915 

11 

46 

- 

Blaokfish,     . 

. 

200 

25 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Blackftsh  oil. 

bbls.. 

93 

1,747 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Blackfish  oil, 

gals.. 

45,514 

26,745 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Bluefish, 

bbls.. 

2,825 

9,525 

3,942 

10 

805 

- 

Bluefish,      . 

boxes, 

4,335 

38,120 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Blueflsh,      . 

lbs., 

1,116,600 

20,547 

35,000  ' 

27 

2,469 

Bluefish, 

. 

5,000 

1,000 

- 

- 

- 

Bone,    .... 

lbs.. 

400 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Bonitos, 

•        . 

13,000 

620 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Clams,  . 

bufih., 

100,672 

35,719 

20,533 

6 

8 

- 

Clams,  . 

bbls., 

3,028 

6,351 

4,134 

- 

- 

Clams  (bait). 

bbls.. 

3,178 

22,246 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Clams,  dressed,   . 

gals., 

9,250 

5,413 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Cod,      . 
Cod,      . 

.  quintals, 
.        11)S., 

395,859 
5,895,623 

1,935,341 
671,083 

1  *3,934,409 

*933 

*45,353 

242,970 

Cod,      . 

. 

- 

23,120 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Cod  liver  oil, 

gals.. 

23,825 

14,594 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Crampflsh  oil,      . 

gals.. 

15 

11 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Cusk,    . 

.  quintals. 

20 

40 

*2,000 

- 

- 

- 

Dogfish, 

. 

55,000 

2,700 

- 

- 

- 

Dogfish  oil,  . 

gals.. 

8,445 

4,495 

4,000 

20 

150 

- 

Eels,     . 

lbs., 

83,530 

5,302 

- 

- 

- 

Eels,      . 

bbls.. 

87 

868 

- 

- 

- 

Fish  for  food, 

lbs.. 

750 

625 

_ 

- 

- 

- 

Fish  scraps. 

tons. 

2,750 

28,000 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Fish  for  manure, 

bbls., 

500 

125 

- 

- 

- 

~ 

Fish  oil  (misc.),  . 
Fish  oil  (misc.),  . 

gals., 
bbls.. 

73,457 
4,200 

30,354 
65,000 

1      *100,000 

*7 

*300 

- 

Flatfish, 

lbs.. 

2,000 

80 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Flatfish, 

bbls., 

25 

70 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Flounders,   . 

lbs.. 

30,370 

911 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Haddock, 

quintals, 

20 

40 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Hake,   . 

lbs.. 

454,000 

12,690 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Halibut, 

lbs.. 

61,700 

3,085 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Herring, 

bbls.. 

4,999 

25,936 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Herrings,      . 

. 

826,000 

9,243 

400 

- 

- 

- 

Humpback  whale  oil 

gals., 

27,168 

14,671 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Humpback  whale  oil 

bbls.. 

1,000 

18,900 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Lobsters, 

bbls.. 

280 

1,050 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Lobsters, 

•               •                 • 

836,883 

51,751 

19,478 

1 

36 

- 

Mackerel,     . 

bbls.. 

241,434 

2,211,481 

• 

Mackerel,     . 

lbs., 

938,856 

39,390 

}.       394,264 

107 

6,374 

35,643 

Mackerel,     . 

•       •         • 

909,326 

46,126 

. 

MAIs^UFACTUEES   AND   OCCUPATIONS. 


173 


Classification  by  Name — Concluded. 


Products. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Capital  In- 
vested. 

Vessels 

Engaged 

in. 

Tonnage. 

Value     of 
Salt  con- 
sumed. 

Manhaden,  . 

bbls., 

16,126 

$4,838 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Manhaden,  , 

lbs., 

4,728 

8,720 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Manhaden,  . 

. 

400,000 

2,000 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Miscellaneous,     . 

. 

- 

1,065 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Oysters, 
Oysters, 

bbls., 
bush.. 

792 
87,617 

4,233 
58,553 

1       $10,357 

- 

- 

- 

Oil, 

. 

- 

76 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Plaice,  . 

lbs.. 

1,250 

25 

- 

_ 

- 

- 

Perch,  . 

lbs., 

845 

60 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Perch,  . 

bbls.. 

266 

2,446 

- 

- 

~ 

- 

Pickerel, 

.       lbs.. 

150 

20 

r 

- 

- 

- 

Pollock, 

lbs., 

36,000 

300 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Pollock, 

.  quintals. 

50 

100 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Porgy  oil,    . 

gals., 

300 

120 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Quahaugs,   . 

bush.. 

3,708 

2,644 

400 

- 

- 

Scup,    . 

lbs., 

7,500 

225 

- 

_ 

- 

- 

Scup,    . 

bbls.. 

3,561 

8,724 

5,800 

2 

26 

- 

Shad,    . 

. 

23,050 

2,569 

410 

- 

- 

- 

Sharks, 

■        •         . 

2,000 

1,000 

•- 

•  - 

- 

- 

Shell  fish,    . 

bush., 

120 

120 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Smelts, 

lbs.. 

1,515 

115 

- 

- 

- 

Sperm  oil,   . 
Sperm  oil,    . 

gals., 
bbls., 

96,717 
25,602 

162,728 
1,310,229 

1  *  2,707,030 

*93 

*24,13T 

- 

Spermaceti, 

lbs.. 

100 

6,000 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Squeteague, 

lbs., 

40,000 

800 

- 

- 

_ 

- 

Squeteague, 

•                 • 

- 

4,600 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Swordfish,   . 

bbls., 

227 

889 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Swordfish,   . 

lbs.. 

40,000 

2,000 

- 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Swordfish,   . 

• 

6,800 

174 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Tautog, 

•                 • 

97,000 

3,500 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Tautog, 

bbls.. 

13 

55 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Tongues  and  sounds, 

•                 • 

- 

2,314 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Whalebone, 

lbs.. 

187,423 

211,908 

- 

- 

- 

_ 

Whale  oil,   . 

gals., 

74,739 

57,641 

20,000 

2 

170 

- 

Whale  oil,   . 

bbls.. 

24,770 

429,640 

- 

- 

- 

- 

This  exhibit  is  not  satisfactory.  By  it  there  is  $7,269,442  invested 
in  the  fisheries,  producing  annually  $7,684,716  worth  of  products. 
This  is  probably  not  the  whole  truth.  The  difficulty  in  the  way  of 
correct  returns  of  fisheries  is  that  the  Census  is  taken  at  the  very  time 
of  year  when  our  fishermen  are  the  most  active,  their  vessels  away, 
and  no  adequate  means  of  obtaining  the  facts  remaining.  The  statis- 
tics presented,  however,  are  as  complete  as  possible  under  the  circum- 
stances.    In  1865  the  product  of  the  fisheries  was  $14,618,307  cur- 


174 


CENSUS   or   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUTVI. 


rency  (gold  at  1.57).  In  1875  there  were  6,656  persons  emploj^ed  in 
the  fisheries,  of  which  number  1,018  were  paid  wholly  by  wages, 
1,337  partly  by  wages  and  partly  by  share  in  the  profits,  3,024  wholly 
by  share  in  the  profits  ;  277  owned  stock  in  the  vessels  they  went  in. 

Coastwise  and  Ocean  Commerce, 


Counties. 


Number  of 
Vessels. 


Tonnage. 


Value. 


Amount  Received 
for  Freight. 


The  State, 

Barnstable, 
Bristol, 
Dukes, 
Essex, 
Nantucket, 
Norfolk,     . 
Plymouth,  . 
Suffolk,       . 


1,051 

468 

87 

1 

202 

3 

23 

18 

249 


343,013 

70,712 

23,070 

437 

146,925 

175 

4,180 

3,475 

94,039 


$11,946,137 

1,735,970 

1,383,300 

12,000 

1,168,300 

8,500 

141,200 

178,000 

7,318,867 


$3,164,845 

461,461 

476,283 

18,000 

481,447 

6,100 

108,482 

74,166 

1,538,906 


KINDS    OF   VESSELS    ENGAGED. 


CoUNTiKS,  Cities 
ASD  Towns. 

•a 
c   . 

03  <n 

11 

CO 

Ships. 

Bares  and 
Barkentines. 

Brigs. 

Schooners. 

Sloops. 

1 

*S 
o 
a, 

03 

o 
a 

en 

"S-d 
> 

o 

1 

a 

a 
a 

o 
O 

> 

o 

c 

s 

o 

1 

a 

o 

O 

8 

c 

03 

O 

09 

"? 
■.-» 

m 

a 
o 
U 

a 
ta 

o 

O 

«3 

CO 

i 

00 

S3 
C 

O 

Barnstable. 

Barnstable, 

- 

- 

6 

- 

8 

- 

4 

- 

99 

- 

3 

- 

120 

Chatham,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

7 

- 

- 

- 

7 

Dennis, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

20 

- 

- 

- 

20 

Eastham,    . 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

1 

- 

- 

2 

- 

- 

- 

5 

Falmouth, . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

2 

Provincetown,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

34 

248 

- 

1 

2 

287 

Sandwich, . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4 

- 

- 

- 

4 

Truro, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

1 

Wellfleet,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

Yarmouth, 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

- 

- 

1 

16 

- 

1 

1 

21 

Bristol. 

Dartmouth, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

2 

3 

Freetown,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

New  Bedford,    . 

8 

2 

- 

17 

- 

- 

- 

- 

23 

- 

- 

- 

50 

Somerset,  . 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

2 

3 

- 

- 

- 

6 

T.-iunton,    . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

18 

- 

- 

8 

26 

Westport, . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

1 

Dukes. 

Edgartown, 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

MANUFACTURES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


175 


Kinds 

of  Vessels  Engaged — 

Concluded. 

•a 
c  . 

Ships. 

Barks  and 
Barkkntines. 

BniGS. 

Schooners. 

Sloops. 

09 

o 

Counties,  Cities 
AND  Towns. 

a  5 

.4^ 

a 

If 

an 

i 

o 

O 

0$ 
03 

i 

e 
o 

O 

i 
§ 

3 

o 
O 

CO 

.2 

1 

1 

5 
g 
o 

a 
o 

en 

> 

o 

O  tU 

Essex. 

Ipswich,     . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

8 

- 

- 

- 

8 

Lynn, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4 

- 

- 

1 

5 

Manchester, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

- 

- 

2 

5 

Newburyport,  . 

- 

9 

- 

4 

- 

2 

- 

3 

- 

- 

- 

1 

19 

Rockport,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

13 

- 

10 

- 

23 

Salem, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

64 

- 

- 

78 

142 

Nantucket. 

Nantucket, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

1 

- 

3 

Norfolk. 

Coliasset,   . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

Quincy, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

8 

- 

11 

1 

22 

Plymouth. 

Kingston,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

Plymouth, . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5 

- 

2 

4 

11 

Wareham, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

~ 

- 

- 

3 

- 

- 

- 

5 

Suffolk. 

Boston, 

26 

16 

3 

13 

2 

3 

1 

1 

95 

- 

- 

88 

243 

Winthrop, 

- 

27 

9 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 
34 

- 

1 

Totals  (State), 

34 

40 

13 

9 

6 

42 

647 

190 

1 

1,051 

The  exhi1)it  for  Coastavise  and  Ocean  Commerce  is  imperfect 
for  siniiltir  reasons  given  under  Fishing.  The  tonnage  reported 
was,  in  1875,  343,013  for  1,051  vessels,  and  they  received  for 
freight  $3,164,845.  The  amount  received  for  freight  in  1865  was 
$11,344,394.  In  1865  the  whole  number  of  vessels  engaged  in  the 
fisheries  and  in  coastwise  and  ocean  commerce  wag  2,533,  with 
a  total  tonnage  of  451,818.  In  1875  the  whole  number  of  vessels  so 
engaged  was  2,274,  with  a  tonnage  of  422,895.  While  the  total 
number  of  vessels  and  the  total  tonnage  in  1865  and  1875  are  shown 
to  be  nearly  the  same,  the  j^roducts  of  fisheries  and  amount  of  freight 
received  difter  widely,  as  stated.  This  slight  variation  in  the  number 
and  tonnage  of  vessels  employed  in  1865  and  1875  in  fishing  and 
commerce  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the  returns  generally  were  quite 
correct  for  1875,  but  reference  to  the  official  registration  of  vessels 
proves  the  contrary  ;  for  instance,  as  shown  by  returns  to  the  National 
Bin-eau  of  Statistics,  the  number,  kind  and  tonnage  of  vessels  giving 
Boston  as  their  home  port  are  as  follows  : — 


176 


CENSUS    or   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Kind  of  Vessels. 

Number. 

Tonnage. 

Kind  of  Vessels. 

Number.    Tonnage. 

Brigs,  . 
Barks, . 

Schooners,  . 
Ships,  . 
Steamship,  . 
Screw  steamships. 

119 

225 

603 

208 

1 

60 

25 

32,378.77 
113,881.43 

89,163.82 

249,076.53 

1,062.80 

15,805.89 

10,719.23 

Sloops, 

Yachts, 

Steam  yachts 

Steamers 

Barkentines 

Tugs 

Totals 

89 
7 
2 

13 
3 
2 

2,447.06 

292.10 

37.41 

6,845.89 

1,635.91 

79.78 

Paddle  steamers, 

1,357 

523,426.62 

For  the  balance  of  the  State,  the  returns,  as  stated  in  the  Census, 
are  quite  complete ;  but,  for  the  reasons  given,  we  do  not  hesitate  to 
say  that  the  statistics  of  Fishing  and  Commerce  are  decidedly  weak  ; 
in  fact,  are  the  least  trustworthy  of  any  of  the  presentations  made  in 
this  volume. 

Publishing.  While  publishers  gave  excellent  returns  as  to  the 
aggregate  value  of  their  pu1)lications,  they  found  a  difficulty  in  com- 
plying with  the  requirements  of  the  Census,  relating  to  the  number 
of  copies  of  books  and  pamphlets  published,  and  some  other  points, 
compliance  with  which  would  have  resulted  in  information  of  great 
value  to  all  engaged  in  an  industry  producing,  in  1875,  goods  to  the 
amount  of  $12,120,674. 

Reservoirs,  used  for  manufacturing  purposes,  are  distributed  as 
follows  : — 


Counties. 

Number. 

Acreage. 

Counties. 

Number. 

Acreage. 

The  State,   .... 

247 

32,961 

Hampden 

21 

2,370 

Barnstable, 

3 

40 

Hampshire 

19 

1,339 

Berkshire 

26 

5,526 

Middlesex, 

19 

1,373 

Bristol 

12 

619 

Norfolk 

15 

1,2S'8 

Essex,  ...... 

6 

739 

Plymouth, 

21 

9,073 

Franklin 

6 

260 

Worcester, 

100 

10,324 

A  number  of  establishments  often  take  their  power  from  the  same 
reservoir. 

Team  Work.  By  team  work  is  meant  a  species  of  work  made  use 
of  to  some  extent  in  manufacturing  boots  and  shoes,  and,  in  some 
instances,  in  other  industries,  and  signifying  a  combination  of  men 


MAl^UFACTUEES   AND   OCCUPATIONS. 


177 


where  the  labor  of  all — each  doing  a  particular  part — is  necessary  to 
the  production  of  a  single  article.  The  "team"  is  usually  hired  by  a 
superior  workman,  who  takes  sub-contracts  from  the  proprietor,  and 
makes  a  profit  on  the  labor  of  each  man  in  the  team.  The  total 
number  of  these  teams  in  the  State  is  1,260,  having  4,500  men  work- 


ing in  them. 


Manufactures  and  Occupations  for  1865. 


MANUFACTURES. 


Counties. 

No.  of 
establish- 
ments. 

Value  of 
goods  made. 

Capital 
invested. 

Value  of 
stock  used. 

Males 
employed. 

Females 
employed. 

The  State, 

10,522 

$426,975,822 

$146,615,783 

$264,958,060 

143,849 

92,219 

Barnstable, 

254 

1,372,245 

829,826 

'     697,825 

1,079 

70 

Berkshire, 

613 

20,005,825 

7,369,130 

12,464,799 

6,028 

3,027 

Bristol, 

715 

43,985,016 

13,578,895 

28,916,766 

9,861 

4,988 

Dukes, 

24 

31,252 

35,675 

21,185 

57 

6 

Essex, 

1,774 

72,719,694 

22,337,317 

47,671,703 

27,227 

17,053 

Franklin,   . 

361 

3,941,829 

1,205,487 

1,783,393 

2,022 

861 

Hampden, 

484 

23,699,138 

10,920,830 

14,308,767 

7,184 

5,139 

Hampshire, 

384 

8,514,051 

3,904,427 

5,285,154 

2,668 

2,313 

Middlesex, 

1,270 

60,390,301 

28,980,829 

37,770,772 

21,560 

9,550 

Nantucket, 

22 

78,406 

65,520 

45,833 

46 

361 

Norfolk,     . 

401 

20,110,248 

5,708,253 

13,100,208 

9,872 

6,554 

Plymouth, 

501 

13,790,636 

3,669,437 

8,663,953 

8,123 

2,351 

Suffolk,    . 

2,105 

92,701,282 

28,887,461 

54,321,895 

23,493 

24,378 

Worcester, 

1,614 

65,635,899 

19,122,696 

39,905,807 

24,629 

15,508 

OCCUPATIONS. 


Counties. 


No.  of 
establish- 
ments. 


Value  of  work 
done. 


Capital  invested, 
including  value 
of  vessels. 


Males 
employed. 


Females 
employed. 


The  State, 

Barnstable, 

Berkshire, 

Bristol,    . 

Dukes,     . 

Essex, 

Franklin, 

Hampden, 

Hampshire,     . 

Middlesex, 

Nantucket, 

Norfolk, 

Plymouth, 

Suffolk,    . 

Worcester, 


1,301 

48 

88 

87 

5 

149 
51 
48 
54 

172 
9 

78 
76 

203 

233 


!,930,224 

24,925 
92,780 

162,370 
3,150 

286,456 
50,161 
55,525 
57,175 

706,898 
2,990 

192,830 
94,102 

873,435 

827,427 


$27,745,713 

2,252,683 

35,335 

5,659,260 

251,350 

3,006,105 

16,825 

24,710 

26,250 

407,235 

253,103 

264,205 

373,300 

15,073,917 

101,435 


29,155 

5,897 
133 

3,455 
415 

7,947 
68 
152 
92 
495 
289 
569 

1,219 

7,967 
457 


251 


125 


20 
4 

102 


23 


178 


CENSUS    OE   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 


Fishing  and  Commerce  for  1865. 


Counties. 


Vessels  en- 
gaged in. 


Value  of  products. 


Amount  received 
for  freigtit. 


Value  of  salt 
consumed. 


Tonnage  of 
vessels. 


The  State, 

Barnstable, 

Bristol,    . 

Dukes,     . 

Essex, 

Hampden, 

Hampshire, 

Middlesex, 

Nantucket, 

Norfolk,  . 

Plymouth, 

Suffolk,    . 


2,533 

715 

326 

14 

717 


2 

20 

48 

115 

576 


$14,618,307 

2,619,635 

6,141,801 

167,172 

4,442,609 

11,812 

6,000 

650 

12,827 

138,600 

686,209 

490,992 


$11,344,394 

1,025,343 

652,027 

24,100 

292,815 


38,860 

88,337 

73,269 

9,249,643 


$565,815 
192,826 

308,416 


510 

8,922 

42,266 

12,875 


451,818 

62,867 

77,952 

3,072 

42,886 


189 

3,424 

3,756 

8,743 

248,929 


Massachusetts    Manufactories  :     Persons    Employed    in    each 
Story,  and  their  means  of  Escape  in  case  of  Fire. 

In  the  Census  schedules  used  in  gathering  the  particulars  concern- 
ing the  manufactures  of  this  State,  certain  inquiries  were  embraced 
which  related  particularly  to  the  manufactories  themselves.  The 
points  concerning  which  information  was  required,  were,  first,  the  size 
of  the  establishments,  meaning  the  length  and  width  in  feet,  and  the 
number  of  stories,  designating  the  basements  and  attics ;  second,  the 
number  of  persons  employed  in  each  story ;  and  third,  the  particular 
means  of  escape  in  case  of  fire  or  panic,  with  information  relating  to 
doors  swinging  inwardly,  outwardly,  sliding,  etc. 

In  taking  the  Census,  the  owners  or  lessees  of  every  establishment 
in  the  State,  without  regard  to  kind  of  business  or  numl^er  of  persons 
employed,  were  called  upon  to  answer  the  previously  mentioned  in- 
quiries, and  the  returns  were  full  and  reliable. 

We  have  selected  the  returns  of  the  nineteen  cities  and  twenty-one 
important  manufacturing  towns  as  far  as  they  relate  to  the  persons  em- 
ployed in  each  story  and  their  means  of  escape  in  case  of  fire  or  panic. 

The  remaining  towns  are  omitted  for  several  reasons.  Their  estab- 
lishments are  usually  small,  rarely  above  two  stories  in  height,  and  so 
situated  as  to  render  the  escape  of  the  few  employes  in  case  of  danger 
almost  a  matter  of  certainty.  The  full  presentation,  also,  would  have 
occupied  a  hundred  pages  or  more  of  this  volume,  and,  in  our  opin- 
ion, the  value  of  the  statistics  did  not  warrant  their  printing.     The 


MANUFACTURES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


179 


full  returns  are  in  possession  of  the  Bureau,  however,  and  are  avail- 
able for  any  official  purpose  or  legislative  requirement. 

The  tirst  table  we  present  shows  the  number  of  establishments  con- 
sidered in  the  nineteen  cities  and  twenty-one  towns,  and  the  number 
of  persons  employed  in  each  story  of  the  buildings  in  which  they  are 
employed. 

Peesoxs  Employed  in  Each  Story. 


CO      W 

Persons  Employed 

IN  EACH 

Stort. 

m 

Cities  and  Towns. 

o  s 

TO 

1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

Sth. 

9th. 

S 

o 

Cities. 

Fall  River, 

241 

4,707 

4,349 

2,747 

2,101 

1,915 

775 

- 

- 

- 

16,594 

New  Bedford, 

242 

1,767 

1,289 

916 

523 

147 

- 

- 

~ 

- 

4,642 

Taunton,    . 

134 

1,638 

1,163 

588 

167 

12 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3,568 

Gloucester, 

105 

460 

189 

22 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

671 

Haverhill,  . 

317 

802 

909 

751 

523 

133 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3,118 

Lawrence, . 

214 

3,651 

3,377 

2,340 

1,350 

458 

468 

336 

92 

- 

12,072 

Lynn, 

502 

2,216 

2,576 

2,682 

1,663 

1,029 

139 

~ 

- 

- 

10,305 

Newburyport, 

140 

1,028 

741 

640 

222 

82 

34 

- 

- 

- 

2,747 

Salem, 

446 

2,424 

1,251 

738 

212 

170 

18 

- 

- 

- 

4,813 

Holyoke,    . 

27 

1,389 

1,581 

1,350 

865 

319 

113 

- 

- 

- 

5,617 

Springfield, 

438 

3,306 

1,281 

1,122 

604 

201 

153 

- 

- 

- 

6,667 

Cambridge, 

344 

3,645 

1,489 

796 

570 

99 

10 

- 

- 

- 

6,609 

Lowell, 

373 

5,559 

4,085 

3,216 

1,454 

1,263 

503 

100 

- 

- 

16,180 

Newton, 

93 

888 

250 

87 

78 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,303 

Somerville, 

115 

1,390 

228 

104 

40 

19 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,781 

Boston, 

4,516 

17,968 

8,922 

8,949 

6,446 

3,356 

1,084 

13 

20 

19 

46,777 

Chelsea,      . 

141 

1,109 

342 

217 

49 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,717 

Fitchburg, . 

158 

1,471 

707 

325 

42 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2,545 

Worcester, 

528 

3,517 

2,032 

2,045 

1,046 

452 

- 

449 

112 

19 

9,092 

Totals, 

9,074 

58,935 

36,761 

29,635 

17,955 

9,655 

3,297 

156,818 

Towns. 

Adams, 

119 

1,437 

1,654 

800 

370 

3 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4,264 

Pittsfleld,  . 

148 

736 

523 

241 

87 

4 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,591 

Attleborough, 

41 

440 

471 

245 

46 

39 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,241 

Beverly,     . 

26 

195 

415 

409 

90 

- 

- 

- 

" 

- 

1,109 

Marblehead, 

28 

74 

454 

528 

287 

- 

- 

- 

~ 

- 

1,343 

North  Andover, 

4 

256 

227 

179 

107 

5 

- 

- 

- 

774 

Chicopee,  . 

, 

8 

755 

926 

694 

341 

314 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2,930 

Northampton, 

,7 

336 

346 

57 

23 

- 

- 

- 

- 

762 

Maiden, 

9 

225 

182 

374 

31 

- 

- 

- 

- 

812 

Marlborough, 

17 

384 

728 

779 

344 

96 

- 

- 

- 

2,331 

Natick, 

14 

161 

227 

191 

97 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

676 

Stoneham, 

25 

240 

306 

453 

305 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,304 

Waltham,  . 

8 

908 

679 

285 

123 

23 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2,018 

Woburn,     . 

29 

305 

372 

369 

41 

30 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,117 

Weymouth, 

41 

426 

496 

360 

261 

10 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,553 

Brockton,  . 

38 

559 

438 

797 

637 

160 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2,591 

Blackstone, 

9 

277 

439 

194 

160 

123 

106 

- 

- 

- 

1,299 

180 


CENSUS    or   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Persons  Employed  in  each  Story — Concluded. 


60     X 

Persons  Employed 

IN  EACH 

Stoky. 

Cities  and  Towns. 

o   a 
'A  *- 

1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

eth. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

o 

Milford,      . 

28 

322 

326 

232 

295 

129 

_ 

_ 

^ 

_ 

1,304 

Millbury,    . 

13 

419 

401 

195 

103 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,118 

Southbridge,      . 

I 

520 

550 

361 

151 

59 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,641 

Westborough,  . 

5 

152 

165 

300 

260 

44 

- 

- 

- 

- 

921 

Totals, 

62Jt 

9,127 

10,325 

7,943 

4,159 

1,039 

106 

- 

- 

- 

32,699 

Aggregates. 

Cities, 

9,074 

58,935 

36,761 

29,635 

17,955 

9,655 

3,297 

449 

112 

19 

156,818 

Towns, 

624 

9,127 

10,325 

7,943 

4,159 

1,039 

106 

- 

- 

- 

32,699 

Totals, 

9,698 

68,062 

47,086 

37,578 

22,114 

10,694 

3,403 

449 

112 

19 

189,517 

It  will  be  seen  that  tlie  persons  employed  in  the  9,698  establish- 
ments considered,  number  about  190,000.  The  whole  number  of  em- 
ployes in  mechanical  and  manufacturing  industries  in  the  forty  cities 
and  towns  is  given,  by  the  manufacturers,  as  about  215,000.  The 
whole  number  for  the  State,  from  the  same  source  of  information,  is 
about  308,000.  Thus,  the  returns  which  we  give  cover  88 -|-  per 
cent  of  the  persons  employed  in  the  towns  tabulated,  and  70  per  cent 
of  all  employed  in  manufactures  in  the  State.  The  9,698  establish- 
ments form  434-  per  cent  of  those  in  the  State  engaged  in  manu- 
factures. The  average  number  of  persons  employed  in  each  estab- 
lishment of  the  9,698,  is  19-f-.  For  the  balance  of  the  establishments 
in  the  State,  the  average  is  only  7-}-. 

The  190,000  employes  are  at  work  in  stories  numbering  from  the 
first  to  the  ninth.  The  figures  plainly  indicate  the  distribution  by 
stories,  but  we  present  the  percentages  as  being  more  easily  used  or 
remembered. 


Ill  first  story,  . 
In  second  story, 
In  third  story,   . 


35-}-  per  cent. 
24-[-  per  cent. 
19-}-  per  cent. 


In  fourtli  story,  .  .  11-|-  per  cent. 
In  fifth  story,  .  .  .  h-\-  per  cent. 
In  sixth  story,  and  above,     2-\-  per  cent. 


The  percentage  employed  in  the  third  story  or  below  is  about  80, 
or,  in  other  words,  152,000  employes  out  of  190,000  are  obliged  to 
descend  but  two  flights  of  stairs  to  reach  the  ground. 

The  two  tables  Avhich  follow  are  intimately  related.  The  first  gives 
a  classification  of  size  of  establishments,  the  size  being  determined  by 


MANUFACTUEES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


181 


the  number  of  employes.     The  second  shows  the  number  of  persons 
employed  with  regard  to  this  size  classification. 

Persons  Employed  in  Each  Establishinient. 


Cities  and  Towns. 


UuMBKK  OF  Establishments  Employing 


p< 

o 

S    o 


o 


Cities. 


Fall  River, 
New  Bedford, 
Taunton, 
Gloucester,    . 
Haverhill, 
Lawrence, 
Lynn,      , 
Newburyport, 
Salem,    . 
Holyoke, 
Springfield,    . 
Cambridge,    . 
Lowell,   . 
Newton, 
Somerville,    . 
Boston,  . 
Chelsea, . 
Fitchburg,      . 
Worcester,     . 


Totals, 


Towns. 


Adams,  . 
Pittsfleld, 
Attleborough, 
Beverly, .       . 
Marblehead,  . 
North  Andover, 
Chicopee,       . 
Northampton, 
Maiden,  . 
Marlborough, 
Natick,   . 
Stoneham,      . 
Waltham, 
Woburn, 
Weymouth,    . 
Brockton, 
Blackstone,    . 
Milford,  . 
Millbury, 


120 

135 

67 

67 

190 

137 

216 

82 

294 

243 

197 

198 

44 

73 

2,907 

76 

95 

313 


5,454 

63 

102 

6 


62 
80 
46 
33 
89 
51 

157 
42 

120 
1 

132 
88 

103 
36 
26 
1,173 
49 
S3 

118 


2,439 

29 
32 
15 
9 
13 


5 

1 

6 

6 

5 

10 

16 

6 

3 

10 


21 
19 
13 

5 

36 

18 

109 

9 
27 

9 
54 
44 
54 
10 
13 
379 
13 
26 
81 


940 

13 

9 

17 

16 

14 

3 

5 

4 

3 

4 

7 

15 

17 
21 
26 
3 
13 


16 
6 
5 


20 
6 
4 

13 
6 

13 
9 


52 
3 
4 

15 


181 

12 
5 
3 
1 
1 

1 
3 

11 
1 

4 
1 
2 

4 
5 
2 
5 
5 


22 
2 

3 


60 


182 


CENSUS    OF    MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPEOT3IUM. 


Persons  Employed  in  each  Establishment — Concluded. 


Cities  akd  Towns. 


Number  of  Establishments  Employing— 


o 


c    .3 


Southbridge,  ... 
Westborough,        .        . 

Totals,     ... 

Aggregates. 

Cities 

Towns,  .        .        .        .        , 

Totals,     .        .        .        , 


171 

5,454 
171 


6,625 


167 

2,439 
167 


2,606 


201 

940 
201 


72 

181 

72 


1,141 


253 


13 

60 
13 


73 


624 

9,074 
624 


9,698 


Persons  Employed  as  Eegards  Size  of  Establishment. 


Cities  and  Towns. 


Employed  in  Establishments  having- 


o    c 


C3       M 


O 


o. 


Fall  River,     . 
New  Bedford, 
Taunton, 
Gloucester,    . 
Haverhill, 
Lawrence, 
Lynn,      . 
Newburyport, 
Salem,    . 
Holyoke, 
Springfield,    . 
Cambridge,    . 
Lowell,  . 
Newton, 
Somerville,     . 
Boston,  . 
Chelsea, 
Fitchburg, 
Worcester,     . 

Totals,     . 


Adams,  . 
Pittsfield, 
Attleborough, 


Cities. 


Towns. 


,264 
395 
171 
174 

483 
306 
526 
222 
749 

618 
474 
503 
180 
184 
6,943 
212 
246 
810 


13,410 


168 

258 
21 


673 
789 
571 
304 
898 
511 

1,657 
469 

1,280 
16 

1,378 
949 

1,111 
377 
287 
12,719 
401 
336 

1,316 


927 

744 

740 

193 

1,395 

888 

4,480 

501 

949 

583 

2,228 

1,915 

2,193 

348 

619 

16,445 

632 

1,188 

3,770 


26,042 

294 
339 
171 


40,638 

757 
307 
690 


3,139 
731 
836 

342 
355 

3,642 

1,205 
600 

2,363 
914 

2,568 

1,647 
448 
341 

8,437 
572 
775 

2,514 


31,329 

2,000 
687 
359 


11,591 
1,983 
1,250 


10,012 

350 
1,336 
2,655 
1,529 

703 
10,726 

360 
2,233 


682 


45,399 
1,045 


16,594 

4,642 

3,568 

671 

3,118 

12,072 

10,305 
2,747 
4,813 
5,617 
6,667 
6,609 

16,180 
1,303 
1,781 

46,777 
1,717 
2,545 
9,092 


166,818 

4,264 
1,591 
1,241 


MANUFACTUEES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


183 


Persons  Employed  as  regards  Size  of  Establishment — Concluded. 


Employed  in  Establishments  having— 

lit 

«     . 
n  .^3 

Cities  and  Towns. 

u 

tn 

O       M 

Q. 
O 

2   § 

(A 

21  to  100  per- 
sons. 

a 

f  i 

o 

1 
CO       CO 

S    o 

o 

It 
«     in 

1    o 

Beverly, 

- 

101 

858 

150 

- 

1,109 

Marblehead 

- 

176 

820 

347 

- 

1,343 

North  Andover 

- 

- 

254 

- 

520 

774 

Chicopee 

- 

- 

259 

275 

2,396 

2,930 

Northampton 

- 

- 

304 

458 

- 

762 

Maiden, 

- 

72 

201 

- 

539 

812 

Marlborough, 

- 

18 

255 

1,568 

490 

2,331 

Natick 

- 

98 

461 

117 

- 

676 

Stoneham 

- 

88 

646 

570 

- 

1,304 

Waltham, . 

- 

69 

- 

195 

1,754 

2,018 

Woburn 

- 

122 

693 

302 

- 

1,117 

Weymouth 

- 

209 

802 

542 

- 

1,553 

Brockton, 

- 

84 

1,272 

860 

375 

2,591 

Blackstone, 

- 

48 

100 

368 

783 

1,299 

Milford 

- 

131 

485 

688 

- 

1,304 

Millbury, 

- 

- 

535 

583 

- 

1,118 

- 

- 

116 

716 

809 

1,641 

"Westborough 

- 

15 

68 

316 

522 

921 

Totals 

447 

2,035 

9,883 

11,101 

9,233 

32,699 

Aggregates. 

Cities 

13,410 

26,042 

40,638 

31,329 

45,399 

156,818 

Towns 

447 

2,035 

9,883 

11,101 

9,233 

32,699 

Totate 

13,857 

28,077 

50,521 

42,430 

54,632 

189,517 

The  town  and  city  details  in  these  tables  may  be  condensed  into  the 
following  summary  in  which  the  tabular  basis  of  classification,  5  and 
under,  6  to  20,  etc.,  is  retained  : — 


5,625  establishments  employ 

2,606  establishments  employ 

1,141  establishments  employ 

253  establishments  employ 

73  establishments  employ 


13,857  persons. 
28,077  persons. 
50,521  persons. 
42,430  persons, 
54,632  persons. 


9,698  establishments  employ  189,517  j)ersons. 


Average  in  each, 
Average  in  each, 
Average  in  each, 
Average  in  each, 
Average  in  each, 
Average  (the  State), 


2-f 

10+ 

44-}- 

167-}- 

748-}- 
19+ 


The  next  table  shows  the  height  of  buildings  in  which  the  190,000 
employes  are  at  work. 


184 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Height  of  Buildings,  and  Peesons  Employed. 


Persons  Emplotkd 

IN  Buildings  having — 

mber 

Cities  and  Towns. 

1 

1-H 

o 

rn 

o 

CO 

CO 

•a 

1 

tn 

V 

'u 

o 

o 

13S 

o 
m 

o 

CO 

CO 

o 

Ci 

o 

2  a 

Cities. 

Fall  River, 

966 

847 

129 

1,465 

6,567 

6,630 

- 

- 

- 

16,594 

New  Bedford, 

698 

798 

874 

772 

1,500 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4,642 

Taunton, 

485 

995 

826 

1,136 

126 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3,568 

Gloucester,      . 

364 

249 

58 

- 

_ 

- 

- 

. 

- 

671 

Haverhill,      •  . 

546 

659 

713 

854 

346 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3,118 

Lawrence, 

494 

599 

507 

214 

1,667 

633 

5,983 

1,975 

- 

12,072 

Lynn, 

919 

1,700 

2,202 

2,505 

2,729 

250 

- 

- 

- 

10,305 

Newburyport, 

584 

413 

454 

425 

521 

350 

- 

- 

- 

2,747 

Salem, 

1,188 

959 

1,012 

98 

1,406 

150 

- 

- 

- 

4,813 

Holyoke, . 

- 

189 

1,229 

1,352 

1,565 

1,282 

- 

- 

- 

5,617 

Springfield,     . 

2,356 

884 

952 

1,172 

246 

1,057 

- 

- 

- 

6,667 

Cambridge, 

2,379 

955 

1,046 

1,476 

743 

10 

- 

- 

- 

6,609 

Lowell,    . 

1,653 

1,079 

1,422 

655 

2,761 

7,795 

815 

- 

- 

16,180 

Newton,  . 

530 

370 

74 

329 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,303 

Somerville, 

1,083 

193 

326 

- 

179 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,781 

Boston,    . 

11,497 

8,280 

9,141 

8,244 

5,936 

3,528 

9 

- 

142 

46,777 

Chelsea,  . 

551 

497 

171 

498 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,717 

Fitchburg, 

541 

910 

878 

216 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2,545 

Worcester, 

1,319 

912 

2,164 

2,297 

2,250 

150 

- 

- 

142 

9,092 

Totals,      . 

28,153 

21,488 

24,178 

23,698 

28,542 

21,835 

6,807 

1,975 

156,818 

Towns. 

Adams,    .... 

204 

315 

1,470 

2,105 

170 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4,264 

Pittsfteld, 

368 

324 

350 

420 

129 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,591 

Attleborough, 

196 

496 

372 

- 

177 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,241 

Beverly,  . 

40 

180 

617 

272 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,109 

Marblehead,    . 

- 

306 

437 

600 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,343 

North  Andover, 

- 

- 

- 

697 

77 

_ 

- 

- 

- 

774 

Chicopee, 

- 

50 

395 

89 

2,396 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2,930 

Northampton, 

- 

468 

140 

154 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

762 

Maiden,   . 

14 

39 

70 

689 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

812 

Marlborough, . 

- 

18 

170 

1,378 

765 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2,331 

Natick,     . 

- 

131 

135 

410 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

676 

Stoneham, 

25 

7 

495 

777 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,304 

Waltham, 

20 

49 

945 

- 

1,004 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2,018 

Woburn, . 

17 

159 

308 

331 

302 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,117 

Weymouth,     . 

191 

196 

446 

680 

40 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,553 

Brockton, 

- 

82 

540 

1,594 

375 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2,591 

Blaekstone, 

- 

65 

37 

414 

783 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,299 

Milford,   . 

8 

142 

166 

408 

580 

- 

f 

- 

- 

1,304 

Millbury, 

- 

100 

115 

903 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,118 

Southbridge,   . 

- 

246 

133 

453 

809 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,641 

Westborough, 

- 

- 

203 

- 

718 

- 

- 

- 

- 

921 

Totals,       . 

1,083 

3,373 

7,544 

12,374 

8,325 

- 

- 

- 

- 

32,699 

MANUFACTUKES   A^D    OCCUPATIONS. 


185 


Height  of  Buildings,  and  Persons  Employed — Concluded. 


Peesons  Employed 

IN  Buildings  having— 

1 

a  . 

3  -S 

Cities  and  Towns. 

o 

93 

CO 

o 

o 
o 

CO 

o 

CO 

(a 

CO 

o 

*n 

o 

CO 

o 

U3 

CO 

o 

V3 

'u 
o 
'fl 

S.  o. 

'^ 

C-1 

CO 

-* 

o 

CO 

l^ 

GO 

CJ 

Aggregates. 

Cities,      .... 

28,153 

21,488 

24,178 

23,698 

28,542 

21,835 

6,807 

1,975 

142 

156,818 

Towns 

1,083 

3,373 

7,544 

12,374 

8,325 

- 

- 

- 

- 

32,699 

Totals, 

29,236 

24,861 

31,722 

36,072 

36,867 

21,835      6,807 

1,975 

142 

189,517 

If  we  compare  tlie  results  of  this  table  with  those  of  the  first,  we 


secure  the  following  statement :- 


Einploj'ed  in  one 

story  buildings,    . 

Employed  in  two 

story  buildings,    . 

Employed  in  three 

story  buildings,    . 

Employed  in  four 

story  buildings,    . 

Employed  in  five 

story  buildings,    . 

Employed  in  six 

story  buildings,    . 

Employed  in  seven 

story  buildings,    . 

Employed  in  eight 

story  buildings,    . 

Employed  in  nine 

story  buildings,    . 

Working    in  first 

story  of  all  buildings. 

Working    in  second  story  of  all  buildings, 

Working    in  third 

story  of  all  buildings. 

Working    in  fourth 

story  of  all  buildings. 

Working    in  fifth 

story  of  all  buildings. 

Working    in  sixth 

story  of  all  buildings. 

Working    in  seventh  story  of  all  buildings, 

Working    in  eighth 

story  of  all  buildings. 

Working    in  ninth 

story  of  all  buildings, 

29,236 

24,861 

31,722 

36,072 

36,867 

21,835 

6,807 

1,975 

142 

68,062 

47,086 

37,578 

22,114 

10,694 

3,403 

449 

112 

19 


The  above  is  easily  understood  when  it  is  remembered  that  although 
persons  may  be  employed  in  five-story  buildings,  they  may  perform 
their  labor  in  the  first  or  second  stories  of  such  buildings.  The  state- 
ment plainly  shows  the  concentration  of  workmen  in  the  lower  stories 
of  the  buildings  in  which  they  are  employed. 

The  succeeding  table  gives  in  detail  the  means  of  escape  from  the 
second  story  and  those  stories  above  the  second  in  the  forty  cities  and 
towns.  The  average  number  of  persons  depending  upon  each  stair- 
way or  fire  escape  as  a  means  of  exit,  is  shown  for  each  story. 

24 


186 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Means  or  Escape  (2d  story  and  above) 


2d  story, 
3d  story, 
4th  story, 
5th  story, 
6th  story. 

Totals, 

2d  story, 
3d  story, 

4th  story, 
5th  story. 

Totals, 


2d  story, 
3d  story, 
4th  story, 
5th  story. 

Totals, 

2d  story, 
3d  story. 

Totals, 

2d  story, 
3d  story, 
4th  story, 
5th  story, 

Totals, 

2d  story, 
3d  story, 
4th  story, 
5th  story, 
6th  story, 
7th  story, 
8th  story. 

Totals, 

2d  story, 
3d  story. 


Cities  and  Towns. 


Cities. 
Fall  River. 


New  Bedford. 


Taunton. 


Gloucester. 


Haverhill. 


Lawrence. 


Lynn. 


4,349 
2,747 
2,101 
1,915 
775 


11,887 

1,289 
916 
523 
147 


2,875 

1,163 

688 

167 

12 


1,930 

189 
22 


211 

909 
751 
523 
133 


2,316 

3,377 

2,340 

1,350 

458 

468 

336 

92 

8,421 

2,576 

2,682 


Means  of  Escape. 


73 
59 
54 
20 


295 

107 

29 

6 

1 


143 

69 

22 

6 

1 


31 

5 


36 

138 
79 
29 


252 

68 
41 

17 
10 

8 
7 
1 

152 

244 
160 


147 


13 


17 


11 
9 
9 
6 
4 


43 


00   0) 


a  03 


29 

118 

34 

107 

39 

98 

33 

87 

12 

32 

442 


6 

113 

4 

33 

2 

8 

1 

2 

156 

75 

28 

10 

o 


115 

31 
5 


36 

139 

80 

29 

6 


254 

79 
50 
26 
16 
12 
10 
2 

195 

244 
160 


MANTXFAOTUKES   AND   OCCUPATIOI^"S. 


187 


Means  of  Escape — Continued. 


Cities  and  Towns. 


Lynn— Continued. 

4th  story, 

5th  story 

6th  story, 

Totals 

Newbukyport. 

2d  story 

3d  story 

4th  story 

5th  story 

6th  story 

Totals 

Salem. 

2d  story, 

3d  story 

4th  story 

5th  story 

6th  story 

Totals, 

HOLYOKE. 

2d  story 

3d  story, 

4th  story 

5th  story 

6th  story 

Totals, 

Springfield. 

2d  story 

Sd  story 

4th  story, 

5th  story, 

6th  story, 

Totals, 

Cambridge. 

2d  story 

3d  story, 

4th  story, 

5th  story, 

6th  story, 

Totals 

Lowell. 

2d  story, 

3d  story 


o 


1,663 

1,029 

139 


8,089 

741 

640 

222 

82 

34 


1,719 

1,251 

738 

212 

170 

18 


2,389 

1,581 

1,350 

865 

319 

113 


4,228 

1,281 

1,122 

604 

201 

153 

3,361 

1,489 

796 

570 

99 

10 


2,964 

4,085 
3,216 


Means  of  Escape. 


'3 


62 

24 

1 


491 

46 

25 

5 

3 

1 


80 

165 

64 

10 

3 

1 


243 

26 

22 

16 

9 

1 


74 

131 
74 
26 

7 
5 


243 

110 

49 

25 

4 

1 


189 

160 
80 


17 


10 

21 

19 

13 

6 

1 


60 

4 
4 
5 
1 
1 


15 


17 

18 
15 


«    <H     a; 


4 

169 

2 

66 

2 

12 

1 

4 

1 

2 

62 

24 

1 


491 

51 

29 

9 

6 

2 


253 

47 
41 
29 
15 
o 


134 

135 

78 
31 


258 

116 

54 

29 

5 

2 


206 

178 
95 


'S€1 


£  t.  -  <u 


<J 


188 


CE:N-SUS   of   MASS.  — 1875.       COIVIPENDIUM. 


Means  of  Escafpe — Continued. 


4th  story, 
5th  story, 
6th  story, 
7th  story, 

Totals, 

2d  story, 
3d  story, 
4th  storj'. 

Totals, 


2d  story, 
3d  story, 
4th  story, 
5th  story. 

Totals, 

2d  story, 
3d  story, 
4th  story, 
5th  story, 
6th  story, 
7th  story, 
8th  story, 
9th  story. 

Totals, 

2d  story, 
3d  story, 
4th  story. 

Totals, 

2d  story, 
3d  story, 
4th  story. 

Totals, 

2d  story, 
3d  story, 
4th  story, 
5th  story. 

Totals, 


Cities  and  Towns. 


Lowell— Continued. 


Newton. 


SOMERVILLE. 


Boston. 


Chelsea. 


FlTCHBDRG. 


Worcester. 


1,454 

1,263 

503 

100 


10,621 

250 

87 
78 


415 

228 

104 

40 

19 


391 

8,922 

8,949 

6,446 

3,356 

1,084 

13 

20 

19 


28,809 

342 

217 
49 


608 

707 

325 

42 


1,074 

2,032 

2,045 

1,046 

452 

5,575 


Means  of  Escape. 


26 

11 

7 

2 


286 

16 
6 
4 


26 

2S 
7 
1 
1 


37 

1,244 

834 

515 

186 

50 

3 

1 

1 


2,834 

53 

16 

5 


74 

60 

34 

4 


204 
183 


481 


13 
11 

6 

2 


65 

3 
1 
2 


107 

1 
1 
1 


25 


•a 

B 
OS 


39 

22 

13 

4 


351 

19 
7 
6 


32 

29 
8 
2 
1 


40 


34 

1,278 

3i 

868 

18 

533 

14 

200 

7 

57 

- 

3 

- 

1 

_ 

1 

2,941 

54 
17 


77 

63 
37 


106 

212 
192 

78 
24 

506 


O  u  j3 

All 

Sogs 

t-  fc.  3  o 

o  ai  5  iH 

>  P.ni'O 
< 


MAIiTlIPACTUKES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


189 


Means  of  Escape — Continued. 


Cities  and   Towns. 

Persons        em- 
ployed. 

Means  of  Escape. 

0.    of 
each 
and 

Stairways. 

CO 

It 

u 

Stairways 
and    fire 
escapes. 

Avcrnge   N 
persons  to 
stairway 
flre  escap< 

Towus. 

Adams. 

2d  story, 

1,654 

67 

7 

74 

22 

3d  story, 

800 

39 

8 

47 

17 

4th  story. 

370 

13 

5 

18 

21 

5th  story. 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

Totals,  . 

2,827 

120 

21 

141 

20 

PiTTSFIELD. 

2d  story, 

623 

49 

5 

54 

10 

3d  story. 

241 

21 

6 

27 

9 

4th  story. 

87 

4 

2 

6 

14 

5th  story,     . 

4 

1 

- 

1 

4 

Totals,  . 

855 

75 

13 

88 

10 

Attleborough. 

2d  story. 

471 

24 

4 

28 

17 

3d  story, 

245 

11 

3 

14 

17 

4th  story,      . 

46 

2 

o 

4 

11 

5th  story,     . 

39 

2 

2 

4 

10 

Totals,  . 

801 

39 

11 

50 

16 

2d  story, 

415 

24 

- 

24 

17 

3d  story. 

409 

16 

- 

16 

26 

4th  story. 

90 

3 

- 

3 

30 

Totals,  . 

914 

43 

- 

43 

21 

Marblehead. 

2d  story. 

454 

23 

_ 

23 

20 

3d  story, 

528 

17 

_ 

17 

31 

4th  story, 

■      287 

7 

- 

7 

41 

Totals,  . 

1,269 

47 

- 

47 

27 

North  Andover. 

2d  story. 

227 

4 

4 

8 

28 

3d  story, 

179 

5 

5 

10 

18 

4th  story,     . 

107 

4 

4 

8 

13 

5th  story,      . 

5 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Totals,  . 

518 

14 

14 

28 

19 

Chicopee. 

2d  story, 

926 

19 

6 

25 

37 

3d  story. 

594 

16 

5 

21 

28 

4th  story. 

341 

10 

4 

14 

24 

5th  story,      . 

314 

8 

2 

10 

31 

Totals,  . 

2,175 

53 

17 

70 

31 

190 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Means  of  Escape — Continued. 


Cities  and  Towns. 


Northampton. 

2d  story, 

3d  story 

4th  story, 

Totals 

Malden. 

2d  story, 

3d  story, 

4th  story, 

Totals, 

Marlborough. 

2d  story 

3d  story, 

4th  story,     .        •        .        .        . 
5th  story, 

Totals 

Natick. 

2d  story 

3d  story 

4th  story, 

Totals 

Stoneham. 

2d  story, 

3d  story, 

4th  story 

Totals 

*       Waltham. 

2d  story, 

3d  story, 

4th  story, 

6th  story 

Totals 

WOBURN. 

2d  story, 

3d  story 

4th  story 

5th  story, 

Totals, 

Weymouth. 

2d  story, 

3d  story, 


346 
57 
23 


426 

182 
374 
.31 


587 

728 

779 

344 

96 


1,947 

227 
191 

97 


515 

306 
453 
305 


1,064 

679 

285 

123 

23 


1,110 

372 

369 

41 

30 


812 


496 
360 


Means  of  Escape. 


15 

10 

7 
4 


21 

24 

21 

17 

3 


65 

12 

10 
6 


28 


25 
12 
12 


49 


17 
6 
2 

2 


27 

34 

27 

12 

3 


76 

40 
29 


■a 
c 


11 

5 

4 


20 

12 
9 
5 


26 

25 

21 

18 

3 


67 

12 
11 


29 


25 
12 
12 


49 

18 

8 
3 
4 


33 

36 

28 

12 

3 


79 

41 
30 


MANUFACTURES   AXD   OCCUPATIONS. 


191 


Means  of  Escai^e — Concluded. 


Cities  and  Towns. 


en     O 


Weymouth— Continued. 

4th  story 

5th  story 

Totals 

Brockton. 

2d  story 

3d  story, 

4th  story 

5th  story, 

Totals, 

Blackstone. 

2d  story, 

3d  story 

4th  story, 

5th  story 

6th  story 

Totals 

MiLFORD. 

2d  story 

3d  story 

4th  story, 

5th  story, 

Totals 

MlLLBURY. 

2d  story 

3d  story 

4th  story, 

Totals, 

SOUTHBRIDGE. 

2d  Story, 

3d  story,      

4th  story, 

5th  story 

Totals, 

Westborough. 

2d  story, 

3d  story 

4th  story 

5th  story, 

Totals 


261 
10 


1,127 

438 
797 
637 
160 


2,032 

439 
194 
160 
123 
106 


1,022 

326 
232 
295 
129 


982 


401 
195 
103 


699 


550 

361 

151 

59 


1,121 


165 

300 

260 

44 


769 


Means  of  Escape. 


& 
^ 


13 
1 


83 


42 

37 

22 

1 


102 


20 


33 

26 

16 

5 


80 


14 
13 
11 


38 


18 


14 


11 


II 
11 

7 


29 


p. 


12 


13 
1 


43 

38 

23 

1 


105 


11 
9 

7 
2 
2 


31 

34 

29 

16 

5 


84 


25 
24 

18 


67 

14 

8 
6 
2 


30 


O  O  C 
O  « 


14 


192 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.- 


COMPENDIUM. 


This  table  gives  an  easily  understood  showing  of  the  stories  in  which 
persons  are  employed,  and  their  means  of  escape  in  case  of  fire  or 
panic.  The  averages  of  persons  to  each  means  of  escape  have  a  com- 
parative value,  for  each  city  and  town  has  been  dealt  within  the  same 
manner. 

We  present  next  a  summary  for  the  State,  showing  the  whole  num- 
ber of  stairways  and  fire  escapes  by  stories,  and  the  average  number 
to  each  means  of  escape  in  the  cities,  in  the  towns,  and  in  both  com- 
bined. 


Means  of  Escape,  by  Stoeies  ;  for  the  State. 


Stairways. 

Fire  Escapes. 

AvG.  No.  OF  Persons  to 
EACH     Stairway    and 
Fire  Escape. 

Stories. 

T5 

•a 

■o 

s. 

'-3 

CO 

C 

is 
o 
H 

o    o 
■■S    H 
0 

3 

c 

o 
H 

«    2 
3 

CO 

3 

00 

c 

o 

Eh 

a    g 

CO        P= 

o    o 

b 

Second,       .... 

2,989 

491 

3,480 

161 

57 

218 

12 

19 

13 

Third, 

1,803 

333 

2,136 

152 

56 

208 

15 

20 

16 

Fourth, 

888 

170 

1,058 

125 

35 

160 

18 

20 

18 

Fifth,  . 

342 

32 

374 

80 

10 

90 

23 

25 

23 

Sixth,  . 

95 

1 

96 

34 

1 

35 

25 

53 

26 

Seventh, 

12 

- 

12 

5 

- 

5 

26 

- 

26 

Eighth, 

2 

- 

2 

1 

- 

1 

37 

- 

37 

Ninth, 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

19 

- 

19 

Totals, 

6,132 

1,027 

7,159 

558 

159 

717 

14 

20 

15 

A  comparison  of  this  table  with  the  city  and  town  presentations 
will  show  what  cities  and  towns  are  above  or  below  the  State  average. 
In  the  cities  we  find  one  fire  escape  to  about  ten  stairways ;  in  the 
towns  one  fire  escape  to  about  six  stairways,  and  in  both  cities  and 
towns  one  fire  escape  to  about  ten  stairways.  It  will  be  seen  that 
the  number  of  persons  to  each  means  of  escape  grows  larger  from 
story  to  story  as  we  go  up  higher,  which  is  just  what  should  not  be 
the  case.  This  is  undoubtedly  owing  to  the  fact  that  in  all  kinds  of 
business  the  heavy  machines  requiring  few  attendants  are  jjut  in  the 
lower  stories,  while  the  light  and  small  machines  with  the  greatest 
number  of  employes  are  in  the  upper  stories.  This  state  of  afiairs, 
with  our  present  knowledge  of  building,  is  a  necessity,  and  can  only 
be  palliated,  for  a  radical  change  is  impossible. 


MANUFACTURES   AND    OCCUPATIONS. 


193 


Doors. 

A  tabulation  of  the  returns  of  the  9,698  establishments  in  the  pre- 
viously mentioned  19  cities  and  21  towns,  as  regards  the  opening  of 
outside  doors,  discloses  the  fact  that  the  great  majority  swing  in- 
wardly. Those  opening  outwardly  number  but  175  ;  those  sliding, 
78  ;  those  having  either  outwardly  opening  or  sliding  doors,  in  part, 
number  146.  By  this  latter  statement,  we  mean  that  in  the  case  of 
the  146,  some  of  their  outside  doors  also  swing  inwardly.  The  bal- 
ance reporting,  state  that  the  outside  doors  swing  inwardly.  There 
can  be  no  valid  reason  for  doubting  the  existence  of  this  state  of 
ajffairs,  or  for  not  considering  that  in  case  of  fire  or  panic  serious 
consequences  are  likely  to  follow.  With  recent  disasters  so  fresh 
in  the  public  mind,  there  would  seem  to  be  need  of  no  more  inves- 
tigation or  argument  to  cause  the  passage  of  laws  which  will  secure  a 
desirable  uniformity  in  the  manner  of  the  opening  of  doors  toward  the 
outside.  In  this  case,  at  least,  an  arbitrary  law  is  the  kind  needed  to 
secure  one  well  recognized  and  easily  attainalile  condition  of  safety. 

From  a  tabulation  of  the  same  city  and  town  returns  that  have  fur- 
nished the  basis  for  all  that  has  preceded,  we  derive  the  following 
exhibit : — 


Height   of  Buildings    used  as    Maxutactories  ;   Attics,  Base- 
ments, Etc. 


Stoeies. 


Number  of 
Buildings. 


With 
Allies. 


Witli 
Basements. 


Witli  both 
Allies  and 

Basements. 


One  Story  Buildings. 

In  cities 

In  towns, 

Totals,   ........ 

One  and  a  half  Story  Buildings. 

In  cities 

In  towns 

Totals, 

Two  Story  Buildings. 

In  cities 

In  towns 

Totals 

Two  AND  A  HALF  StORY  BUILDINGS. 

In  cities 

In  towns, 

Totals, 

25 


1,340 

267 


1,607 

62 
23 


85 

1,042 
383 


1,425 

73 
19 


92 


22 
10 


15 


39 
16 


55 

3 
1 


194 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Height  of  Buildings  used  as  Manufactories,  etc. — Concluded. 


Stories. 


Number  of 
Buildings. 


With 
Attics. 


Witli 
Basements. 


Witli  botli 
Attics  and 
Basements. 


Three  Story  Buildings. 

In  cities, 

In  towns, 

Totals 

Three  and  a  half  Story  Buildings. 

In  cities 

In  towns 


Totals, 

In  cities. 
In  towns. 

Totals, 


Four  Story  Buildings. 


Four  and  a  half  Story  Buildings. 

In  cities 

In  towns 


Totals, 

In  cities, 
In  towns. 

Totals, 

In  cities, 
In  towns, 

Totals, 

In  cities, 
In  towns, 

Totals, 


Five  Story  Buildings. 


Six  Story  Buildings. 


SEyEN  Story  Buildings. 


Eight  Story  Buildings. 


In  cities. 
In  towns. 

Totals, 

In  cities, 
In  towns, 

Totals, 


Nine  Story  Buildings. 


749 
243 


992 

25 

5 


30 

658 
163 


821 

12 
3 


15 

389 
39 


428 


97 
2 


99 


14 


16 


34 
23 


67 


21 
19 


40 


15 
o 


17 


63 

28 


91 


108 
23 


131 


105 


110 


10 


10 


11 


12 
17 


29 


12 


20 


These  5,613  buildings  contained  the  9,698  establishments,  and  the 
190,000  employes.  In  the  large  cities,  especially,  several  firms  occu- 
py the  same  building.  We  find  that  but  2.7  per  cent  of  the  buildings 
have  attics  ;  7.4  per  cent  have  basements,  and  a  trifle  over  1  per  cent 
both  attics  and  basements. 


Part   III. 


AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTS  AND  PROPERTY. 


Part  III. 


AGEICULTUEAL  PEODUCTS  AND  PEOPEETT, 


This  Part  contains  the  tabulated  returns  relating  to  Domestic  Man- 
ufactures, Agricultural  Products,  Farms  and  Farm  Property,  Domestic 
Animals  on  Farms,  Persons  Employed  in  Agriculture,  their  wages, 
value  of  implements,  etc..  Mines,  Quarries,  Pits  and  Fish  Ponds; 
and  it  should  be  distinctly  understood  at  the  outset  in  this  Part 
that  no  agricultural  products  are  considered  except  those  from  farms. 
The  Census  took  no  account  of  city  or  village  lots  or  houses,  or  the 
products  of  small  house  gardens,  or  of  animals  not  on  farms,  although 
for  general  information  the  tables  will  be  found  to  contain  the  number 
of  all  horses,  cows  and  sheep  in  the  State,  including  those  not  on 
farms ;  but  these  figures  have  been  derived  from  the  returns  of  the 
assessors  to  the  Secretary  of  State. 

The  facts  presented  are  for  all  products  during  the  year  ending 
May  1,  1875,  and  as  to  all  other  matters  of  property  or  fixed  things, 
as  they  existed  May  1,  1875. 

To  bring  out  the  required  infonnation  on  the  points  stated  above, 
the  Products  and  Property  Schedule,  containing  forty-three  inquiries, 
was  used,  and  a  separate  Schedule  for  every  farm  in  the  State,  certi- 
fied to  by  the  proprietor  or  the  enumerator,  was  filed  in  this  office ; 
while  the  enumerator  also  filed  a  certificate  giving  the  address  of  all 
proprietors  of  farms  who  positively  declined  to  give  to  the  State  the 
facts  called  for.  Of  this  latter  class  there  are  about  fifty  in  the  whole 
State  ;  but  their  farms,  as  a  rule,  were  so  insignificant,  the  office  did 
not  feel  warranted  in  taking  legal  steps  to  enforce  the  inquiries,  for 
the  grand  results  are  neither  vitiated  nor  perceptibly  lessened  by  their 
obstinacy.  It  will  readily  be  seen  that  our  statements  as  to  the  num- 
ber of  farms  are  absolutely  correct  in  one  respect  at  least :  the  number 
is  no  less  than  that  given  ;  there  maybe,  and  probably  are,  a  very  few 
more.     The  amount  and  value  of  products,  if  not  correct,  are  the 


198 


CEjiTsus  or  MASS.— 1875.     compe:ndium. 


results  of  the  certified  statements  of  the  producers  themselves ;  and 
from  all  the  collateral  evidence  we  have  been  able  to  gather,  we 
believe  the  total  amount  of  farm  products,  as  stated,  does  not  vary 
ten  per  cent  from  the  positive  facts ;  and  the  amounts  of  products 
stated  are,  of  course,  less  rather  than  more  than  the  truth. 

The  great  question,  so  far  as  the  products  of  the  soil  are  concerned, 
and  the  one  of  most  vital  interest  in  this  respect  to  the  people  of  this 
State,  is,  whether  Massachusetts  is  on  the  decline  as  to  her  agricult- 
ural pursuits.  In  general  terms,  the  agriculture  of  the  State  holds 
its  position  in  spite  of  the  losses  in  small  agricultural  districts  as 
shown  by  the  Census.  Loss  of  population  does  not  by  any  means 
indicate  a  loss  of  production ;  for,  as  in  manuftictUres,  one  weaver  in 
a  cotton  mill  now  represents  ten  yards  of  cloth  per  day  instead  of 
three  yards  twenty  years  ago,  so  in  agriculture,  less  area  cultivated 
and  less  hands  employed  represent  a  larger  yield,  as  a  rule,  than 
under  the  conditions  existing  ten  or  twenty  years  ago.  We  believe 
agriculture  is  not  on  the  decline.  The  question  will,  however,  be 
answered  by  facts  and  figures  in  detail  as  the  various  showings  may 
indicate. 


Domestic  and  Agricultueal  Products. 


CODNTIES. 

Domestic 

Products,  for 

sale. 

Domestic 

Products,  for 

use. 

Total  Domestic 
Products. 

Agricultural 
Products. 

Total     Domestic 
and    Agricult- 
ural Products. 

The  State, 

$4,942,050 

$2,135,954 

$7,078,004 

$34,443,795 

$41,521,799 

Barnstable,    . 

45,568 

25,589 

71,157 

647,613 

618,770 

Berkshire, 

586,467 

279,697 

866,164 

2,794,545 

3,660,709 

Bristol,   . 

284,354 

99,919 

384,273 

2,411,305 

2,795,578 

Dukes,    , 

6,305 

7,791 

14,096 

135,022 

149,118 

Essex,     . 

280,559 

116,343 

396,902 

2,974,659 

3,371,561 

Franklin, 

540,391 

270,401 

810,792 

2,593,738 

3,404,530 

Hampden, 

417,457 

200,899 

618,356 

2,774,297 

3,392,653 

Hampshire, 

484,242 

260,804 

745,046 

3,066,883 

3,811,938 

Middlesex, 

625,590 

188,446 

714,036 

6,272,089 

6,986,125 

Nantucket, 

9,317 

1,682 

10,999 

96,639 

107,638 

Norfolk, 

296,919 

66,178 

363,097 

1,696,338 

2,059,435 

Plymouth, 

343,725 

134,243 

477,968 

1,646,260 

2,124,228 

Suflfolk,  . 

2,841 

1,108 

3,949 

473,630 

477,579 

Worcester, 

1,118,315 

482,854 

1,601,169 

6,960,777 

8,561,946 

By  domestic  products  is  meant  such  articles  as  are  manufactured  on 
the  fiirm, — "home-made"  productions,  like  butter,  cider,  dried  fruits, 
firewood,  carpets,  etc.     The  returns  relating  to  the  quantity  and  value 


AGKICULTUKAL    PRODUCTS    AND    PROPERTY. 


199 


of  such  products  for  use  are  probably  the  least  reliable  of  any  consid- 
ered in  this  Part,  except,  perhaps,  for  mines,  quarries  and  pits, 
although  they  amount  to  the  goodly  sum  of  $2,135,954,  and  for  sale 
to  $4,942,050,  or  a  total  value  of  domestic  manufactures  on  farms 
alone  of  $7,078,004,  currency.  In  1865,  this  class  of  products 
amounted  to  $5,774,597,  currency.  We  have  reported  everything 
that  was  returned,  even  to  a  pair  of  shoes  or  of  mittens,  regretting 
only  that  all  the  results  of  household  manufactures  can  not  be  given, 
but  feeling  gratified  at  the  same  time,  that  in  so  difiicult  a  branch  of 
the  Census  so  much  has  been  done,  and  the  exhibit  is  as  complete  as 
we  find  it. 

It  is  seen  that  the  total  domestic  products  reached  $7,078,004,  as 
stated,  and  the  purely  agricultural  products  $34,443,795  ;  total  domes- 
tic and  agricultural  products  of  the  farms  of  Massachusetts  for  the  year 
ending  May  1,  1875,  $41,521,799.  These  values  are  currency;  in 
gold  they  are  respectively  $6,319,646,  $30,753,388  and  $37,073,034. 
In  1865,  they  were,  in  gold:  domestic  products,  $3,678,087;  agri- 
cultural products,  $28,349,734, — total  domestic  and  agricultural 
products,  $32,027,821,  a  gain  over  1865  of  $5,045,213,  or'nearly  16 
per  cent. 

In  agricultural  products,  1875,  Worcester  County  leads  the  State, 
returning  $6,960,777  worth;  Middlesex  comes  near  to  Worcester, 
producing  $6,272,089  worth;  Hampshire  ranks  third,  $3,066,883; 
Essex,  fourth,  $2,974,659;  Berkshire,  fifth,  $2,794,545;  Hamixlen, 
sixth,  $2,774,297;  Franklin,  seventh,  $2,593,738;  Bristol,  eighth, 
$2,411,305;  Norfolk,  ninth,  $1,696,338;  Plymouth,  tenth,  $1,646,- 
260;  Barnstable,  eleventh,  $547,613;  Sufi'olk,  twelfth,  $473,630; 
Dukes,  thirteenth,  $135,022  ;  Nantucket,  fourteenth,  $96,639. 


Domestic  and  Agricultukal  Products  by  Name, 
i. — domestic  products. 


Products. 

Quantity 
for  sale. 

Value. 

Quantity 
for  use. 

Value. 

Total 
Products. 

Total 
Value. 

Average 
Value. 

Ashes, 

bush., 

_ 

_ 

700 

$140 

700 

$140 

$0  20 

Axe  handles,    . 

168 

$84 

- 

- 

168 

84 

50 

Bark, 

cords, 

7,035 

51,983 

673 

1,926 

7,708 

53,909 

6  99 

Baskets,    . 

- 

2,940 

- 

- 

- 

2,940 

- 

Blacking,  leather,    . 

gals.. 

11,400 

1,710 

- 

- 

11,400 

1,710 

15 

Blankets,  . 

pairs, 

331 

1,062 

91 

326 

422 

1,388 

3  03 

Blocks,  last,      . 

6,000 

165 

- 

- 

6,000 

165 

03 

200 


CEN"SUS   OP  MASS.  — 1ST5.       COMPE:NDnjM. 


Domestic  Products — Continued. 


Pkoducts. 

Quantity 
for  sale. 

Value. 

Quantity 
for  use. 

Value. 

Total 
Products. 

Total 
Value. 

Average 
Value. 

Boiled  cider,     . 

.    gals., 

. 

_ 

46 

$46 

46 

$46 

$1  00 

Boots  (including  "work 

on"),      . 

.    pairs. 

14,645 

$31,509 

1,398 

1,796 

16,043 

33,305 

- 

Brooms,    . 

40,800 

10,485 

- 

- 

40,800 

10,485 

26 

Brooms  and  brushes, 

700 

150 

- 

- 

700 

150 

21 

Butter, 

.    lbs., 

5,111,354 

1,792,239 

2,811,077 

955,639 

7,922,431 

2,747,878 

35 

Candles,    . 

.    lbs.. 

80 

13 

- 

- 

80 

13 

16 

Canned  fruit,    . 

.    cans, 

373 

118 

359 

121 

732 

239 

33 

Cardigan  jackets,     . 

312 

216 

- 

- 

312 

216 

69 

Carpets,    . 

.    yds.. 

10,063 

6,452 

10,882 

7,571 

20,945 

13,023 

62 

Carpets,  rag,    . 

.    yds.. 

6,000 

3,000 

32 

25 

6,032 

3,025 

50 

Catsup,    ,. 

- 

256 

- 

- 

- 

256 

- 

Charcoal,  .        .       . 

.    bush.. 

1,013,811 

120,264 

1,262 

292 

1,015,073 

120,556 

12 

Cheese, 

.    lbs.. 

1,036,997 

128,465 

243,237 

34,361 

1,280,234 

162,826 

13 

Cider, 

.    gals., 

3,969,433 

482,603 

1,654,413 

186,206 

5,613,846 

668,809 

12 

Clam  barrels,    . 

350 

350 

- 

- 

350 

350 

1  00 

Cloth, 

yds., 

3,922 

1,236 

6,076 

2,305 

8,998 

3,541 

39 

Clothes  driers, . 

12 

12 

1 

1 

13 

13 

1  00 

Clothing,  . 

- 

- 

- 

4,059 

- 

4,059 

- 

Cranberry  barrel^,  . 

400 

250 

- 

- 

400 

250 

63 

Dried  fruit, 

.    lbs., 

108,311 

11,939 

139,936 

17,412 

248,247 

29,351 

12 

Evergreen  goods,     . 

- 

5,834 

- 

137 

- 

5,971 

- 

Firewood, 

cords, 

418,393 

1,578,437 

217,666 

822,056 

636,059 

2,400,493 

3  77 

Gaiters,     . 

pairs, 

300 

500 

- 

__ 

300 

500 

1  67 

Gloves, 

pairs. 

709 

294 

362 

469 

1,071 

763 

71 

Grated  horse-radish. 

b'ttles. 

5,782 

542 

- 

- 

5,782 

542 

09 

Half-barrels,     . 

300 

195 

.. 

.. 

300 

195 

65 

Hammer  handles,    . 

150 

20 

_ 

_ 

150 

20 

13 

Harnesses, 

- 

200 

_ 

_ 

- 

200 

- 

Hoops,       .... 

10,804 

- 

- 

- 

10,804 

- 

Hoops,  barrel, . 

40,000 

400 

- 

- 

40,000 

400 

01 

Hot-bed  mats,  . 

75 

130 

- 

- 

75 

130 

1  73 

Leggings,  .... 

pairs. 

30 

63 

2 

3 

32 

56 

1  75 

Liniment 

dozen. 

1,200 

1,500 

1 

1 

1,201 

1,501 

1  25 

Lumber 

- 

175,276 

- 

431 

- 

175,707 

- 

Maple  molasses. 

gals.. 

9,749 

11,671 

13,266 

15,564 

23,015 

27,235 

1  18 

Maple  sugar,    . 

lbs.. 

577,953 

67,517 

504,249 

55,496 

1,082,202 

123,013 

11 

Mittens 

pairs. 

9,190 

6,873 

3,125 

2,104 

12,315 

8,977 

73 

Mop  sticks. 

dozen, 

57 

114 

- 

- 

57 

114 

2  00 

Nail  kegs, .... 

1,000 

150 

_ 

_ 

1,000 

150 

15 

Nail-keg  hoops. 

6,000 

30 

- 

- 

6,000 

30 

005 

Oil, 

gals.. 

2,000 

1,000 

- 

- 

2,000 

1,000 

50 

Ox-bows 

pairs. 

16 

24 

- 

- 

16 

24 

1  50 

Ox-yokes 

32 

58 

- 

- 

32 

58 

1  81 

Palm-leaf  hats  (including 

"work  on"), 

33,747 

3,830 

- 

- 

33,747 

3,830 

- 

AamCULTUEAL   PRODUCTS   AND   PROPERTY. 


201 


Domestic  Products — Concluded. 


Products. 

Quantity 
for  sale. 

Value. 

Quantity 
for  use. 

Value. 

Total 
Products. 

Total 
Value. 

Average 
Value. 

Perry, 

.    gals.. 

199 

$77 

15 

$23 

214 

$100 

$0  47 

Pickles,      . 

.    bbls., 

20 

200 

- 

- 

20 

200 

10  00 

Picture  frames, 

58 

56 

- 

- 

58 

56 

97 

Poles,  hoop, 

95,400 

1,009 

- 

- 

95,400 

1,009 

01 

Quilts, 

473 

1,779 

1,563 

6,476 

2,036 

7,255 

3  56 

Railroad  sleepers,    . 

458,544 

204,171 

- 

- 

458,544 

204,171 

44 

Roman  scarfs,  . 

300 

200 

- 

- 

300 

200 

67 

Rope, 

- 

250 

- 

- 

- 

250 

- 

Rugs, 

226 

237 

49 

165 

275 

402 

1  46 

Salt,  .... 

bush., 

1,600 

622 

- 

- 

1,600 

622 

39 

Shirts, 

- 

- 

184 

138 

184 

138 

75 

Shoes  (including  "wori 

• 

on"),     .        .        . 

pairs, 

147,926 

182,690 

996 

1,391 

148,922 

184,081 

- 

Skirts, 

72 

300 

- 

- 

72 

300 

4  17 

Socks, 

pairs. 

3,402 

2,272 

8,900 

5,696 

12,302 

7,968 

65 

Soft  soap, 

bbls., 

400 

1,700 

- 

- 

400 

1,700 

4  25 

Sorghum  molasses,  . 

gals.. 

80 

101 

213 

175 

293 

276 

94 

Stockings, . 

pairs. 

240 

100 

12 

6 

252 

106 

42 

Straw  braid, 

- 

40 

_ 

- 

- 

40 

- 

Straw    hats      (including 

"work  on"). 

2,884 

354 

- 

- 

2,884 

354 

- 

Suspenders, 

pairs. 

250 

25 

- 

- 

250 

25 

10 

Type  for  the  blind,  . 

sets, 

6 

25 

- 

- 

6 

25 

4  17 

Vinegar,    .... 

gals.. 

31,668 

8,837 

4,007 

1,321 

35,675 

10,158 

28 

Whip  lashes,    . 

1,080 

114 

- 

- 

1,080 

114 

11 

Whip  stocks,   . 

50 

13 

- 

- 

50 

13 

26 

Wine,         .... 

gals.. 

18,481 

22,385 

7,501 

11,138 

25,982 

33,523 

1  29 

Wooden  goods, 

- 

789 

- 

- 

- 

789 

- 

Yarn 

lbs.. 

1,434 

1,751 

1,723 

1,938 

3,157 

3,689 

1  17 

II. AGRICULTURAL    PRODUCTS. 


Products. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Average 
Value. 

Apples bush., 

3,252,957 

$1,450,252 

$0  45 

Apricots, 

.    bush., 

3,978 

1,955 

49 

Asparagus,  .        •        . 

.    b'ches, 

521,408 

55,669 

11 

Barberries,  . 

.    bush.. 

1,299 

2,745 

2  11 

Basket  willow,    . 

.    lbs.. 

6,300 

240 

04 

Beans,  string  and  shell, 

.    bush.. 

37,603 

45,325 

1  21 

Beef,     .... 

.    lbs., 

12,258,542 

1,068,154 

09 

Beeswax,     . 

.    lbs.. 

11,596 

2,058 

18 

Beets,  mangel-wurzel, 

.    bush., 

22,140 

6,676 

30 

Blackberries, 

.     qts., 

93,164 

12,728 

14 

202 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


AQricultural  Products — Continued. 


Products. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Average 
Value. 

Blueberries, qts., 

219,483 

$20,156 

$0  09 

Butternuts,  . 

•    bush.. 

5,559 

3,313 

60 

Cabbage, 

.    heads. 

7,660,722 

440,691 

OS 

Cabbage  plants,  . 

. 

83,400 

629 

007 

Carrageen,  . 

.    lbs.. 

128,430 

2,372 

02 

Cauliflower, 

.    heads, 

108,601 

10,758 

10 

Celery, 

.    b'ches. 

627,329 

49,614 

08 

Celery  plants, 

. 

31,910 

1,865 

06 

Cherries, 

.    bush.. 

5,441 

15,124 

2  78 

Chestnuts,    . 

.    bush.. 

3,046 

8,362 

2  75 

Chiccory, 

.    lbs.. 

2,046 

170 

08 

Citron  melon. 

.     lbs., 

400 

13 

03 

Corn,  broom, 

.    lbs.. 

63,821 

5,075 

08 

Corn,  green. 

.    bush.. 

199,496 

134,170 

67 

Corn,  pop,   . 

.    bush.. 

8,582 

13,809 

1  61 

Crab-apples, 

.    bush.. 

2,313 

3,446 

1  49 

Cranberries, 

.    bush., 

110,184 

288,113 

2  61 

Cream, 

.    gals.. 

4,470 

4,487 

1  00 

Cucumbers, 

.    bush., 

38,236 

43,844 

1  15 

Cucumbers, 

. 

37,414,726 

119,490 

003 

Currants,     . 

.     qts.. 

82,538 

10,605 

13 

Dandelions, 

,    bush.. 

7,188 

7,021 

98 

Eggs 

.     dozen, 

3,446,530 

903,357 

26 

Eggs,  fancy. 

.    dozen. 

1,010 

1,160 

1  15 

Eggs,  game. 

.    dozen. 

40 

240 

6  00 

Feathers,     . 

.    lbs.. 

15,985 

3,834 

24 

Flax 

.    lbs.. 

520 

86 

17 

Flowers,  leaves  and  v 

ines. 

cut. 

. 

- 

167,422 

- 

Fodder,  barley,  . 

.    tons. 

91 

1,371 

15  07 

Fodder,  corn. 

.    tons. 

15,863 

162,448 

10  24 

Fodder,  oat, 

.    tons. 

2,634 

44,638 

16  91 

Fodder,  rye, 

.    tons. 

17 

292 

17  18 

Game,  wild. 

■ , 

- 

2,675 

- 

Gooseberries, 

.     qts.. 

9,800 

1,101 

11 

Grapes, 

.    bush.. 

19,836 

32,635 

1  65 

Grapes, 

.     lbs.. 

267,617 

34,624 

13 

Greens,  beet, 

.    bush.. 

340 

428 

1  26 

Greens,  cabbage. 

.    bush.. 

2,882 

2,586 

90 

Hair,  for  plastering,   . 

.    lbs.. 

8,136 

265 

03 

Hemp, 

.     lbs.. 

8 

2 

25 

Hides 

. 

5,355 

23,512 

4  39 

Honey, 

.    lbs.. 

70,717 

20,331 

29 

Hop  poles,   . 

. 

126,345 

2,629 

02 

Hops,   .... 

.     lbs.. 

22,133 

7,556 

34 

Horse-radish, 

.    lbs.. 

245,892 

10,262 

04 

Huckleberries,    . 

.     qts.. 

337,777 

26,826 

08 

Ice 

.    tons. 

395,184 

500,666 

1  27 

AGEICULTUKAL    PRODUCTS    AND    PROPERTY. 


203 


Agricultural  Products — Continued . 


Products. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


Leeches, 
Lettuce, 

Mangoes, 
Manure, 
M.inure,  hen. 
Manure,  sea, 
Melons, 
Milk,     . 
Millet,  . 
Mutton, 

Oyster  plant, 

Parsley, 

Peaches, 

Pears,  . 

Pease,  . 

Pease,  green. 

Pelts,    . 

Peppers, 

Plants,  flowering 

Plums, 

Pork,    . 

Potatoes,  sweet. 

Poultry,  dressed  chickens. 

Poultry,  dressed  geese. 

Poultry,  dressed  turkeys. 

Poultry,  dressed,  other  than  chickens,  geese 

turkeys,    . 
Pumpkins,  . 

Quinces,       . 


and 


other,  in 


greenhouses. 


Radishes, 

Raspberries, 

Rhubarb, 

Roots  and  herbs,  medicinal  and 

Seeds,  garden  and  flower. 
Seeds,  grass, 
Shellbarks,  . 
Shrubs  in  nurseries. 
Skins,  calf,  . 
Spinach, 
Squashes,     . 
Straw,  . 


Strawberries, 

Teasels, 

Thirableberries, . 
Tomatoes,    . 
Tomato  plants,    . 
Trees,  fruit,  in  nurseries, 


aromatic, 


and 


dozen, 
heads, 

bush., 
cords, 
bush., 
cords. 


gals., 

bush., 

lbs., 

bush., 

bush., 
bush.. 


bush., 
bush., 
bush.. 


bush., 

bush., 

lbs., 

bush., 

lbs., 

lbs., 

lbs., 


lbs., 
lbs., 

bush., 

b'ches, 
qts., 

lbs., 
lbs., 

lbs., 

bush., 

bush.. 


bush., 
lbs., 
tons, 
qts., 

lbs., 
qts., 
bush., 


312 

2,683,211 

33,531 

422,478 

357 

21,670 

298,136 

35,698,159 

1,250 

589,323 

180 

3,704 
15,942 
59,259 

5,490 
68,294 

1,957 

4,984 

1,769 

12,786,062 

267 

876,955 

35,170 

241,317 

52,656 
4,214,881 

3,011 

90,527 

67,109 

350,478 

182,359 

28,307 

.2,300 

1,190 

256,056 

75 

6,094 

6,978,689 

18,865 

1,156,801 

1,800 

200 

230,565 

25,112 

215,770 


.$1,863 
96,410 

14,659 

2,321,373 

201 

30,587 

25,109 

5,934,671 

1,806 

55,374 

183 

2,640 

44,893 

118,302 

9,164 

96,512 

2,190 

5,499 

203,535 

3,481 

1,272,409 

369 

193,210 

7,164 

51,955 

11,066 

37,789 

9,334 

4,480 
14,214 

6,573 
16,199 

43,410 

4,041 

2,764 

14,919 

135 

6,498 

147,124 

267,066 

214,940 

200 

20 

137,945 

851 

88,526 


204 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUIVI. 


Agricultural  Products — Concluded. 


Products. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Average 
Value. 

Trees,  ornamental,  in  nurseries. 

224,982 

$36,004 

$0  16 

Tripe, 

.    lbs., 

115,128 

7,567 

07 

Turnips,  ruta-baga 

.    bush., 

2,427 

545 

22 

Turnips,  table, 

.    bush., 

697,501 

252,222 

36 

Veal 

.        .    lbs.. 

3,598,942 

363,517 

10 

Vines  in  nurseries,      . 

• 

60,789 

12,478 

21 

Watercress, 

.    b'ehes. 

3,500 

280 

08 

Wool,  merino, 

.    lbs.. 

70,927 

30,061 

42 

Wool,  Saxony 

.    lbs.. 

6,430 

2,798 

44 

Woo!,  other  than  merino  and  Saxony, 

.    lbs.. 

129,578 

51,704 

40 

III. AGRICULTURAL    PRODUCTS    (wiTH   ACREAGE), 


Products. 

Quantity. 

Acreage. 

Value. 

Average  yield 
per  acre. 

Average 
Value. 

Barley, bush.. 

46,884 

l,828i 

$47,655 

.25^ 

$1  02 

Beans,     . 

.    bush., 

41,879 

1,354^ 

97,052 

31 

2  32 

Beets  (table). 

.    bush.. 

215,740 

884i 

109,415 

244 

51 

Buckwheat,    . 

.    bush., 

52,127 

3,609^ 

46,911 

14i 

90 

Carrots,  . 

.    bush.. 

191,646 

439J 

86,503 

436 

45 

Corn  (Indian), 

.     bush.. 

1,040,290 

29,1933 

1,006,384 

35| 

97 

Hay  (clover). 

.    tons. 

3,443 

2,959 

51,903 

n 

15  07 

Hay  (English), 

.    tons. 

526,490 

509,294 

9,106,159 

1 

17  30 

Hay  (meadow), 

.    tons. 

116,211 

130,792 

1,225,456 

.88 

10  55 

Hay  (millet), . 

.    tons. 

2,418 

1,619 

41,918 

1^ 

17  33 

Hay  (salt),      . 

.    tons, 

22,568 

23,519 

234,832 

.96 

10  46 

Oats, 

.    bush.. 

457,710 

14,614J 

314,202 

3U 

69 

Onions,  . 

.    bush.. 

359,706 

1,045 

338,205 

344^ 

94 

Parsnips, 

.    bush.. 

30,377 

137J 

24,977 

221 J 

82' 

Potatoes  (Irish), 

.    bush.. 

3,630,546 

33,616 

2,349,815 

lOS 

65 

Rye, 

.    bush.. 

250,113 

21,351 

248,437 

113 

99 

Tobacco, 

.    lbs.. 

5,993,666 

3,7571 

1,032,262 

1,595 

17 

Wheat,   . 

.    bush.. 

13,749 

677J 

23,105 

20J 

1  68 

AGEICULTUKAL   PKODUCTS   AND   PKOPEKTY. 


205 


Agricultural  Products  (with  Acreage). 


Barley. 

Beans. 

Beets  (table). 

Counties. 

Acre- 
age. 

Bush- 
els. 

Value. 

Acre- 
age. 

Bush- 
els. 

Value. 

Acre- 
age. 

Bush- 
els. 

Value, 

The  State, 

l,828i 

46,884 

$47,655 

1,354| 

41,879 

$97,052 

884i 

215,740 

$109,415 

Barnstable, 

39 

868 

868 

50 

1,420 

4,120 

255 

4,641 

2,447 

Berkshire, 

222 

6,302 

6,637 

643 

1,215 

2,952 

571 

13,805 

5,220 

Bristol,     . 

51J 

1,171 

1,259 

933 

2,560 

6,129 

58i 

15,394 

7,573 

Dukes, 

- 

8 

9 

6 

133 

324 

7J 

1,032 

572 

Essex, 

1651 

3,914 

4,086 

165i 

4,871 

12,003 

102i 

24,200 

11,474 

Franklin,  . 

126 

3,627 

3,544 

-m 

1,948 

4,896 

45J 

11,894 

4,388 

Hampden, 

513 

1,508 

1,550 

863 

2,237 

5,100 

413 

11,823 

5,744 

Hampshire, 

m 

1,178 

1,217 

85^ 

1,983 

4,508 

30^ 

7,166 

3,060 

Middlesex, 

273J 

6,443 

6,123 

366i 

13,126 

28,497 

241i 

56,684 

36,625 

Nantucket, 

3 

120 

120 

3 

65 

149 

8 

1,606 

950 

Norfolk,   . 

33 

759 

799 

86 

2,321 

4,816 

m 

10,428 

4,408 

Plymouth, 

243 

583 

662 

653 

1,763 

4,752 

52 

13,730 

6,339 

Suffolk,     . 

- 

- 

163 

489 

761 

243 

8,119 

3,680 

Worcester, 

796 

20,403 

20,781 

203i 

7,748 

18,045 

140 

35,218 

16,935 

Agricultural  Products  (with  Acreage) — Continued. 


Buckwheat. 

CAEROTt 

5. 

Corn  (Indian). 

Counties. 

Acre- 
age. 

Bush- 
els. 

Value. 

Acre- 
age. 

Bush- 
els. 

Value. 

Acre- 
age. 

Bush- 
els. 

Value. 

The  State, 

3,609J 

52,127 

$46,911 

439^ 

191,646 

$86,503 

29,1933 

1,040,290 

$1,006,384 

Barnstable, 

- 

- 

- 

m 

4,281 

1,744 

746i 

20,652 

20,637 

Berkshire, 

2,0181 

31,755 

27,580 

193 

7,066 

3,324 

3,6063 

124,070 

114,565 

Bristol,     . 

n 

81 

94 

23 

6,927 

2,708 

1,309^ 

47,196 

49,452 

Dukes, 

- 

- 

- 

13 

334 

126 

235^ 

6,437 

6,489 

Essex, 

3 

37 

32 

89g 

52,194 

17,856 

1,0473 

43,911 

42,965 

Franklin,  . 

106i 

1,573 

1,447 

20| 

9,718 

5,479 

4,104i 

154,310 

145,996 

Hampden, 

9941 

11,394 

10,701 

20i 

7,251 

3,500 

4,745| 

130,504 

127,458 

Hampshire, 

202J 

3,384 

3,110 

193 

8,604 

3,781 

4,905 

156,193 

150,121 

Middlesex, 

62^ 

762 

770 

106e 

42,268 

22,362 

2,539| 

108,007 

104,873 

Nantucket, 

- 

- 

- 

3i 

745 

407 

160^ 

5,759 

5,369 

Norfolk,    . 

121 

268 

258 

21| 

11,441 

5,182 

475 

18,432 

18,441 

Plymouth, 

4^ 

66 

87 

lOJ 

5,110 

2,519 

860 

28,826 

28,329 

Sufiblk,     . 

- 

- 

- 

17 

8,766 

4,326 

1 

SO 

30 

Worcester, 

1973 

2,807 

2,832 

71 

26,941 

13,189 

4,457| 

195,963 

191,659 

206 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COI^IPENDIUM. 


Agricultural  Products  (with  Acreage) — Continued. 


Hat  (English). 

Hat  (Meadow). 

Hat  (Clover). 

Counties. 

Acreage. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Acreage. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Acreage. 

Tons. 

Value. 

The  State, 

509,294 

526,490 

$9,106,159 

130,792 

116,211 

$1,225,456 

2,959 

3,443 

$51,903 

Barnstable, 

3,815 

4,170 

74,525 

1,091 

1,100 

11,501 

31 

44 

845 

Berkshire, 

70,952 

72,422 

831,441 

22,109 

21,907 

202,598 

773 

793 

9,276 

Bristol,     . 

32,298 

29,340 

627,686 

6,879 

4,296, 

50,471 

53 

83 

1,452 

Dukes, 

1,728 

1,850 

35,597 

274 

299 

3,767 

2 

2 

32 

Esses, 

34,782 

35,817 

685,323 

9,434 

8,191 

82,491 

240 

267 

5,082 

Franklin,  . 

48,806 

52,763 

801,735 

8,606 

7,589 

81,719 

455 

663 

9,776 

Hampden, 

38,420 

41,084 

700,090 

8,445 

7,306 

74,486 

111 

134 

1,832 

Hampshire, 

50,619 

51,449 

817,878 

7,219 

6,494 

66,585 

332 

393 

5,379 

Middlesex, 

60,777 

65,649 

1,303,510 

23,426 

20,742 

232,565 

139 

204 

4,070 

Nantucket, 

1,119 

1,649 

32,706 

128 

141 

1,853 

- 

- 

- 

N-orfolk,    . 

21,041 

20,475 

448,122 

9,192 

7,512 

91,000 

24 

29 

590 

Plymouth, 

22,830 

21,723 

444,627 

8,507 

7,489 

83,287 

18 

19 

310 

Suffolk,     . 

2,408 

3,521 

81,525 

72 

78 

1,274 

2 

3 

50 

Worcester, 

119,699 

124,578 

2,221,394 

26,410 

23,067 

.241,859 

779 

809 

13,209 

Agricult\iral  Products  (with  Acreage) — Continued. 


Hat  (Millet). 

Hat  (Salt). 

Hat  (all  kinds). 

Counties. 

Acreage. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Acreage. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Acreage. 

Tons. 

Value. 

The  State, 

1,619 

2,418 

$41,918 

23,519 

22,568 

$234,832 

668,183 

671,130 

$10,660,268 

Barnstable, 

4 

6 

90 

4,249 

4,659 

43,617 

9,190 

9,979 

130,578 

Berkshire, 

36 

59 

701 

- 

- 

- 

93,870 

95,181 

1,044,016 

Bristol, 

59 

71 

1,226 

1,112 

986 

10,807 

39,401 

34,776 

691,642 

Dukes, 

- 

- 

- 

301 

391 

4,429 

2,305 

2,542 

43,825 

Essex, 

128 

201 

4,117 

13,246 

11,870 

116,531 

57,830 

56,346 

893,544 

Franklin,  . 

30 

41 

633 

- 

- 

- 

57,897 

61,056 

893,863 

Hampden, 

89 

122 

2,105 

- 

- 

- 

47,065 

48,646 

778,513 

Hampshire, 

75 

62 

975 

"" 

- 

- 

58,245 

58,398 

890,817 

Middlesex, 

494 

784 

13,480 

1,208 

1,423 

22,5.'.0 

86,044 

88,802 

1,576,155 

Nantucket, 

_ 

- 

- 

41 

62 

621 

1,288 

1,852 

35,180 

Norfolk,    . 

125 

198 

3,650 

776 

918 

12,549 

31,158 

29,132 

555,911 

Plymouth, 

75 

120 

2,087 

1,845 

1,722 

16,802 

33,275 

31,073 

547,113 

Suffolk,     . 

- 

- 

- 

741 

537 

6,946 

3,223 

4,139 

89,795 

Worcester, 

504 

754 

12,854 

- 

- 

- 

147,392 

149,208 

2,489,316 

AGRICULTURAL    PRODUCTS   AND    RROPERTY. 


20T 


Agricultural  Products  (with  Acreage) — Continued. 


Oats. 

Onions. 

Parsnips. 

Counties. 

Acreage. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Acreage. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Acreage. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

The  State, 

14,614J 

457,710 

$314,202 

1,045 

359,706 

$338,205 

137 1 

30,377 

$24,977 

Barnstable, 

H9| 

3,023 

2,255 

13.i 

2,412 

2,570 

n 

182 

166 

Berkshire, 

5,71U 

186,595 

123,853 

% 

2,771 

2,953 

n 

162 

122 

Bristol,      . 

5971 

17,847 

12,720 

935 

15,5.58 

15,207 

63 

1,391 

1,153 

Dulces, 

100 

2,123 

1,520 

n 

295 

315 

- 

4 

3 

Essex, 

322J 

9,056 

6,546 

6195 

195,531 

170,099 

181 

3,330 

2,616 

Franklin,  . 

l,173i 

39,145 

26,768 

45i 

16,365 

14,5.35 

15 

354 

252 

Hampden, 

1,406^ 

37,745 

25,786 

28 

7,648 

8,300 

111 

2,627 

2,173 

Hampshire, 

1,216^ 

34,931 

25,426 

293 

8,598 

8,111 

2 

400 

332 

Middlesex, 

6381 

19,207 

13,345 

173J 

64,384 

68,345 

693 

16,494 

13,771 

Nantucket, 

53 

1,591 

1,252 

n 

134 

254 

- 

16 

14 

Norfolk,    . 

67i 

2,053 

1,481 

243 

8,255 

8,717 

3J 

668 

656 

Plymouth, 

2123 

6,206 

4,369 

36 

13,344 

12,393 

03 

157 

145 

Suffolk,     . 

0| 

13 

10 

22 

9,544 

10,053 

9 

2,152 

1,462 

Worcester, 

2,9951 

98,175 

68,871 

471 

14,867 

16,353 

121 

2,440 

2,112 

Agricultural  Products  (with  Acreage) — Continued. 


Counties. 


Potatoes. 


Acreage. 


Bushels. 


The  State, 

Barnstable,    . 
Berkshire, 
Bristol,  . 
Dukes,  . 
Essex,    . 
Franklin, 
Hampden, 
Hampshire,   . 
Middlesex,    . 
Nantucket,    . 
Norfolk, 
Plymouth,     . 
Suffolk, 
Worcester,    . 


33,616 

5353 
4,083^ 
2,915 

155.1 
2,683 
2,1671 
3,285 
2,874 
4,542J 
65| 
1,3533 
l,564i 

208 
7,183^ 


3,630,546 

44,656 
454,285 
293,420 

13,609 
307,241 
254,528 
317,653 
298,396 
521,204 
7,223 
143,870 
158,261 

31,031 
785,169 


Value. 


$2,349,815 

28,371 
234,154 
222,923 
9,865 
222,441 
133,151 
191,065 
177,140 
371,663 
6,016 
107,661 
116,104 

24,894 
504,367 


Rye. 


Acreage. 


21,351 

294 1 
3,4253 

681| 
34^ 

229 
2,013J 
7,545^ 
4,014J 

975i 

2143 

410J 

43J 

1,4693 


Bushels. 


250,113 

3,858 
43,405 

8,490 
399 

3,814 
21,957 
71,566 
4S,,598 
15,634 

3,241 

5,177 

879 

23,095 


Value. 


$248,437 

4,095 
40,179 

8,825 
444 

4,018 
22,048 
69,612 
48,476 
16,443 

3,583 

5,469 

^19 

24,326 


208 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Agricultural  Products  (with  Acreage) — Concluded. 


Counties. 


The  State, 

Barnstable,    . 
Berkshire,     . 
Bristol,  . 
Dukes,    . 
Essex,    . 
Franklin, 
Hampden, 
Hampshire,    . 
Middlesex, 
Nantucket,     . 
Norfolk, 
Plymouth, 
Suffolk, 
"Worcester,    . 


Tobacco. 


Acreage. 


3,7571 
69J 

OJ 

1,216| 

808i 

1,652J 

0| 


10 


Pounds. 


5,993,666 

99,609 
630 

1,000 

1,997,091 

1,224,670 

2,655,561 

240 


70 
14,895 


Value. 


$1,032,262 

15,148 

78 

80 
321,815 
230,475 
462,956 

53 


19 
1,638 


Acreage. 


677^ 

4| 

47J 

ii 

5| 
354 

in 

1343 
32| 

.     3| 

76 


Wheat. 


Bushels. 


13,749 

104 

827 
33 
18 

135 

7,456 
182 

2,946 
547 


78 
1,351 


Value. 


$23,105 

155 

1,401 

58 

25 

245 

12,241 

255 

5,207 

890 

111 
100 

2,417 


Great  care  lias  been  taken  in  this  presentation  to  correct  all  inherent 
errors,  especially  in  the  relation  of  values  to  quantity,  and  to  this  end 
much  research  and  investigation  have  been  undertaken,  and  with  the 
best  of  results.  Occasionally  it  may  be  found  that  the  quantity  of 
grain,  potatoes  or  other  product  is  out  of  proportion  to  the  value ; 
but  this,  if  it  occurs  at  all,  is  either  explainable  hj  peculiar  local  influ- 
ences, or  by  some  extra  quality,  or  else  it  is  error.  For  instance, 
the  value  of  apples  in  some  towns  in  the  State  bears  no  relation  to 
the  values  given  in  other  towns  ;  but  the  value  given  by  the  producer 
was  that  realized,  and  that  depends  not  only  upon  the  time  of  year 
he  disposed  of  his  apples,  but  their  kind  and  quality.  Two  dollars 
per  bushel  for  some  kinds  of  apples  might  seem  high,  and  yet  the 
report  be  true.  A  town  may  raise  principally  apples  of  some  extra 
grade,  while  the  apple  crop  of  another  town  might  be  in  cider  apples 
of  little  value.  Again,  in  the  examination  of  the  milk  yield  :  in  a  few 
towns  the  price  will  be  found  to  be  as  low  as  six  or  eight  cents  per 
gallon,  a  figure  much  too  low,  and  which  calls  for  special  reasons,  and 
they  are  found  in  the  fact  that  the  milk  crop  as  reported  includes 
skimmed  milk  sold  by  the  producer  at  low  rates  for  special  purposes  ; 
this,  of  course,  in  a  few  instances,  ojDcrates  to  bring  down  the  average 
for  such  localities,  and  afiects,  to  a  slight  degree,  the  general  average 


AGKICULTURAL   PEODUCTS   AND   PKOPEETY. 


209 


for  the  State.     So  in  all  other  products,  variations  will  be  found  in 
comparing  one  town  with  another. 

Following  is  a  table  showing  the  quantity,  value,  average  value  and 
acreage  when  given,  of  the  chief  products  of  the  State  for  1845,  1855, 
1865  and  1875  :— 


Principal  Products  for  1845,  1855,  1865  and  1875. 

[The  returns  in  1865  included  "other  esculent  vegetahles  "  with  beets,  and  in  1845  and  1855  they 
included  "poultry"  with  eggs  and  "eggs"  with  poultry;  in  1865,  also,  "tomato  plants"  were  included 
with  tomatoes.] 


Prodiicts. 


1845. 


1835. 


1863. 


1S75. 


Domestic  Products. 

Butter, pounds, 

Total  value 

Value  per  pound 

Charcoai, bushels, 

Total  value, 

Value  per  bushel, 

Cheese, pounds, 

Total  value,         ........ 

Value  per  pound 

Cider gallons, 

Total  value, 

Value  per  gallon 

Firewood cords. 

Total  value 

Value  per  cord, 

Lumber, 
Total  value, 

Maple  Molasses gallons, 

Total  value 

Value  per  gallon 

Maple  Sugar, pounds. 

Total  value 

Value  per  pound, 

Railroad  Sleepers,         .       .       .  number. 

Total  value, 

Value  each 

Agricultural  Products. 

Apples, bushels. 

Total  value, 

Value  i)ur  bushel, 

Barley, bushels. 

Total  value, 

Value  per  bushel,      ...... 

Acreage 

Bushels  per  acre 

27 


7,688,556 

$1,116,709 

$0.15 

775,925 

$48,477 

$0.06 

7,262,637 

$398,174 

$0.05 


368,554 

$1,010,328 

$2.74 

$921,106 


573,048 
$41,443 

$0.07 


121,931 
$72,261 

$0.52 


8,116,009 

$1,678,-558 

$0.21 

2,657,212 

$237,469 

$0.09 

5,762,776 

$464,251 

$0.09 


671,910 

$2,960,915 

$4.41 

$3,664,462 


520,441 

$52,293 

$0.10 


$1,121,262 

99,430 

$110,1.58 

$1.11 

4,97U 
20 


3,745,293 

$1,360,248 

$0.36 

2,301,245 

$250,424 

$0.11 

3,560,481 

$582,353 

$0.16 

271,680 
$21,764 

$0.08 

506,101 

$2,189,044 

$4.33 


1,039 

$1,428 

$1.37 

656,823 

$99,946 

$0.18 

600 

$280 
$0.47 


$1,244,420 

13S,.524 
$184,343 
$1.33 
7,103J 
19i 


7,922,431 

$2,747,878 
$0.35 

1,015,073 
$120,556 

$0.12 

1,280,234 

$162,826 

$0.13 

5,613,846 
$668,80a 

$0.12 

636,059 

$2,400,493 
$3.77 

$175,707 

23,015 

$27,235 

$1.18 

1,082,202 

$123,013 

$0.11 

458,544 

$204,171 

$0.44 

3,252,957 
$1,450,252 

$0.45 

46,884 
$47,655  , 
$1.02 
l,828i 
25^ 


210 


CENSUS   or   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Principal  Products — Continued. 


Peoducts. 


1845. 


1855. 


1865. 


1875. 


Beans, bushels, 

Total  value, 

Value  per  bushel 

Acreage, 

Bushels  per  acre, 

Beef pounds. 

Total  value, 

Value  per  pound, 

Beet.s, bushels, 

Total  value, 

Value  per  bushel 

Acreage, 

Bushels  per  acre, 

Buckwheat bushels, 

Total  value,        . 

Value  per  bushel, 

Acreage 

Bushels  per  acre, 

Cabbage, heads, 

Total  value 

Value  per  head, 

Carrots, bushels. 

Total  value, 

Value  per  bushel 

Acreage 

Bushels  per  acre 

Celery bunches, 

Total  value 

Value  per  bunch, 

Corn,  Indian bushels, 

Total  value, 

Value  per  bushel, 

Acreage, 

Bushels  per  acre 

Corn,  Green bushels, 

Total  value 

Value  per  bushel 

Cranberries, bushels. 

Total  value, 

Value  per  bushel, 

Cucumbers bushels. 

Value  of  above, 

Value  per  bushel, 

Number 

Value  of  above, 

Value  per  hundred 

Total  value, 


- 

_ 

6,3891 

41,879 

- 

- 

$22,468 

$97,052 

- 

- 

$3.52 

$2.32 

- 

- 

1491 

1,354J 

- 

- 

425 

31 

- 

- 

70,825,396 

12,258,542 

$225,918 

- 

$8,188,564 

$1,068,154 

- 

- 

$0.12 

$0.09 

- 

- 

133,589 

237,880 

- 

- 

$117,161 

$116,091 

- 

- 

$0.88 

$0.49 

- 

- 

690 

9741 

- 

- 

193J 

2441 

32,274 

- 

64,259 

52,127 

$15,099 

- 

$64,621 

$46,911 

$0.47 

- 

$1.00 

$0.90 

- 

- 

4,6063 

3,609^ 

- 

- 

131 

135 

- 

- 

- 

7,660,722 

- 

- 

$184,869 

$440,691 

- 

- 

- 

$0.06 

- 

632,117 

225,015 

191,646 

- 

$148,041 

$105,695 

$86,503 

- 

$0.23 

$0.47 

$0.45 

- 

1,479J 

6235 

439J 

- 

427J 

3605 

436 

- 

- 

- 

627,329 

- 

- 

$2,750 

$49,614 

- 

- 

- 

$0.08 

1,985,215 

2,595,096 

2,015,771 

1,040,290 

$1,352,677 

$2,820,109 

$2,953,067 

$1,006,384 

$0.68 

$1.09 

$1.46 

$0.97 

- 

91,056 

70,141^ 

29,1935 

- 

28J 

285 

355 

- 

- 

- 

199,496 

- 

- 

- 

$134,170 

- 

- 

- 

$0.67 

- 

- 

34,621 

110,184 

- 

$135,200 

$101,538 

$288,113 

- 

- 

$2.93 

$2.61 

- 

- 

1,000 

38,236 

- 

- 

- 

$43,844 

- 

- 

- 

$1.15 

- 

- 

2,365,000 

37,414,726 

- 

- 

- 

$119,490 

- 

- 

- 

$0.30 

- 

- 

$35,627 

$163,334 

AGRICULTURAL   PRODUCTS   AND   PROPERTY. 


211 


Principal  Products — Continued. 


Products. 


1845. 


1853. 


1865. 


1875. 


Eggs dozen, 

Total  value 

Value  per  dozen,        ...... 

Grapes  (ordinary),     ....  bushels, 

Value  of  above, 

Value  per  bushel, 

Grapes  (best,  including  hothouse),  .   pounds. 

Value  of  above, 

Value  per  pound 

Total  value 

Hay,  clover, tons. 

Value  of  above, 

Value  per  ton 

Acreage, 

Tons  per  acre 

Hat,  English, tons. 

Value  of  above 

Value  per  ton, 

Acreage, 

Tons  per  acre, 

Hay,  meadow tons, 

Value  of  above 

Value  per  ton 

Acreage 

Tons  per  acre, 

Hay,  millet tons. 

Value  of  above 

Value  per  ton, 

Acreage, 

Tons  per  acre 

Hay,  salt, tons, 

Value  of  above, 

Value  per  ton, 

Acreage •        .        . 

Tons  per  acre 

Hay,  all  kinds tons. 

Value  of  above, 

Value  per  ton 

Acreage 

Tons  per  acre, 

Ice, tons, 

Total  value 

Value  per  ton 

Lettuce, heads. 

Total  value 

Value  per  head, 


$25,891 


1,339 

$8,476 
$6.33 


604,821 

5,222,833 

$8.63 


$52,688 


487,3441 
7,362,006 
$15.11 
498,480J 
.98 

129,1511 
1,054,743 
$8.17 


$5,509 
303i 

32,115 

$285,568 
$8.89 


648,6103 
$8,707,826 
$13.42' 


387,100 

$639,100 

$1.65 


$372,912 
877 

24,415 
$40,100 


479,837 

0,537,789 

$21.96 

507, 163 J 

.94 

115,447 

1,274,956 

$11.04 

142,1934 

.80 


29,147 

$339,659 

$11.65 

31,477 

.92 

624,431 

$12,152,404 

$19.46 

680,833g 

.92 

650,359 

$735,077 

$1.13 


3,446,530 

$903,357 

$0.26 

19,836 

$32,635 

$1.65 

267,617 

$34,624 

$0.13 

$67,259 

3,443 

$51,903 

$15.07 

2,959 

1.13 

526,490 

$9,106,159 

$17.30 

509,294 

1 

116,211 

$1,225,456 
$10.55 
130,792 

.88 

2,418 

$41,918 

$17.33 

1,619 

1.50 

22,568 

$234,832 

$10.46 

23,519 

.96 

671,130 

$10,660,288 

$15.88 

668,183 

1 

395,184i 

$500,666. 

$1.27 

2,683,211 

$96,410 

$0.04 


212 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Principal  Products — Coiitiniiecl. 


Peoddcts. 


1845. 


1835. 


1865. 


1875. 


Manure cords, 

Total  value 

Value  per  cord, 

Milk, gallons. 

Total  value 

Value  per  gallon 

Mutton, pounds. 

Total  value 

Value  per  pound 

'Oats bushels. 

Total  value, 

Value  per  bushel 

Acreage 

Bushels  per  acre, 

Onions, bushels, 

Total  value 

Value  per  bushel, 

Acreage 

Bushels  per  acre 

IPaksnips, bushels. 

Total  value, 

Value  per  bushel 

Acreage 

Bushels  per  acre, 

Pears, bushels. 

Total  value 

Value  per  bushel, 

Pork pounds. 

Total  value 

Value  per  pound 

Potatoes,  Irish bushels, 

Total  value 

Value  per  bushel 

Acreage, 

'Bushels  per  acre 

■Poultry, pounds, 

Total  value 

Value  per  pound 

Pumpkins pounds. 

Total  value 

Value  per  pound, 

Kye, bushels, 

Total  value, 

Value  per  bushel, 

Acreage, 

Bushels  per  acre 


2,850,412 

$304,917 

$0.11 


1,238,169 

$405,657 

$0.33 


4,767,115 
$1,309,030 

$0.27 


$25,891 


446,925 

$328,033 

$0.73 


3,300,916 

$755,888 
$0.23 


792,982 
$563,729 
$0.71 
37,623i 
21J 

240,971 

$187,446 

$0.78 

769J 

313 


$88,144 


3,991,456 
$2,521,906 
$0.63 
41,982| 
935 

$52,688 


523,777 

$560,201 

$1.07 

42,143 

12i 


10,079,180 

$1,966,187 

$0.19 

8,989,506 

$1,090,368 

$0.12 

678,779 
$587,133 
$0.86 
28,610J 
233 

210,831 

$322,412 

$1.53 

839^ 

251 


$243,068 

29,440,447 

$4,596,433 

$0.16 

3,832,523 

$2,499,845 

$0.65 

42,0825 

91 

$217,991 


271,016 

$400,140 

$1.48 

24,205 

11 


422,478 

$2,321,373 

$5.49 

35,698,159 

$6,934,671 

$0.17 

589,323 

$55,374 
$0.09 

457,710 
$314,202 
$0.69 
14,614^ 
Z\\ 

369,706 

$338,205 

$0.94 

1,045 

344^ 

30,377 
$24,977 
$0.82 
137i 
2213 

59,259 

$118,302 

$2.00 

12,786,062 
$1,272,409 

$0.10 

3,630,546 

$2,349,815 

$0.65 

33,616 

108 

1,206,098 
$263,395 

$0.22 

4,214,881 

$37,789 

$0,009 

250,113 

$248,437 

$0.99 

21,351 

"I 


AGRICULTURAL   PEODUCTS   AND   PROPERTY. 


213 


Principal  Products — Continued . 


Products. 


1845. 


1855.. 


1865. 


1875. 


Beeds,  garden  and  flower,  ,        .        .   pounds, 

Value  of  above 

Value  per  pound 

Seeds,  grass bushels, 

Value  of  above 

Value  per  bushel 

Squashes pounds, 

Total  value 

Value  per  pound, 

Straw tons, 

Total  value, 

Value  per  ton, 

Strawberries quarts, 

Total  value, 

Value  per  quart 

Tobacco, pounds. 

Total  value, 

Value  per  pound 

Acreage, 

Pounds  per  acre 

Tomatoes, bushels, 

Total  value,        ....... 

Value  per  bushel, 

Trees,  Fruit,  in  nuAeries,        .       .  number, 

Total  value, 

Value  each, 

Turnips bushels, 

Total  value, 

Value  per  bushel, 

Veal pounds. 

Total  value 

Value  per  pound, 

Wheat bushels, 

Total  value 

Value  per  bushel 

Acreage 

Bushels  per  acre, 

Wool,  merino pounds. 

Value  of  above, 

Value  per  pound, 

Wool,  Saxony pounds, 

Value  of  above, 

Value  per  pound 


$4,721 


265,560 


$0.06 


4T,986 

$54,502 

$1.14 


487,050 


93,218 


$57,474 
421 


523,735 

$116,351 

$0.22 


41,003 
$73,928 
$1.82 
2,600J 

188,504 


14,549 


$12,545 

2,175 

$2,941 

$1.35 

$96,611 

104 
$1,420 
$13.65 

$30,728 

9,306,067 

$1,577,100 

$0.17 

5,615| 

1,657 

$23,160 


$10,650 


534,096 

$187,913 

$0.35 

4,977,436 

$562,895 

$0.11 

39,709 
$79,562 
$2.00 
2,6671 

236,103 

$196,198 

$0.83 

12,789 

$6,718 

$0.53 


28,307 
$43,310 

$1.53 

2,300 

$4,041 

$1.76 

6,978,689 

$147,124 

$0.02 

18,865 

$267,066 

$14.16 

1,156,801 

$214,940 
$0.19 

5,993,666 

$1,032,262 

$0.17 

3,7571 

1,595 

230,565 

$137,945 

$0.60 

215,770 

$88,526 
$0.41 

697,501 

$252,222 

$0.36 

3,598,942 

$363,517 

$0.10 

13,749 
$23,105 
$1.68 
677J 
20| 

70,927 
$30,061 

$0.42 

6,430 

$2,798 

$0.44 


214 


CEITSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      C0MPE:N'DIUM. 


Principal  Products — Concluded. 


Pkoducts. 


1843. 


1855. 


1863. 


1875. 


Wool,  other pounds, 

Value  of  above, 

Value  per  pound, 

Wool,  all  kinds, pounds. 

Total  value,    ' 

Value  per  pound 


435,962 


1,016,230 

$365,136 

$0.36 


213,103 


416,156 

$155,046 

$0.37 


361,363 

$262,225 

$0.73 

610,255 

$465,141 

$0.76 


129,578 

$51,704 

$0.40 

206,935 

$84,563 

$0.41 


In  the  foregoing  table  we  have  the  true  basis  of  comparison,  quan- 
tity, and  when  it  applies,  acreage  ;  the  values  are  interesting  as  indi- 
cating the  value  of  same  quantity  at  different  periods.  For  1845  and 
1855  gold  was  the  standard,  and  of  course  for  1865  and  1875  the 
values  should  be  reduced  to  a  gold  basis  ;  this  is  done  by  dividing  the 
currency  value  for  1865  by  1.57,  and  for  1875  by  1.12.  The  table 
just  given  shows  only  the  chief  products,  and  principally  those  where 
comparisons  could  be  made  for  some  or  all  of  the  years  named.  Very 
many  products  returned  in  1875  found  no  place  in  former  censuses, 
and  are  not  mentioned  in  the  table. 

Much  can  be  drawn  from  the  foregoing  table  ;  it  teaches  the  changes 
in  crops,  in  value,  in  acreage,  in  average  yield  per  acre,  and  the  in- 
crease or  decrease  in  the  leading  crops  ;  the  result  is  gratifying  in 
many  respects,  for  while  it  is  seen  that  there  is  a  loss  in  the  great 
staple  products  of  barley,  corn,  oats,  potatoes  and  wheat,  there  is  for 
each  of  these  crops  an  increased  yield  per  acre ;  the  lighter  crops — 
beans,  beets,  carrots,  cranberries,  onions  and  turnips — show  large 
increase  generally,  not  only  in  amount  raised,  but  in  yield  per  acre  ; 
the  hay  crop  has  increased  in  quantity  and  in  average  yield  per  acre. 

The  item  of  cheese  in  the  foregoing  table  includes  for  1875  that  made 
upon  farms  only,  while  for  the  other  years  it  comprises  the  total  prod- 
uct of  cheese,  not  only  on  farms,  but  from  factories.  The  total  product 
of  cheese  for  1875  was  3,067,017  pounds ;  valued  at  $405,293. 

The  details  of  the  statistics  show  that  our  agriculture  has  been 
changing,  a  fact  that  has  long  been  perfectly  apparent  and  which  was 
easy  to  be  accounted  for  in  the  rapid  increase  of  the  number  of  man- 
ufacturing villages  and  local  markets. 

The  eg^  and  milk  products  exhil)it  wonderful  progress,  the  latter 
growing  from  2,850,412  gallons  in  1845  and  10,079,180  gallons  in 


AGRICULTURAL   PRODUCTS   AND   PROPERTY.  215 

1865  to  35,698,159  gallons  in  1875.  Accompanying  the  great  in- 
crease in  the  milk  product  will  be  noticed  the  decrease  in  the  beef 
product,  dropping  from  70,825,396  pounds  in  1865  to  12,258,542 
pounds  in  1875. 

Tobacco  loses,  many  farmers  during  the  past  five  years  having 
abandoned  it  as  a  crop.  Kaising  small  fruits,  pears,  etc.,  will  be 
found  to  occupy  considerable  attention  now,  and  their  product  has 
been  returned  for  1875,  but  there  are  no  statistics  for  former  years 
with  which  comparison  can  be  made. 

An  examination  of  the  relation  of  quantities  raised  to  acres  tilled 
convinces  one  that  the  farmers  of  Massachusetts  have  learned  the 
important  lesson  of  tilling  less  land  and  tilling  it  better,  for  we  find 
that  even  in  the  crops  where  loss  in  the  aggregate  occurs  there  has 
been  a  great  improvement  in  results.  In  1855  it  took  4,971^  acres  to 
produce  99,430  bushels  of  barley;  and  in  1865,  7,103|  acres  to  pro- 
duce 138,524  bushels;  while  in  1875  it  took  but  1,828|  acres  to 
produce  46,884  bushels ;  an  increase  in  the  average  yield  from  20 
bushels  to  25|  bushels  to  the  acre.  The  beet  crop  increased  from 
193 1  to  244|  bushels  per  acre,  from  1865  to  1875.  The  product  of 
corn  per  acre  grew  from  28 1  bushels  in  1865  to  35|  bushels  in  1875. 
Onions,  an  important  product,  made  an  increase  in  quantity  per  acre, 
and  the  average  yield  of  oats  per  acre  increased  from  21|^  bushels  in 
1855  to  31^  bushels  in  1875  ;  and  potatoes  from  91  bushels  per  acre 
in  1865  to  108  in  1875 ;  and  wheat  from  15f  in  1855  to  201  in 
1875. 

The  agriculture  of  Massachusetts  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  on  the 
decline  with  the  facts  before  us ;  and  the  only  statement  which  can 
tempt  one  to  such  belief  is  the  superficial  one  relative  to  what  has 
been  considered  tJie  important  crops.  Corn,  wheat,  etc.,  are  the  tra- 
ditional products  associated  in  the  mind  as  the  leading  agricultural 
products,  and  when  other  but  less  bulky  articles  are  raised  in  their 
place,  notwithstanding  the  increased  value  of  the  new  crops,  conserv- 
ative persons  are  apt  to  feel  that  there  is  retrogression  instead  of  prog- 
ress. It  must  be  conceded,  however,  that  the  important  crop  is  the 
one  which  soonest  and  surest  brings  substantial  returns  to  the  farmer, 
and  if  milk,  eggs,  or  small  fruits,  or  the  leading  fruits,  will  do  this, 
then  they  become  the  important  crops.  It  is  the  province  of  another 
department,  whose  secretary  is  much  more  able  than  we,  to  discuss 
these  matters,  and  we  gladly  leave  it  to  him,  although  the  temptation 
to  rebuke  the  cry  of  decline  is  exceedingly  strong. 


216 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.— 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Farm  Property. 


Number 

Number 

Value 

Acres 

Value 

Value  of  Farms 

Counties, 

of 

of 

of 

of 

of 

(Land 

Farms. 

Buildings. 

Buildings. 

Land. 

Land. 

and  Buildings). 

The  State, 

44,549 

118,063 

$66,033,291 

3,402,368J 

$116,629,849 

$182,663,140 

Barnstable, 

721 

1,820 

771,939 

59,914 

843,479 

1,615,418 

Berkshire,'. 

3,791 

12,149 

5,004,277 

470,594 

10,069,671 

15,073,948 

Bristol, 

3,570 

10,096 

4,641,818 

217,368 

7,239,865 

11,881,683 

Dukes, 

371 

978 

247,432 

33,945 

431,458 

_678,890 

Essex, 

3,282 

8,294 

5,321,407 

179,6S3J 

8,891,828 

14,213,235 

Franklin,   . 

3,956 

10,223 

3,967,091 

350,443^ 

7,385,412 

11,352,503 

Hampden,. 

3,736 

9,645 

5,104,606 

316,015| 

9,391,839 

14,496,445 

Hampshire, 

3,666 

9,627 

4,788,319 

316,991J 

7,472,011 

12,260,330 

Middlesex, 

6,085 

15,984 

13,808,976 

362,945^ 

22,566,209 

36,375,185 

Nantucket, 

105 

286 

71,475 

15,973 

111,491 

182,966 

Norfolk,     . 

2,331 

5,571 

4,490,075 

135,n2J 

6,256,660 

10,746,735 

Plymouth, 

3,587 

9,409 

4,373,259 

200,193 

4,884,265 

9,257,524 

Suftblk,      . 

369 

678 

1,469,025 

8,203^ 

9,422,348 

10,891,373 

Worcester, 

8,979 

23,303 

11,973,592 

734,9874 

21,663,313 

33,636,905 

Farm  Property — Concluded. 


Value 

Value 

Value  of  Agri- 

Total Value 

Counties. 

of  Fruit  Trees 

of  Domestic 

cultural  Imple- 

of 

and  Vines. 

Animals. 

ments  in  use. 

Farm  Property. 

The  State, 

$4,674,188 

$17,316,381 

$5,321,168 

$209,974,877 

Barnstable, 

44,280 

191,061 

48,722 

1,899,481 

Berkshire, 

399,584 

1,966,891 

469,073 

17,909,496 

Bristol, 

186,448 

1,187,337 

335,645 

13,591,113 

Dukes,    .  . 

9,926 

95,959 

14,508 

799,283 

Essex, 

486,429 

1,334,195 

483,869 

16,517,728 

Franklin,  . 

270,514 

1,450,840 

438,127 

13,511,984 

Hampden, 

257,782 

1,352,278 

394,355 

16,500,860 

Hampshire, 

271,988 

1,391,070 

455,998 

14,379,386 

Middlesex, 

1,049,884 

2,749,719 

957,653 

41,132,441 

Nantucket, 

234 

50,661 

8,784 

242,645 

Norfolk,     . 

230,797 

765,100 

263,816 

12,000,448 

Plymouth, 

237,501 

875,747 

209,932 

10,580,704 

Suffolk,     . 

114,208 

155,209 

64,682 

11,225,472 

Worcester, 

1,114,613 

3,750,314 

1,176,004 

39,677,836 

AGKICULTUPtAL    PRODUCTS   AND    PROPERTY. 


217 


Faems. 


Sl2 

E  OF  B'arms  (in  Acres). 

Whole  No. 

of 

Farms. 

Value  of  Farms 

Counties. 

Under  3.  . 

From 
3  to  5. 

From  5  to 
10  (both 
Inc.). 

Above  10. 

(Land 
and  Buildings). 

The  State, 

724: 

896 

2,694 

40,235 

44,549 

$182,663,140 

Barnstable, 

8 

13 

55 

645 

721 

1,615,418 

Berkshire, 

14 

23 

85 

3,669 

3,791 

15,073,948 

Bristol,     . 

21 

53 

212 

3,284 

3,570 

11,881,683 

Dukes, 

18 

6 

22 

325 

371 

678,890 

Esses, 

47 

94 

326 

2,815 

3,282 

14,213,235 

Franklin,  . 

102 

76 

191 

3.587 

3,956 

11,352,503 

Hampden, 

46 

98 

243 

3,.349 

3,736 

14,496,445 

Ilampshire, 

95 

72 

177 

3,322 

3,666 

12,260,330 

Middlesex, 

195 

164 

469 

5,257 

6,085 

36,375,185 

Nantucket, 

3 

4 

9 

89 

105 

182,966 

Norfolk,    . 

60 

49 

138 

2,084 

2,331 

10,746,735 

Plymouth, 

50 

115 

294 

3,128 

3,587 

9,257,524 

Suflblk,     . 

38 

44 

80 

207 

369 

10,891,373 

Worcester, 

27 

85 

393 

8,474 

8,979 

33,636,905 

Buildings. 


Counties. 

o 

CO 

1 

s 

05 

M 

si 

5^ 

CO 

O 

0 

to 

o 

2 
'3 

n 

£  .5 
o 

1 

c  ~ 

Value  of 
Buildings. 

The  State, 

43,620 

46,848 

2,899 

2,610 

127 

325 

1,057 

20,577 

118,063 

$66,033,291 

Barnstable,    . 

687 

700 

63 

16 

- 

- 

98 

256 

1,820 

771,939 

Berkshire, 

3,873 

5,823 

156 

97 

16 

10 

173 

2,001 

12,149 

5,004,277 

Bristol,  . 

3,445 

3,404 

654 

188 

2 

8 

601 

1,794 

10,096 

'  4,641,818 

Dukes,  . 

349 

352 

39 

35 

- 

- 

26 

177 

978 

247,432 

Essex,    . 

2,921 

3,151 

246 

354 

3 

30 

17 

1,572 

8,294 

5,321,407 

Franklin, 

3,731 

4,026 

111 

158 

19 

14 

18 

2,146 

10,223 

3,967,091 

Hampden, 

3,670 

4,221 

80 

92 

8 

38 

6 

1,530 

9,645 

5,104,606 

Hampshire, 

3,675 

4,026 

83 

93 

4 

15 

45 

1,686 

9,627 

4,788,319 

Middlesex, 

6,103 

5,874 

363 

376 

22 

70 

25 

3,151 

15,984 

13,808,976 

Nantucket, 

98 

126 

11 

13 

- 

- 

- 

38 

286 

71,475 

Norfolk, 

2,322 

2,183 

125 

106 

1 

6 

2 

826 

5,571 

4,490,075 

Plymouth, 

3,480 

3,311 

229 

369 

11 

9 

1 

1,999 

9,409 

4,373,2.59 

Suftblk,  . 

308 

248 

7 

5 

- 

- 

1 

109 

678 

1,469,025 

Worcester, 

8,958 

9,403 

732 

708 

41 

125 

44 

3,292 

23,303 

11,973,592 

28 


218 


CENSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Land. 


Cultivated  Land. 

COCKTIES. 

LAND  UNDER  CROPS. 

MARKEl 

GARDENS. 

NURSERIES     AND 
SEED  GARDENS. 

ORCHARDS. 

Acreage. 

Value. 

Acreage. 

Value. 

Acreage. 

Value. 

Acreage. 

Value. 

The  State, 

882,178J 

$57,961,529 

3,9881 

$1,147,200 

7361 

$335,179 

25,617^ 

$2,643,801 

Barnstable,     . 

11,575 

410,989 

21 

1,957 

23 

2,439 

242 

17,583 

Berkshire, 

128,813 

4,908,585 

73 

12,033 

20 

1,430 

2,129 

140,681 

Bristol,    . 

49,558 

3,335,718 

348 

39,867 

18 

4,255 

1,631 

116,948 

Dukes,     . 

4,767 

140,092 

41 

1,030 

- 

- 

85 

5,291 

Essex, 

63,928 

4,682,545 

428 

78,563 

115J 

38,365 

1,633 

178,039 

Franklin, 

77,451 

3,547,653 

2U\ 

12,448 

86^ 

4,550 

2,120 

99,538 

Hampden, 

76,366 

4,729,940 

464^ 

54,325 

172 

16,570 

2,724 

166,853 

Harapsbire, 

96,413 

4,385,196 

89 

18,220 

in 

725 

1,798 

118,948 

Middlesex, 

113,3413 

12,722,719 

l,233g 

497,079 

100 

104,562 

5,485 

762,929 

N^an  tucket. 

1,662 

59,725 

lOi 

1,560 

8 

400 

Oh 

150 

Norfolk,  . 

35,1883 

3,046,195 

3193 

65,703 

403 

.  6,825 

1,0093 

144,498 

Plymouth, 

38,9151 

1,974,385 

111 

15,997 

26J 

2,577 

1,613| 

131,590 

Buffolk,    . 

3,5675 

4,505,153 

233 

256,580 

511 

146,766 

312 

387,274 

Worcester, 

180,631.1 

9,512,634 

402J 

91,838 

&ik 

6,715 

4,8341 

373,479 

Land — Concluded. 


AGRICULTURAL   PRODUCTS   AIS^D   PROPERTY. 


219 


LAND — BT   TOTALS. 


Cultivated  Land. 

Uncultivated  Land. 

Land  (both  kinds). 

Counties. 

Acreage. 

Value. 

Acreage. 

Value. 

Acreage. 

Value. 

The  State, 

912,521 

$62,087,709 

2,489,8471 

$54,542,140 

3,402,368J 

$116,629,849 

Barnstable,  . 

11,861 

432,968 

48,053 

410,511 

59,914 

843,479 

Berkshire, 

131,035 

5,062,729 

339,559 

5,006,942 

470,594 

10,069,671 

Bristol, 

51,555 

3,496,788 

165,813 

3,743,077 

217,368 

7,239,865 

Dulies, . 

4,893 

146,413 

29,052 

285,045 

33,945 

431,458 

Essex,  . 

66,104i 

4,977,512 

113,579 

3,914,316 

179,683^ 

8,891,828 

Franklin, 

79,871g 

3,664,189 

270,572 

3,721,223 

350,443^ 

7,385,412 

Hampden, 

79,726^ 

4,967,688 

236,289 

4,424,151 

316,015^ 

9,391,839 

Hampshire, 

98,3111 

4,523,089 

218,680 

2,948,922 

316,9911 

7,472,011 

Middlesex, 

120,160J 

14,087,289 

242,785g 

8,478,920 

362,9451 

22,566,209 

Nantucket, 

1,680 J 

61,835 

14,292i 

49,656 

15,973 

111,491 

Norfolk, 

36,559 

3,263,221 

98,553^ 

2,993,439 

135,112i 

6,256,660 

Plymouth, 

40,666i 

2,124,549 

159,5265 

2,759,716 

200,193 

4,884,265 

Suffolk, 

4,164^ 

5,295,773 

4,039J 

4,126,575 

8,2031 

9,422,348 

Worcester, 

185,933^ 

9,983,666 

549,054 

11,679,647 

734,987  i 

21,663,313 

Fruit  Trees  and  Vines. 


Apple  Trees. 

Cherry  Trees. 

Peach  Trees. 

Pear  Trees. 

Counties. 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

The  State, 

1,861,204 

$3,656,271 

12,040 

$31,517 

• 
82,884 

$93,871 

231,229 

$601,138 

Barnstable, . 

8,582 

25,659 

9 

29 

453 

436 

4,567 

13,176 

Berkshire,   . 

121,947 

338,445 

1,044 

3,474 

1,703 

1,816 

10,827 

34,305 

Bristol, 

79,023 

131,371 

766 

1,340 

3,573 

2,870 

18,468 

36,041 

Dukes, .       . 

3,114 

7,957 

20 

10 

52 

45 

381 

1,026 

Essex,  . 

197,315 

399,635 

852 

2,134 

8,312 

10,549 

23,328 

58,919 

Franklin,     . 

167,038 

242,375 

261 

522 

2,358 

2,226 

5,646 

13,433 

Hampden,    . 

129,117 

229,522 

660 

1,583 

2,635 

3,489 

4,079 

11,570 

Hampshire, 

120,486 

234,672 

504 

1,232 

1,755 

1,849 

6,323 

19,451 

Middlesex,  . 

373,058 

765,195 

2,719 

6,799 

36,471 

44,995 

55,885 

136,120 

Nantucket,  . 

20 

40 

- 

■  2 

4 

50 

150 

Norfolk, 

62,524 

176,135 

791 

2,126 

■1,314 

1,815 

12,460 

36,311 

Plymouth,    . 

90,489 

187,277 

924 

1,885 

3,672 

2,861 

11,968 

28,059 

Suffolk, 

6,306 

21,121 

392 

3,072 

159 

385 

32,120 

83,882 

Worcester,  . 

502,185 

896,867 

3,098 

7,311 

20,425 

20,531 

46,127 

128,695 

220 


CENSUS   OP   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Fruit  Trees  and  Vines — Concluded. 


Plum 

Trees. 

Other  F 

RUiT  Trees. 

Grape  Vines. 

Total  Va'ue 

COUNTIKS. 

of  Trees  and 

Number, 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Number. 

Value. 

Vines. 

The  State, 

3,958 

$7,363 

34,536 

$48,264 

224,352 

$235,764 

$4,674,188 

Barnstable, 

16 

4 

444 

1,275 

1,523 

3,701 

44,280 

Berkshire, 

1,501 

3,399 

4,185 

10,526 

3,392 

7,619 

399,584 

Bristol, 

36 

40 

1,583 

1,501 

13,392 

13,285 

186,448 

Dukes, 

- 

- 

337 

758 

72 

130 

9,926 

Essex, 

215 

467 

1,175 

3,358 

10,581 

11,367 

486,429 

Franklin,  . 

276 

602 

2,091 

3,618 

8,443 

7,838 

270,514 

Hampden, 

448 

715 

1,644 

3,218 

4,683 

7,685 

257,782 

Hampshire, 

455 

711 

1,742 

2,668 

6,369 

11,405 

271,988 

Middlesex, 

319 

410 

2,009 

4,472 

94,935 

91,893 

1,049,^84 

Nantucket, 

- 

- 

9 

10 

7 

30 

234 

Norfolk,     . 

72 

214 

11,374 

3,036 

11,237 

11,160 

230,797 

Plymouth, 

154 

233 

1,911 

4,956 

14,034 

12,230 

237, .501 

Suffolk,     . 

8 

14 

2,667 

2,847 

1,977 

2,887 

114,208 

Worcester, 

458 

654 

3,365 

6,021 

53,707 

54,534 

1,114,613 

Domestic   Animals. 


Counties. 

Bees 
(Swarms  of). 

Bulls. 

Calves. 

Colts. 

Pucks. 

Geese. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

The  State, 

8,365 

$49,846 

5,312 

^188,260 

38,099 

$371,009 

4,254 

$389,066 

9,884 

$6,845 

7,003 

$8,008 

Barnstable,  . 

91 

736 

71 

2,365 

501 

4,503 

37 

3,350 

992 

548 

76 

103 

Berkshire,     . 

1,339 

7,438 

932 

26,918 

4,708 

38,732 

843 

71,445 

571 

355 

644 

937 

Bristol, 

850 

4,477 

209 

6,780 

2,364 

21,824 

199 

24,102 

1,939 

1,370 

1,389 

2,216 

Dukes,  . 

3 

20 

29 

649 

212 

1,588 

32 

1,681 

141 

65 

90 

85 

Essex,    . 

441 

3,152 

278 

11,141 

2,500 

23,752 

241 

23,093 

1,184 

853 

230 

437 

Franklin, 

722 

4,764 

453 

16,046 

4,336 

43,814 

627 

52,352 

220 

157 

199 

340 

Hampden,     . 

905 

4,956 

573 

18,238 

3,033 

28,826 

305 

23,953 

540 

372 

251 

414 

Hampshire,  . 

667 

3,588 

546 

17,322 

3,603 

33,959 

418 

35,261 

284 

194 

105 

149 

Middlesex,    . 

939 

5,855 

560 

24,086 

4,506 

52,296 

455 

51,900 

952 

728 

209 

302 

Nantucket,    . 

18 

196 

29 

794 

125 

869 

19 

1,720 

78 

54 

14 

21 

Norfolk, 

327 

1,922 

127 

4,639 

1,242 

10,571 

119 

10,990 

639 

524 

114 

150 

Plymouth,     . 

627 

149 

5,993 

1,.532 

14,960 

158 

12,987 

971 

607 

3,101 

1,794 

Suffolk, 

14 

101 

18 

1,280 

127 

1,328 

25 

3,250 

87 

67 

5 

5 

Worcester,    . 

1,422 

9,114 

1,338 

52,009 

9,310 

93,987 

776 

72,982 

1,286 

951 

576 

1,055 

AGEICULTUEAL   PKODUCTS   AND   PROPERTY. 


221 


Domestic  Animals — Continued. 


Heifers. 

Hens  and  Chick- 

Hogs. 

Horses. 

Lambs. 

Counties. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

A'alue. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

The  State,   . 

28,057 

$667,355 

1,012,784 

$575,374 

42,255 

$721,955 

53,218 

$5,805,485 

29,294 

$115,001 

Barnstable, . 

340 

6,924 

36,862 

16,489 

574 

10,194 

763 

73,158 

330 

1,296 

Berkshire,  . 

3,967 

86,843 

78,678 

38,527 

3,831 

64,320 

5,635 

625,343 

7,421 

25,064 

Bristol, 

994 

25,444 

144,360 

89,584 

3,513 

64,775 

4,109 

430,240 

913 

3,877 

Diilies, 

172 

3,422 

10,322 

5,089 

158 

2,616 

307 

26,520 

1,438 

2,213 

Essex, 

1,426 

33,881 

77,185 

45,518 

2,343 

46,125 

4,067 

483,508 

538 

2,441 

Franlilin,     . 

3,348 

80,883 

57,680 

27,810 

3,441 

50,019 

4,098 

423,298 

8,049 

34,898 

Hampden,   . 

2,445 

51,141 

70,419 

37,009 

3,410 

51,256 

4,151 

431,363 

2,617 

10,534 

Hampshire, 

2,832 

63,563 

57,839 

30,294 

3,898 

63,057 

4,388 

467,288 

3,610 

13,951 

Middlesex,  . 

3,451 

91,524 

147,165 

91,417 

7,543 

134,621 

8,716 

1,032,929 

385 

1,889 

Nantucliet,  . 

89 

1,502 

3,392 

2,582 

127 

3,295 

122 

15,450 

521 

1,688 

Norfollr,       . 

732 

20,258 

48,334 

30,776 

2,917 

50,072 

2,742 

300,559 

170 

1,061 

Plymouth,   . 

827 

20,820 

87,429 

51,134 

2,357 

45,552 

3,357 

356,009 

1,174 

6,033 

Suffolk, 

61 

1,505 

5,165 

3,622 

581 

10,240 

580 

96,845 

- 

- 

Worcester, . 

7,373 

179,645 

187,954 

105,523 

7,562 

125,813 

10,183 

1,042,975 

2,128 

10,056 

Domestic  Animals — Continued. 


COCNtlES 

Milch  Cows. 

Mules. 

Oxen. 

Pigs. 

Sheep  (Me- 
rino). 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

The  State, 

126,034 

$6,054,136 

203 

$20,887 

16,308 

$1,345,204 

41,009 

$241,368 

14,456 

$58,290 

Barnstable, 

1,211 

49,676 

- 

- 

145 

10,435 

445 

2,438 

257 

1,260 

Berkshire,  . 

15,527 

714,185 

25 

2,525 

1,422 

105,781 

3,694 

19,025 

7,675 

29,165 

Bristol, 

7,502 

364,748 

11 

640 

1,158 

96,877 

4,026 

24,323 

194 

840 

Dukes, 

552 

19,322 

13 

1,130 

133 

7,880 

156 

809 

127 

346 

Essex, 

9,151 

471,401 

24 

2,145 

1,762 

149,522 

2,008 

15,079 

26 

203 

Franklin,    . 

10,271 

415,398 

8 

690 

1,692 

148,120 

3,707 

19,905 

2,611 

10,104 

Hampden,  . 

9,891 

447,119 

10 

1,750 

1,955 

149,047 

2,443 

13,813 

563 

2,449 

Hampshire, 

9,806 

448,886 

15 

1,605 

1,104 

95,037 

3,639 

19,564 

2,530 

11,325 

Middlesex, . 

20,244 

1,068,223 

31 

3,170 

1,206 

105,358 

7,522 

46,752 

63 

424 

Nantucket, 

376 

13,950 

- 

- 

31 

1,861 

145 

742 

11 

215 

Norfolk,     . 

5,743 

274,019 

18 

2,582 

367 

29,790 

3,088 

17,800 

36 

96 

Plymouth,  . 

5,006 

231,369 

9 

580 

1,064 

84,475 

1,689 

11,147 

48 

178 

Suffolk, 

496 

30,344 

3 

300 

22 

2,125 

336 

2,084 

- 

- 

Worcester, 

30,258 

1,505,496 

36 

3,770 

4,247 

358,896 

8,111 

47,887 

315 

1,685 

222 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 


Domestic  Animals — Concluded. 


Sheep (Sax- 
ontI. 

Othek  Sheep. 

Steers. 

Turkeys. 

Other  Animals. 

Total  Value 

Counties. 

of  Domestic 

Ko. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

Animals. 

The  State, 

1,631 

$7,993 

42,686 

$179,934 

10,448 

$354,924 

23,738 

$32,642 

39,582 

$122,899 

$17,316,381 

Barnstable, . 

22 

125 

294 

2,588 

137 

3,539 

216 

253 

270 

1,081 

191,061 

Berkshire,  . 

769 

3,261 

8,400 

41,550 

1,540 

51,511 

3,980 

4,681 

1,897 

9,286 

1,966,891 

Bristol, 

64 

418 

1,096 

4,427 

216 

8,093 

1,725 

2,891 

2,814 

9,391 

1,187,337 

Dukes, 

- 

- 

9,087 

18,297 

141 

3,498 

329 

474 

109 

265 

95,959 

Essex,  . 

9 

88 

586 

3,470 

274 

9,695 

972 

1,378 

3,011 

7,313 

1,334,196 

Franklin, 

232 

1,020 

8,475 

39,673 

2,092 

68,868 

2,156 

2,848 

1,289 

9,833 

1,450,840 

Hampden,   . 

16 

120 

3,284 

15,007 

1,278 

47,320 

3,684 

6,316 

13,361 

12,275 

1,352,278 

Hampsbire, . 

189 

1,028 

6,292 

23,453 

1,524 

48,920 

1,544 

2,510 

1,416 

10,116 

1,391,070 

Middlesex,  . 

8 

60 

608 

3,646 

281 

10,801 

1,816 

2,181 

5,030 

21,557 

2,749,719 

Nantucket,  . 

- 

- 

1,287 

4,561 

33 

905 

191 

245 

12 

11 

50,661 

Norfofic,       . 

2 

10 

502 

2,151 

18 

790 

157 

273 

1,663 

6,067 

766,100 

Plymouth,   . 

131 

632 

1,442 

7,703 

260 

10,090 

1,454 

1,901 

3,021 

8,256 

876,747 

Suffolk, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

373 

2,113 

155,209 

"Worcester,  . 

199 

1,231 

2,333 

13,408 

2,654 

90,894 

5,514 

7,591 

5,326 

25,346 

3,750,314 

RECAPITULATIONS    OF    AGGREGATES,    FOR    THE    STATE. 


Farm  Property. 


Number. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


I.— Farms. 

Farms  containing  less  than  3  acres 

"  "         more  than  3  and  less  than  5  acres,    . 

"  "         from  5  to  10  acres  (both  inclusive),  . 

"  "         more  than  10  acres 

Farms,  all  sizes.  [The  value  given  is  that  of  land  and 
buildings  combined] 

II.— Buildings. 

Dwelling  houses 

Barns, 

Carriage  houses, 

Cheese  houses 

Cider  mills 

Corn  houses, 

Granaries, 

Greenhouses 

Grist  and  saw  mills, 

Ice  houses, 

Mills  (not  specified) 

Out-buildings 

Sheds, 

Shops, 

Slaughter  houses 

Stables 


724 

896 

2,694 

40,235 


44,549 

43,620 

46,848 

2,899 

56 

325 

1,480 

1,067 

279 

127 

263 

44 

3,950 

13,383 

2,610 

94 

293 


$182,663,140 


$4,100  27 


AGRICULTURAL   PRODUCTS   AND   PROPERTY. 


223 


Recapitulations  of  Aggregates — Continued. 


Fardi  Pkopertt. 


Number. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


Buildings— Concluded. 


Storehouses 

Sugar  houses 

Tobacco  barns 

Buildings,  all  kinds,    .... 

in.— Land. 

Cultivated — Land  under  crops, 
Market  gardens,    . 
Nurseries  and  seed  gardens, 
Orchards,       .... 
Uncultivated — Unimproved  land,     . 
Unimprovable  land,  . 
Woodland, 

Land,  all  kinds 


acres, 
acres, 
acres, 
acres, 
acres, 
acres, 
acres, 

acres. 


IV.— Fruit  Trees  and  Vines. 

Apple  trees,        . 

Apricot  trees 

Butternut  trees 

Cherry  trees, 

Chestnut  trees, 

Crab-apple  trees, 

Fig  trees 

Fruit  trees  not  designated,        .... 

Hickory  trees 

Mulberry  trees, 

Nectarine  trees, 

Peach  trees, 

Pear  trees, 

Plum  trees, 

Pomegranate  trees 

Quince  trees 

Shellbark  trees, 

Walnut  trees, 

Grape  vines 

Fruit  trees  and  vines,  all  kinds. 


v.— Domestic  Animals. 

Asses, 

Bees  (swarms  of) 

Buffalo 

Bulls 

Calves 

Colts, 

Dogs 

Ducks, 

Geese, 

Goats, 

Guinea  fowls 


20 
144 
571 


118,063 

882,178i 

3,9S8| 

7361 

25,617^ 

1,469,9881 

89,457^ 

930,402^ 


3,402,368| 

1,861,204 

11 

24 

12,040 

13 

1,131 

50 

26,820 

4 

8 

5 

82,884 

231,229 

3,958 

8 

6,120 

221 

121 

224,352 


SO 

8,365 

1 

5,312 

38,099 

4,254 

11,489 

9,884 

7,003 

201 

3,102 


$66,033,291 

$57,961,529 

1,147,200 

335,179 

2,643,801 

32,141,620 

331,362 

22,069,158 


$116,629,849 

$3,656,271 

14 

34 

31,517 

60 

2,013 

250 

36,067 

25 

20 

18 

93,871 

601,138 

7,363 

50 

8,918 

632 

163 

235,764 


$4,674,188 


$65  70 
287  62 
454  86 
103  20 

21  86 
3  70 

23  72 


$34  28 

fl  96 
1  27 

1  42 

2  62 

4  61 
1  78 

5  00 

1  34 

6  25 

2  50 

3  60 

1  13 

2  60 
1  86 
6  25 

1  45 

2  86 
1  35 

1  05 


$1,600 

$53  33 

49,846 

5  96 

100 

100  00 

188,260 

35  44 

371,009 

9  74 

389,066 

91  46 

110,877 

9  65 

6,845 

69 

8,008 

1  14 

872 

4  34 

2,129 

68 

224 


CENSUS   or   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 


Ilecapitulalions  of  Aggregates — Concluded. 


Farm  Propektt. 


Number. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


Domestic  Animals— Concluded. 

Heifers, 

Hens  and  chickens, 

Hogs, 

Horses, 

Lambs, 

Milch  cows, 

Mules, 

Oxen, 

Pea  fowls 

Pigeons, 

Pigs, 

Sheep,  merino, 

Saxony, 

other 

Steers, 

Turkeys 

Domestic  animals,  all  kinds, 


28,057 
1,012,784 
42,255 
63,218 
29,294 
126,034 

203 
16,308 

389 
24,370 
41,009 
14,456 
1,631 
42,686 
10,448 
23,738 


$667,355 

575,374 

721,955 

5,805,485 

115,001 

6,054,136 

20,887 

1,345,204 

666 

6,655 

241,368 

58,290  . 

7,993 

179,934 

354,924 

32,542 


$23  78 

57 

17  08 

109  09 

3  92 
48  03 

102  89 

82  48 

1  71 

27 

5  88 

4  03 
4  90 
4  21 

33  97 
1  37 


$17,316,381 


From  the  foregoing  we  draw  the  following  table  of  the  number  of 
farms,  their  acreage,  average  acreage,  total  and  average  value. 


Number 

Total 

Average 

Total  Value  of 

Average 

Counties. 

of 

Acreage  in 

Acreage  in 

Farms (Land  and 

Value 

Farms. 

Farms. 

Farms. 

Buildings). 

of  Farms. 

The  State, 

44,549 

3,402,368J 

76 

$182,663,140 

$4,100 

Barnstable,    . 

721 

59,914 

83 

1,615,418 

21240 

Berkshire, 

3,791 

470,594 

124 

15,073,948 

3,976 

Bristol,  . 

3,570 

217,368 

61 

11,881,683 

3,328 

Dukes,    , 

371 

33,946 

91 

678,890 

1,830 

Essex,     . 

3,282 

179,6831 

55 

14,213,235 

4.331 

Franklin, 

3,956 

350,443g 

88 

11,352,503 

2,870 

Hampden, 

3,736 

316,015J 

85 

14,496,445 

3,880 

Hampshire, 

3,666 

316,991^ 

86 

12,260,330 

3,344 

Middlesex, 

6,085 

362,945^ 

60 

36,375,185 

5,978 

Nantucket, 

105 

15,973 

152 

182,966 

1,742 

Norfolk, . 

2,331 

135,112J 

58 

10,746,735 

4,610 

Plymouth, 

3,687 

200,193 

56 

9,257,524 

2,581 

Suffolk,  . 

369 

8,2031 

22 

10,891,373 

29,516 

Worcester, 

8,979 

734,9871 

82 

33,636,905 

3,746 

The  preceding  tables  of  Farm  Property  present  all  the  details  of  such 
property  Under  appropriate  heads,  as  farms,  buildings,  land,  fruit  trees 
and  vines,  and  domestic  animals,  with  the  quantity  and  value  for  each. 


AGRICULTURAL    PRODUCTS   AND    PROPERTY. 


225 


The  horses  on  farms  number  53,218,  the  whole  number  in  the  State 
being  129,969.  The  number  of  cows  on  farms,  inckiding  heifers, 
154,091  ;  of  milch  cows,  126,034;  whole  number  of  cows  in  the  State 
according  to  assessors'  returns  and  including  those  not  on  farms, 
148,395.  The  total  value  of  domestic  animals  on  farms  alone  is 
$17,316,381.  The  total  value  of  fruit  trees  upon  the  farms  of  the 
State  is  $4,674,188,  apple  trees  alone  numbering  1,861,204,  and 
valued  at  $3,656,271.  The  farm  land  of  all  kinds  is  valued  at 
1116,629,849,  and  the  buildings  upon  the  same  $66,033,291,  mak- 
ing the  total  value  of  the  farms  in  the  State,  land  and  l)uildings, 
$182,663,140.  The  aggregate  value  of  the  farms,  with  all  their 
appliances,  is  shown  to  be  as  follows  : — 


Laml, 

Buildings, 

Fruit  trees  and  vines,     . 

Domestic  animals, 

Agricultural  implements. 


$110,629,849 
GG,033,291 

4,674,188 
17,316,381 

5,321,168 


Total, $209,974,877 

The  above  total  represents  an  actual  value  in  property  alone,  and 
does  not  include  any  capital  employed  in  the  cultivation  of  the  farms. 
This  immense  sum  produces  for  market  about  $42,000,000  worth  of 
products. 

The  total  value  of  ftirms,  including  all  kinds  of  land  and  buildings, 
in  1865,  was  $176,579,965. 

The  number  of  sheep  killed  by  dogs  during  the  year  ending  May 
1,  1875,  was  1,673  ;  valued  at  $9,332. 

Included  among  the  farms  of  the  State  are  the  market-gardens,  with 
acreage,  value  and  average  value  per  acre,  as  follows  :  — 


Counties. 


Total  Acreage 

in 

Market-gardens. 


Total  Value  of 

Land  in 

Market-gardiMS. 


Average 

Value 
per  Acre. 


The  State,    . 

Barnstable,  .... 

Berkshire 

Bristol,  .... 

Dukes 

Essex 

Franklin,      .... 

29 


3,988| 

21 

73 

348 

41 

428 

214J 


$1,147, -200 

1,957 
12,a33 
39,867 

1,030 
78,563 
12,448 


93 
165 
114 

25 
183 

58 


226 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Counties. 


Total  Acreage 

in 
Market-gardens. 


Total  Value  of 

Land  in 

Market-gardens. 


Average 

Value 

per  acre. 


Hampden, 

Hampshire, 

Middlesex, 

Nantucket, 

Norfolk, 

Plymouth, 

Suffolk, 

Worcester,  , 


464J 
89 
l,233i 

319J 
111 
233 
402} 


54,325 
18,220 

497,079 

1,560 

65,703 

15,997 

256,580 
91,838 


117 
205 
403 
152 
205 
144 
1,101 
228 


Of  the  whole  number  of  farms  in  the  State,  44,549,  only  1,054  are 
carried  on  by  proprietors  who  hire,  while  the  great  majority,  43,495, 
are  carried  on  by  the  owners. 

That  the  public  may  have  a  complete  classification  of  farms  as  to 
sizes,  from  3  acres  and  under  to  1,000  and  over,  we  present  the  fol- 
lowing special  table  : — 

Size  of  Farms. 


Size  of  Farms. 


All  sizes, 

Under  3  acres, 

From  3  to  5  acres 

From  5  to  10  acres,  both  inclusive, 
Above  10  to  and  including  20  acres. 
Above  20  to  and  including  50  acres. 
Above  50  to  and  including  100  acres. 
Above   100  to   and  including    200 

acres 

Above  200  to   and  including  300 

acres,     

Above  300  to   and   including  400 

acres 

Above  400   to   and  including  500 

acres, 

Above  500  to  and  including  600 

acres 

Above   600  to   and  including  700 

acres, 

Above   700   to   and  including   800 

acres,     


-< 

H 


44,549 

724 

896 

2,694 

6,196 

11,633 

12,219 

7,954 

1,622 

336 

142 

62 

27 

14 


Counties. 


721 

8 

13 

55 

125 

211 

142 

111 

26 

16 

4 

6 

2 

1 


V 

u, 

^ 

en 

o 

•g 

Ui 

s^ 

w 

M 

3,791 

3,570 

14 

21 

23 

53 

85 

212 

295 

590 

638 

1,177 

967 

1,039 

1,232 

394 

379 

54 

98 

16 

32 

8 

14 

3 

6 

~ 

3 

- 

371 

18 
6 
22 
52 
84 
100 


12 


B 
03 


3,282 

47 
94 
326 
607 
970 
804 

369 

45 

10 


3,956 

102 
76 
191 
406 
829 
1,131 

988 

170 

37 

17 


■a 

a 

C3 

33 


3,736 

46 

98 

243 

517 
808 
958 

797 

209 

32 

15 


AGKICtJLTURAL    rRODUCTS    AND    PROPERTY. 


227 


Size  of  Farms — Continued. 


The  State. 

Counties. 

Size  of  Farms. 

3 

a 

c 

1 

en 

O 

O 

CO 

c 

G 
<u 
■a 
p. 

a 

Above   800   to   and   including  900 

acres 

11 

1 

2 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Above  900  to  and  including  1,000 

acres 

8 

- 

1 

2 

- 

- 

1 

1 

Above  1,000  acres 

11 

- 

2 

- 

3 

- 

- 

- 

/Size  of  Farms — Concluded. 


Counties. 

Size  of  Farms. 

2 
ic 

a 

o 

CO 

■3 
H 

0) 

o 

1 

o 
'A 

. 
o 

a 

3 

S. 

I 

All  Sizes, 

3,666 

6,085 

105 

2,331 

3,587 

369 

8,979 

Under  3  acres,          .... 

95 

195 

3 

60 

50 

38 

27 

From  3  to  5  acres,  .... 

72 

164 

4 

49 

115 

44 

85 

From  5  to  10  acres,  both  inclusive. 

177 

469 

9 

138 

294 

80 

393 

Above  10  to  and  including  20  acres, 

371 

1,001 

20 

373 

649 

108 

1,082 

Above  20  to  and  including  50  acres, 

853 

1,682 

31 

775 

1,168 

76 

2,331 

Above  50  to  and  including  100  acres, 

1,090 

1,668 

20 

635 

863 

15 

2,787 

Above  100  to  and  including  200  acres. 

778 

763 

8 

256 

352 

5 

■  1,835 

Above  200  to  and  including  300  acres. 

158 

106 

3 

32 

65 

•  3 

360 

Above  300  to  and  including  400  acres. 

45 

18 

2 

11 

15 

- 

'30 

Above  400  to  and  including  500  acres, 

17 

11 

2 

- 

9 

- 

19 

Above  500  to  and  including  600  acres, 

3 

3 

- 

2 

2 

- 

16 

Above  600  to  and  including  TOO  acres. 

3 

1 

2 

- 

2 

- 

4 

Above  700  to  and  including  800  acres. 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4 

Above  800  to  and  including  900  acres. 

2 

2 

- 

- 

1 

- 

2 

Above  900  to  and  including  1,000  acres, 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

2 

Above  1,000  acres 

1 

1 

1 

- 

1 

- 

2 

It  should  be  remembered  that  the  Bureau  has  a  special  certificate, 
as  stated,  for  each  and  every  one  of  the  44,549  farms  in  the  State^ 
but  the  question  may  arise  as  to  what  has  been  considered  as  consti- 
tuting a  ftirm.  We  have  considered  a  farm  to  be  the  home  of  a 
farmer,  his  workshop  and  his  means  of  obtaining  a  subsistence  f  this- 
necessitates  certain  appliances  to  enable  him  to  carry  on  successfully 
the  work  of  the  farm ;  these  necessary  adjuncts  comprise  arable  soil 
for  crop  land  ;  pasture  land  for  stock  ;  woodland  for  material  for  fuel, 


228 


CENSUS    OF    MASS.  — 1ST5.       COMPENDIUM. 


fencing,  etc.,  and  all  the  buildings  requisite  for  housing  family,  prod- 
ucts and  animals. 

When  it  is  seen,  therefore,  that  for  each  of  the  44,549  farms  in  the 
State,  there  has  been  returned  all  or  nearly  all  the  essential  appliances 
of  a  farm,  there  can  be  no  question  as  to  our  classification  and  defini- 
tion. For  the  farms  and  on  the  farm  schedules,  there  are  returned 
43,620  dwelling-houses  and  46,848  barns;  this,  of  course,  settles  the 
matter  as  to  the  State  at  large  :  fearing,  however,  that  many  of  the 
farm  returns  from  cities  might  include  detached  lots  not  properly  com- 
ing within  the  above  definition,  we  separated  the  city  returns  from  those 
for  the  towns,  and  the  result  appears  in  the  following  statement : — 


Cities. 

Farms. 

Houses. 

Barns. 

Cities. 

Farms. 

Houses 

Barns. 

Tall  River, 

131 

119 

127 

Springfield, 

336 

263 

270 

New  Bedford,  . 

56 

51 

53 

Cambridge, 

7 

3 

3 

Taunton,  . 

257 

274 

289 

Lowell 

127 

134 

124 

Gloucester, 

43 

38 

39 

Newton 

143 

163 

151 

Haverhill, 

216 

223 

233 

Somerville, 

25 

21 

26 

Lawrence, 

26 

28 

24 

Boston,      .... 

304 

258 

203 

Lynn, 

19 

24 

28 

Chelsea 

7 

5 

5 

Newburyport,  . 

42 

32 

42 

Fitcliburg, 

192 

213 

220 

Salem, 

33 

33 

30 

Worcester, 

303 

296 

319 

Holyoke,  . 

34 

36 

37 

Totals, 

2,301 

2,214 

2,223 

This  shows  that  of  the  2,301  farms  returned  in  cities,  2,214  had 
dAvellings  and  2,223  had  barns.  It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  there  are 
44,549  absolute  farms  of  all  sizes  in  the  State.  In  1865  the  number 
w^as  47,014,  thus  showing  a  slight  loss  in  1875,  which  may  be 
accounted  for  by  aggregations  or  as  the  result  of  a  less  rigid  clas- 
sification in  1865  compared  with  that  adopted  in  1875. 

The  land  of  the  farms  for  1865  and  1875  is  divided  into  four  classes, 
as  follows  : — 


1S65 

Acres. 


1875. 

Acres. 


Land  under  crops. 
Unimproved  land, 
TJnimprovable  land, 
Woodland,  . 

Totals,  . 


881,402 
1,052,3743 

282,359 
1,019,3431 


3,235,479g 


912,521 
1,469,988J 
89,457J 
930,402J 


3,402,3681 


AGRICULTUPwAL    PRODUCTS   ANT>   PKOPERTT.  229 

By  Laud  under  Crops  is  meaut  all  laud  from  which  any  crop,  iu- 
cludiug  hay,  was  harvested  duriug  the  years  ending  on  the  first  day 
of  May,  1865  and  1875.  Unimproved  Land  comprises  all  laud  devoted 
to  pasturage  and  other  purposes  than  actual  cultivation,  and  which 
may  be  made  arable  and  is  capable  of  improvement  other  than  clear- 
ing. By  Unimprovable  Land  is  meant  that  which  is  absolutely  inca- 
pable of  cultivation.  Any  classification  of  this  latter  kind  of  land 
must  vary  according  to  the  minds  of  different  judges.  Woodland 
includes  all  that  is  actually  wooded. 

This  classification  must  be  quite  accurate,  from  the  nature  of  the 
returns,  and  it  appears  satisfactory,  also,  when  judged  in  relation  to 
the  total  area  of  the  State,  as  follows  :  — 

Total  area, 4,992,000  acres. 


Included  in  farms,  as  above,      .... 

3,402,308 

acres. 

in  lakes  and  ponds,    .... 

93,000 

«i 

in  rivers, 

200,000 

t( 

in  cities  and  villages,  city  and  town 

lots,  cemeteries,  parisli  and  asso- 

ciation lands,  etc., 

550,000 

it 

in  1,837  miles  of  railroad,  including 

stations, 

20,000 

(( 

in  20,000  miles  of  highways,     . 

140,000 

u 

in  detached  and  non-resident  lands,  . 

81,759 

ii 

in  reservoirs,       ..... 

32,367 

u 

Total, 

4,519,494 

acres. 

This  leaves  unaccounted  for  472,506  acres.  The  preceding  areas 
are  quite  relial^le  :  the  area  of  lakes  and  ponds  is  taken  from  compu- 
tations by  H.  F.  Walling,  Esq.  ;  of  rivers,  cities,  towns,  etc.,  from 
estimates  ;  of  railroads  and  highways,  from  computations  made  from 
actual  returns  ;  of  detached  and  non-resident  lands  not  in  farms,  and 
reservoirs,  from  Census  returns  to  this  office.  The  assessors'  returns 
to  the  Secretary  of  State  show  537,635  acres  not  taxed  May  1,  1875. 
It  should  be  remembered  that  the  total  area  of  the  State  is  only  a 
computation,  not  the  result  of  survey.  Most  excellent  estimates, 
based  on  very  reliable  data,  establish  the  area  of  the  State  at  7,800 
square  miles;  and  this  must  be  the  rule  till  the  State  is  scientifically 
surveyed, — an  undertaking  exceedingly  desirable. 

That  the  effect  proximity  to  cities  has  upon  fiirms  and  farm  lands 
may  be  considered,  we  have  prepared  four  tables,  presenting  the 
total  acreage  and  average  value  per  acre  of  Cultivated  Land,  Unim- 


230 


CE:N'SUS    of   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


proved  Land,  Unimprovable  Land,  and  Woodland,  by  counties, 
including  cities,  excluding  cities,  and  for  the  cities  alone,  and  a  fifth 
table,  giving  all  the  just  mentioned  points  for  the  cities  by  name. 

Cultivated  Land. 


Including 

Cities. 

Excluding  Cities. 

The  Cities. 

Counties. 

Acreage  of 

Average 

Acreage  of 

Average 

Acreage  of 

Average 

Cultivated 

Value 

Cultivated 

Value 

Cultivated 

Value 

Land. 

per  acre. 

Land. 

per  acre. 

Land. 

per  acre. 

The  State, 

912,521 

$68  03 

874,6943 

$56  42 

37,826^ 

$336  66 

Barnstable, 

11,861 

36  50 

11,861 

36  50 

- 

- 

Berkshire, 

131,035 

38  63 

131,035 

38  63 

- 

- 

Bristol,     . 

51,555 

67  82 

44,964 

55  17 

6,591 

154  14 

Dukes, 

4,893 

30  12 

4,893 

30  12 

- 

- 

Essex, 

66,104i 

75  29 

58,54U 

69  48 

7,563 

120  26 

Franklin,  . 

79,87ie 

45  87 

79,871g 

45  87 

- 

- 

Hampden, 

79,726^ 

62  30 

73,9433 

47  89 

5,7821 

246  70 

Hampshire, 

98,3111 

46  00 

98,3111 

46  00 

- 

- 

Middlesex, 

120,160J 

117  23 

116,1341 

98  05 

4,026 

670  68 

Nantucket, 

1,6803 

36  78 

1,6803 

36  78 

- 

- 

Norfolk,    . 

36,559 

89  25 

36,559 

89  25 

- 

- 

Plymouth, 

40,666^ 

52  24 

40,666J 

52  24 

- 

- 

Suffolk,     . 

4.164^ 

1,271  79 

969 

40  26 

3,195J 

1,5^5  41 

Worcester, 

185,933^ 

53  69 

175,2643 

46  82 

10,6681 

166  56 

Unt:mproved  Land. 


Including  Cities. 

Excluding  Cities. 

The  Cities. 

Counties. 

Acreage  of 

Average 

Acreage  of 

Average 

Acreage  of 

Average 

Unimproved 

Value 

Unimproved 

Value 

Unimproved 

Value 

Land. 

per  acre. 

Land. 

per  acre. 

Land. 

per  acre. 

The  State, 

1,469,988^ 

i 
$21  86 

1,425,1251 

$17  41 

44,S62i 

$163  47 

Barnstable, 

15,416 

12  20 

15,416 

12  20 

- 

- 

Berkshire, 

210,084 

13  45 

210,084 

13  45 

- 

- 

Bristol,     . 

70,458 

25  88 

62,593 

15  93 

7,865 

105  04 

Dukes, 

17,990 

9  34 

17,990 

9  34 

- 

- 

Essex, 

78,835 

34  97 

68,954 

33  25 

9,881 

46  95 

Franklin, . 

175,218 

12  67 

175,218 

12  67 

- 

- 

Hampden, 

147,359 

18  88 

137,904 

12  54 

9,455 

Ill  40 

Hampshire, 

145,894 

11  53 

145,894 

11  53 

- 

- 

Middlesex, 

136,256^ 

35  07 

134,3641 

32  32 

1,8913 

230  70 

Nantucket, 

» 

14,016 

3  27 

14,016 

3  27 

- 

- 

Norfolk,  . 

45,1983 

33  24 

4.5,1983 

33  24 

- 

- 

Plymouth, 

54,784^ 

18  65 

54,7841 

18  65 

- 

- 

Suiiblk,     . 

3,402^ 

1,151  77 

295 

171  22 

3,107j 

1,244  85 

Worcester, 

355,076J 

18  10 

342,4133 

16  77 

12,662.1 

54  15 

AGRICULTUKAL    PRODUCTS    AND    PEOPERTY. 


231 


Unimprovable  Land. 


Woodland. 


232 


CENSUS    OF    MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Farm  Land  in  Cities. 


Cultivated. 

Ukimproved. 

Unimprovable. 

Woodland. 

Cities. 

Average 

Average 

Average 

Average 

Acreage. 

Value 
per  acre. 

Acreage. 

Value 
per  acre. 

Acreage. 

Value 
per  acre. 

Acreage. 

Value 
per  acre. 

Fall  River, . 

1,807 

$274  97 

2,418 

$130  91 

_ 

_ 

3,254 

$57  54 

New  Bedford,     . 

933 

167  57 

777 

33  10 

19 

$13  68 

1,737 

23  17 

Taunton,     . 

3,851 

81  36 

4,670 

41  36 

185 

17  51 

6,261 

29  91 

Gloucester, 

954 

122  04 

1,717 

41  11 

- 

- 

341 

27  57 

Haverhill,    . 

4,156 

79  06 

5,159 

45  33 

5 

5  00 

1,583 

32  68 

Lawrence,  . 

279 

241  22 

385 

93  64 

- 

131 

224  05 

Lynn,  . 

319 

456  24 

97 

113  40 

- 

- 

368 

58  42 

Newburyport, 

1,089 

71  90 

958 

41  02 

- 

- 

210 

31  90 

Salem, 

766 

226  40 

1,565 

46  72 

4 

- 

150 

43  33 

Holyoke,     . 

809 

64  14 

1,425 

39  27 

- 

- 

1,165 

20  44 

Springtield, 

4,973^ 

270  94 

8,030 

124  20 

94 

17  77 

2,765 

91  84 

Cambridge, 

833 

1,444  77 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

1,000  00 

Lowell, 

1,417 

320  94 

751 

119  22 

ji 

- 

621 

80  92 

Newton, 

2,1113 

680  35 

1,1403 

304  09 

- 

- 

827 

165  35 

Somerville, 

413i 

1,663  12 

- 

- 

- 

- 

18 

6,944  44 

Boston, 

3,151 

1,551  59 

3,107 

1,244  86 

37 

481  08 

586 

320  89 

Chelsea, 

ii\ 

375  14 

OJ 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Fltchburg,  . 

3,9733 

102  35 

5,489 

23  44 

183 

4  21 

2,849J 

43  07 

Worcester, 

6,6943 

204  66 

7,1731 

77  65 

62 

7  74 

3,1813 

77  95 

Persons  Employed,  Wages,  Etc. 


S 

cS 
Pk 

Cm 
O 
U 
OJ 

£1 

a 

3 
(2! 

Farm  Land. 

Persons  Employed. 

oard, 
year 
75. 

Counties. 

CULTI- 
VATED. 

UNCULTI- 
VATED. 

MALES. 

Females. 

Total. 

nclud"g  b 
ring  the 
May  1,  18 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Under 
15. 

Above 
15. 

Under 
15. 

Above 
15. 

Wages,  I 
paid  di 
ending 

The  State,     . 

44,54 

912,521 

2,489,8471 

2,136 

24,961 

805 

7,586 

35,488 

$5,600,919 

Barnstable,   . 

721 

11,861 

48,053 

49 

380 

36 

205 

670 

38,180 

Berkshire,     , 

3,791 

131,035 

339,559 

186 

2,560 

77 

1,119 

3,942 

523,177 

Bristol,  . 

3,570 

51,555 

165,813 

219 

2,032 

94 

425 

2,770 

378,107 

Dukes,  . 

371 

4,893 

29,052 

16 

132 

- 

90 

238 

$6,523 

Essex,   . 

3,282 

66,104J 

113,579 

171 

2,332 

23 

418 

2,944 

550,744 

Franklin, 

3,956 

79,871i 

270,572 

173 

1,910 

80 

923 

3,086 

324,490 

Hampden, 

3,736 

79,726J 

236,289 

190 

2,042 

106 

711 

3,049 

445,226 

Hampshire, 

3,666 

98,311^ 

218,680 

161 

1,978 

56 

790 

2,985 

385,551 

Middlesex, 

6,085 

120,160^ 

242,785g 

315 

4,225 

102 

999 

5,641 

1,204,796 

Nantucket, 

105 

1,6803 

14,292J 

1 

45 

- 

1 

47 

10,720 

Norfolk, 

2,331 

36,559 

98,553J 

91 

1,421 

13 

112 

1,637 

374,.305 

Plymouth, 

3,587 

40,666J 

159,5263 

86 

1,249 

13 

229 

1,577 

248,967 

Suffolk, 

369 

4,164J 

4,039^ 

13 

379 

3 

70 

465 

143,918 

Worcester, 

8,979 

185,933^ 

549,0.54 

465 

4,276 

202 

1,494 

6,437 

966,215 

AGRICULTURAL    PRODUCTS    AND    PROPERTY.  233 

This  is  a  sliort  presentation,  in  wliicli  the  number  of  farms  is  stated  in 
juxtaposition  to  the  hind,  dassified  under  the  grand  divisions  of  culti- 
vated and  uncultivated,  the  number  of  persons  employed,  and  the 
wages  paid  them.  The  44,549  farms  are  divided  into  912,521  acres 
of  cultivated  and  2,489,847|  acres  of  uncultivated  land.  The  total 
number  of  persons  employed  is  35,488  ;  this  number  includes  only 
those  who  have  been  paid  wages  for  their  labor  on  farms.  In  Part  I. 
(page  78),  the  entire  number  given  as  engaged  in  agriculture  is 
70,945,  but  this  includes  proprietors  or  owners  of  farms  as  well  as 
the  fiirm  hands.  Deducting  the  number  of  farm  hands,  35,488,  as 
returned  on  the  Products  and  Property  Schedules  by  the  proprietors 
of  farms,  from  the  total  number  of  persons  engaged  in  agriculture,  as 
returned  by  each  individual  on  the  Family  Schedule,  we  have  35,457 
to  represent  the  proprietors,  a  perfectly  satisfactory  result,  in  consid- 
eration of  the  fact  that  many  proprietors  carry  on  two  or  more  farms 
each,  as  shown  by  the  returns,  and  of  the  fact,  also,  of  tkrm  hands 
being  returned  as  engaged  upon  more  than  one  fiirm.  These  results, 
derived  as  they  are  from  returns  by  different  people,  furnish  positive 
evidence  of  the  general  accuracy  of  the  whole  work.  In  1865,  the 
total  number  so  engaged  in  agriculture  was  68,538,  including  pro- 
prietors. 

The  total  wages  paid  for  farm  labor  during  the  last  census  year  was 
$5,600,919.  This,  of  course,  does  not  in  any  way  represent  the  time 
or  labor  of  the  proprietors,  but  has  reference  to  wages  paid  hired 
hands  only.  The  wages  for  previous  years  have  not  been  reported. 
An  average  daily  or  yearly  wage  can  not  be  given,  with  certainty, 
from  the  aggregates,  because  a  farm  hand,  working  perhaps  one  month 
for  one  farmer  and  another  for  his  neighbor,  must,  of  course,  have 
been  reported  as  a  person  hired  by  each  proprietor.  In  busy  seasons 
many  hands  are  hired,  and  discharged  at  the  close.  In  a  few  instances 
proprietors  have  been  returned  as  laborers,  but  these  exceptions, 
while  they  interfere  with  the  determination  of  just  averages,  as  stated, 
do  not  interfere  with  the  harmony  of  the  general  results.  The  small 
number  of  females  reported  as  engaged  in  agriculture  sometimes  calls 
out  the  expression  that  farmers'  wives  should  be  accounted  as  so 
engaged,  because  they  aid  the  farmer ;  so  does  the  mechanic's  wife 
aid  the  mechanic ;  both  should  be  classed  as  engaged  in  housework, 
as  they  have  been  in  Part  I. 

30 


234 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COIVIPENDIUM. 


Mixes,  Quarries,  Pits,  Etc. 


Value  of 
rroducls. 

Acreage. 

Capital 

invested  in 

working. 

Peksons  Employed. 

Counties. 

Under 
13. 

Above 
13. 

Total. 

The  State, 

$1,939,800 

4,911i 

$719,790 

74 

1,913 

1,987 

Barnstable,     . 

892 

84 

250 

- 

- 

- 

Berkshire, 

168,266 

44U 

44,220 

2 

153 

155 

Bristol,  . 

115,673 

232.1 

19,700 

- 

48 

48 

Dukes,    . 

6,124 

140 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Essex,     . 

1,118,767 

8S4J 

520,068 

43 

1,090 

1,133 

Franklin, 

14,465 

192^ 

900 

1 

8 

9 

Hampden, 

153,530 

2994 

59,250 

- 

29? 

298 

Hampshire, 

21,555 

213 

13,400 

- 

25 

25 

Middlesex, 

99,425 

691 

12,485 

2 

51 

53 

Nantucket, 

285 

34 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Norfolk, 

28,104 

592 

4,246 

- 

24 

24 

Plj-mouth, 

4,305 

205 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Suffolk,  . 

19,721 

7J 

8,000 

- 

28 

28 

Worcester, 

188,688 

895 

37,271 

26 

188 

214 

CLASSIFICATIOlSr    BY   NAME. 


Name  of  Pkopertt. 


Value  of 
Products. 


Acreage. 


Capital 

invested  in 

working. 


PERSON'S  Employed. 


Under 

Above 

13. 

13. 

2 

74 

- 

2 

1 

8 

- 

90 

_ 

6 

45 

1,374 

- 

32 

_ 

143 

- 

6 

21 

118 

4 

32 

1 

28 

Total. 


silver  and 


Clay  pits. 

Fish  ponds,    . 

Gravel  pits,    . 

Marl  and  muck  beds. 

Mines  (not  specified). 

Mines,  asbestos,     . 

Mines,  supposed  copper  and  lead 

Mines,  iron,   . 

Mines,  supposed  gold 

Peat  bogs. 

Quarries,  granite, 

Quarries,  limestone. 

Quarries,  marble. 

Quarries,  sandstone. 

Quarries,  slate. 

Quarries,  soapstone, 

Quarries  (products  not 

Sand  pits. 

Salt, 

Not  classified. 


specified) 


lead. 


$49,710 
24,942 
31,862 
22,207 


134,747 

11,606 

1,408,793 
17,725 

27,755 
4,200 

122,080 

49,127 

473 

34,573 


276.1 
4613 
421i 
996 
1 
10 
24 
57 
107 
1,263^ 
573 
5 
200 
16 
4 
2 
254| 
239  i 


$16,250 

7,750 

150 

5,495 


27,776 

1,158 

582,896 

9,100 

22,100 
2,000 

23,300 
7,800 

14,015 


2 
9 

90 

6 

1,419 

32 

143 
6 

139 
36 

29 


AGRICULTURAL    RRODUCTS    AKD    RROrERTY, 


235 


The  endeavor  lias  been  to  make  this  showing  as  complete  as  possi- 
ble, but  it  has  been  diffi(3ult  to  distinguish  between  rough  products  of 
quarries  and  dressed  stone;  the  latter  properly  belong  in  Part  II., 
— Manufactures  ;  but  yet,  the  rough  product,  to  some  extent,  has 
entered  into  the  showings  in  Part  II.  The  total  value  of  the  prod- 
ucts of  quarries,  as  drawn  from  the  preceding  recapitulation,  is 
11,580,553.  After  a  careful  elimination  of  all  rough  products  from 
the  returns  given  in  Part  II.,  and  a  thorough  sifting  of  the  whole 
matter,  the  true  products  of  the  quarries  of  the  State  for  the  last 
census  year  are  found  to  amount  to  $2,498,237,  as  exhil)ited  in  the 
following  county  table  : — 

Quarrying. 


Counties. 


The  State, 

Berkshire,    . 
Bristol, 
Essex,  . 
Franklin, 
Hampden,    . 


Value  of  Prod- 
ucts. 


^2,498,237 

30,925 

136,205 

1,122,060 

1,205 

172,655 


Counties. 


Value  of  Prod- 
ucts. 


Hampshire, 

Middlesex, 

Norfolk, 

SuflTolk, 

Worcester, 


$2,860 
68,055 

786,434 
6,000 

171,838 


The  total  product  of  quarries  in  1865  was,  in  currency,  $704; 255  ; 
but  this  figure  can  not  be  relied  upon,  as  the  returns  relating  to  such 
matters  were  meagre.  For  1875,  they  are  wanting  in  those  positive 
elements  which  characterize  the  returns  of  Agricultural  Products  and 
Farm  Property. 


Valuation,  Property, 

Etc., 

FOR  1865. 

u 
.a 
a 

3 

"A 

OP 
CD 
03 

2 

o 

< 

bo 
<    9 

to 

ll 

C«          1 

c   2 
t,  — 

fa  a 
"S  -5 

Counties. 

i  § 

o     rt 

H  fa- 
1  = 

-   2 

«    a 

«    1 

2  8 

o    > 

7.— Value 
(Land  ai 
ings). 

The  State, 

47,014 

3,235,4793 

1,052,3743 

282,359 

1,019,3431 

881,402 

$153,084,565 

Barnstable, 

942 

149,818 

37,965 

22,274 

72,015 

17,564 

1,851,832 

Berkshire,  . 

4,131 

417,785 

128,542J 

68, 133  J 

112,547 

108,562 

12,502,083 

Bristol, 

4,264 

•     245,186.1 

64,758 

9,298 

114,1181 

57,012 

11,548,481 

Dukes, 

368 

34,036 

15,198 

3,436 

11,658 

3,744 

712,776 

^ 


236 


CENSUS    OF    MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Valuation,  Propertij,  etc.,  for  1865 — Contimiecl. 


U 

a 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to  _; 

5    -3 

a 

a 

« 

=  ^ 

a 

3 

S  .2 

g  -a 

b« 

^25 

< 

<    1 

<  r- 

•     c3 

<i 

o  "2 

CODNTIES. 

O      3 

o 

o   a 

-  2 

a    o. 

o  a 

o   > 

1.1 

II. 

H     ^ 

L,      .- 

E-.      ■" ■ 

■-H        P 

J—     .-. 

>   «   S, 

I  "s 

15 

I      5 

I  "5 

1.5 

i  e.= 

M 

M 

ee 

'9 

w 

e 

t^ 

Essex, 

3,317 

177,080^ 

51,578.1 

4,835J 

42,8791 

77,787 

12,311,629 

Franklin,    . 

3,633 

285,7363 

104,956 

50,222 

63,1273 

67,431 

8,045,751 

Hampden,  . 

3,427 

248,260 

88,512 

35,785 

55,315 

68,648 

9,450,806 

Hampshire, 

1         3,722 

207,792 

69,041 

21,101 

44,952 

72,698 

11,033,790 

Middlesex, . 

6,420 

351,4031 

129,498J 

13,698 

89,619 

118,588 

26,379,729 

Nantucket, 

m 

11,133 

8,513 

500 

705 

1,415 

140,735 

Norfolk,      . 

2,801 

167,636g 

43,696 

3,4373 

72,1126 

48,390 

11,750,529 

Plymouth,  . 

4,205 

285,728 

68,405 

8,021.\ 

161,275i 

48,026 

9,814,444 

Suflfolk, 

253 

14,992 

3,389 

120 

2,332 

9,151 

8,371,570 

Worcester, 

9,420 

638,892^ 

238,322i; 

41,497^ 

176,6863 

182,386 

29,170,410 

Valuation,  Property,  etc.,  for  1865 — Concluded. 


COUNTIKS. 

o 

>    o 
a    ^ 

I  s 

9.— Persons      Em- 
ployed   in    Agri- 
culture. 

10.— Products      of 
Domestic    Manu- 
facture, Agricult- 
ure and  Mining. 

11.— Valuation    of 
Personal      Prop- 
erty. 

o 

.2    o 
a    « 

1  s 

■4 

a 

> 

■a 
o 

l    3 
M    - 

P4 

The  8¥ate, 

$198,516,103 

68,538 

$51,149,576 

$386,079,955 

$605,761,946 

$991,841,901 

Barnstable, 

2,938,630 

1,149 

701,657 

6,519,051 

7,020,065 

13,539,116 

Berkshire, 

17,086,162 

6,958 

6,598,717 

10,001,039 

18,480,570 

28,481,609 

Bristol,     . 

15,037,873 

5,714 

2,761,201 

25,330,520 

32,097,983 

57,428,503 

Dukes,     . 

984,057 

629 

200,799 

900,388 

1,. 389,297 

2,289,685 

Essex, 

15,530,445 

5,574 

4,672,027 

33,884,670 

55,542,925 

89,427,595 

Franklin, 

10,500,146 

5,198 

2,681,602 

3,700,951 

9,168,618 

12,869,569 

Hampden, 

12,234,042 

5,000 

3,227,000 

10,351,677 

22,721,000 

33,072,677 

Hampshire, 

13,51o,.329 

5,947 

3,411,942 

7,678,036 

13,418,042 

21,096,078 

Middlesex, 

33,001,006 

10,144 

8,296,563 

47,045,461 

105,671,378 

152,716,8.39 

Nantucket, 

203,016 

245 

105,367 

1,415,016 

569,982 

1,984,998 

Norfolk,  . 

14,855,0.57 

3,937 

2,905,027 

33,324,501 

57,983,786 

91,308,287 

Plymouth, 

13,702,375 

4,928 

2,625,753 

7,539,894 

19,104,134 

26,644,028 

Suffolk,    . 

10,596,713 

798 

4,974,220 

171,9,54,892 

209,436,389 

381,391,281 

Worcester, 

38,330,652 

12,317 

7,987,701 

26,433,859 

53,157,777 

79,591,636 

AGRICULTURAL    PRODUCTS    AND    PROPERTY. 


237 


Peoducts  and  Property,  by  Name,  for  1865. 

Products. 

[The  figures  given  in  this  table  are  State  totals  for  the  principal  proclucts  and  kinds  of  farm  property. 
They  are  drawn  from  the  Bureau  tabulation  of  the  Industrial  Statistics  returns  of  1865.] 

DOMESTIC    PRODUCTS. 


Pkouucts. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Average 

Value. 

Butter, lbs.. 

3,745,293 

$1,360,248 

$0  36 

Carpets 

.    yds.. 

875 

756 

86 

Charcoal,      .... 

bush.. 

2,301,245 

250,424 

11 

Cheese,         .... 

.     lbs.. 

3,500,481 

582,353 

16 

Cider 

.     gals.. 

271,680 

21,764 

08 

Cloth 

yds., 

6,012 

7,293 

1  21 

Dried  apples. 

- 

219 

- 

Evergreen  goods. 

- 

125 

- 

Fence  posts. 

430 

100 

23 

Firewood  and  bark,    . 

cords. 

606,101 

2,189,044 

4  33 

Locust  wood. 

cords. 

40 

1,000 

25  00 

Maple  sugar, 

lbs.. 

556,823 

99,946 

18 

Maple  gynip  and  molasses, 

gals., 

1,039 

1,428 

1  37 

Palm-leaf  hats,    . 

- 

17,709 

- 

Railroad  sleepers, 

600 

280 

47 

Saw  logs 

276 

270 

98 

Socks  and  mittens, 

- 

1,056 

- 

Sorghum  and  sorghum  syrup, 

gals.. 

608 

575 

94 

Straw  braid,        .... 

- 

17,065 

- 

Vinegar,  cider,    .        ... 

bbls., 

170 

1,360 

8  00 

"Wine, 

gals.. 

2,484 

4,460 

1  80 

Yarn 

- 

94 

- 

AGRICULTURAL   PRODUCTS. 


Apples 

Asparagus, 

Basket  willow 

Beef, lbs.. 

Beeswax, lbs., 

Blackberries, 

Broom  corn, lbs., 

Broom-corn  seed, bush., 

Cabbages 

Carrageen lbs.. 

Celery, 

Cherries, 

Chestnuts  and  walnuts, 

(  lbs.. 

Clover  and  grass  seed 

I  bush.. 


70,825,396 
2,149 

290,185 
26,628 

465,980 


50,000 
340 


,244,420 

- 

975 

- 

1,180 

- 

,188,564 

$0  12 

2,521 

1  17 

1.50 

- 

47,254 

13 

17,262 

65 

184,869 

- 

22,588 

05 

2,750 

- 

38 

- 

4,579 

- 

1,123 


238 


CEXSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1ST5.       COMPENDIUM. 


Agricultural  Products — Concluded. 


Products. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
Value. 


Cranberries bush., 

f  bush., 

Cucumbers, 

(  number 

Currants  and  strawberries, 

Cut  flowers  and  greenhouse  plants 

Eggs 

Feathers, 

Flax lbs., 

Flaxseed, bush.. 

Fodder,  oat tons, 

Garden  and  flower  seeds, 

I  lbs., 

Grapes, 

I  bush., 

Herdsgrass  seed, bush.. 

Honey, lbs., 

Hops lbs., 

Ice, tons. 

Melons 

Milk gals., 

(  tons, 

Millet ,      ,' 

t  bush.. 

Mutton lbs., 

Nuts  and  berries 

Peaches 

Pears, 

Pease 

Pork lbs., 

Poultry 

Quinces bush., 

Roots  and  herbs 

Squashes, 

Straw, tons. 

Strawberries, 

(  cans, 

Sweet  corn, j        , 

(  bush.. 

Tomatoes  and  tomato  plants 

Trees,  fruit,  in  nurseries, 

Tripe 

Turnips bush.. 

Veal lbs.. 

Wild  game 

Wool,  merino lbs.. 

Wool,  Saxonj- lbs.. 

Wool,  other  than  merino  and  Saxony,     .        .        .     lbs., 


34,621 

1,000 

2,365,000 


6,113 

185 
194 

24,415 

877 

835 

79,222 

93,808 

650,359 

10,079,180 

16 

319 

8,989,506 


29,440,447 

4 

104 

1,750 
350 


634,096 
4,977,436 

236,103 

12,789 

361,363 


$101,538 

35,627 

9,622 

11,600 

372,912 

115 

1,404 

449 

2,245 

12,545 

40,100 

1,818 

23,258 

32,546 

735,077 

2,070 

1,956,187 

1,807 

1,090,368 

140,981 

2,240 

243,068 

881 

4,596,433 

217,991 

8 

10,965 

96,611 

1,420 

30,728 

1,625 

23,160 

10,650 

80,700 

187,913 

562,895 

980 

196,198 

6,718 

262,225 


62  93 


23 

2  43 

11  57 


2  17 
29 
35 

1  13 


19 


12 


16 
2  00 

13  65 


35 
11 

83 
53 
73 


AGRICULTURAL   PRODUCTS   AND   PROPERTY. 


239 


AGRICULTURAL    PRODUCTS    (WITII    ACREAGE), 


Products. 


Quantity. 


Acreage. 


Value. 


Avenige 

yield 
per  acre. 


Average 
Value. 


Barley bush., 

Beans, bush.. 

Beets  and  other  esculent  vegetables,  bush., 

Buckwheat, bush., 

Carrots, bush., 

Corn,  Indian bush., 

Hay,  English, tons, 

Hay,  salt, tons. 

Hay,  meadow, tons, 

Oats bush., 

Onions, bush., 

Potatoes,  Irish bush.. 

Rye bush.. 

Tobacco, lbs.. 

Wheat, bush.. 


138,524 

6,3891 

133,589 

64,259 

225,015 

2,015,771 

479,837 

29,147 

115,447 

678,779 

210,831 

3,832,523 

271,016 

9,306,067 

39,709 


7,1033 

1494 

690 

4,606J 

6233 

70,141 4 

507,163i 

31,477 

142,193J 

28,610i 

839J 

42,0823 

24,205 

5,615| 

2,667J 


$184,343 

22,468 

117,161 

64,621 

105,695 

2,953,067 

10,537,789 

339,659 

1,274,956 

587,133 

322,412 

2,499,845 

400,140 

1,577,100 

79,562 


19.1 
423 
193i 
13J 
3603 
283 
.94 
.92 
.81 
233 
251 
91 
11 
1,657 
14J 


$1  as 

3  52 

88 

1  00 

47 

1  46 

21  96 

11  65 

11  04 

86 

1  53 

65 

1  48 
17 

2  00 


MINING   PRODUCTS. 


Pkodhcts. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Coal  and  ore, 

Lead, 

Marble 

Paint  ore,  and  porcelain  or  white  clay, 

Peat 1^°""^'' 

I  cords. 

Sand 

Stone  and  marble 


$115,200 

250 

3,500 

6,200 

7,992 

32,000 
700,755 


Property — 1865. 


FARMS. 


Phopertt. 

Number. 

Value. 

Average  Value. 

Farms  (value  includes  buildings  but  excludes  woodland). 
Farms  (including  values  of  buildings  and  woodland),      . 

47,014 
47,014 

$153,084,565 
176,579,965 

$3,256  15 
3,755  90 

24:0 


CEXSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


LAND. 


Pkopertt. 

Number. 

Value. 

Cultivated — Land  under  crops acres, 

Market-gardens acres, 

Nurseries  and  seed  gardens, acres. 

Uncultivated — Unimproved  land acres, 

Unimprovable  land, acres. 

Woodland, acres, 

880,8943 

459J 

48 

1,052,3-43 

282,359 

1,019,3431 

$62,910 
146,141 

23,495,400 

FRUIT    TREES    AND    VINES. 


Property. 


Kumber. 


Value. 


Apple  trees, 
Pear  trees, 
Grape  vines, 


2,417,433 

406,792 

400 


$225 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


Property. 


Number. 


Value. 


Asses  and  mules. 
Bees,  swarms  of,      . 

Horses, 

Milch  cows,       .        .        .        . 

Heifers 

Oxen  (over  4  years  old). 
Steers  (less  than  4  years  old), 
Sheep,  merino. 

Saxony, 

other 

Swine, 


107 
26 
89,899 
134,090 
31,040 
29,067 
20,508 
65,1171 
3,347  l 
104,448  J 
63,106 


$9,075 

219 

9,297,560 

6,595,702 
3,090,020 

737,759 
1,143,497 


By  the  preceding  tables,  the  total  domestic  and  agricultural  prod- 
ucts and  property  for  the  years  1865  and  1875  can  be  compared  so  for 
as  values  are  concerned.  The  aggregates  have  already  been  consid- 
ered. The  number  of  persons  employed  in  agriculture  for  1865,  as 
shown  on  page  237,  includes  both  proprietors  and  farm  hands. 

The  number  of  farms,  as  stated  on  page  240,  for  1865,  is  47,014. 
It  is  evident  this  number  is  too  large  hy  at  least  2,000,  from  want  of 


AGRICULTURAL    PRODUCTS    AND    PROPERTY.  241 

a  strict  classification.  A  close  examination  of  the  matter  convinces 
us  that  the  number  of  farms  in  1865  was  about  45,000.  There  has 
been  no  wholesale  consolidation  since  then ;  the  number  reported  in 
1875,  as  has  been  stated,  was  44,549.  The  statement  of  land,  1865, 
is  very  accurate.  The  fruit  trees  given  include  all  in  the  State,  both 
on  and  not  on  farms,  while  for  1875  only  those  on  farms  have  been 
returned ;  the  same  is  true  of  domestic  animals.  A  large  propor- 
tion of  the  fruit  trees  of  the  State  are  to  be  found  in  small  e:ardens 
and  orchards  not  connected  with  farms. 

31 


Part   IV. 


WAGE  AND  SALARY  RECEIVERS. 


Part   IV. 


WAGE  AND  SALARY  RECEIVERS. 


The  work  of  the  Decennial  Census  and  Industrial  Statistics  of  the 
Commonwealth  for  the  decade  ending  May  1,  1875,  having  been  com- 
mitted to  this  Bureau  by  Act  of  the  Legislature  of  1874,  we  were 
enabled  to  gain  very  extended  knowledge  of  the  varied  interests 
of  the  State,  and  especially  information  relative  to  the  condition 
of  the  wage  laborers.  Among  the  inquiries  established  by  law, 
was  a  series  instituted  for  the  purpose  of  securing  such  extensive 
returns  as  to  set  at  rest  some  of  the  questions  which  had  for  the 
past  few  years  furnished  topics  for  investigation  and  discussion. 
These  inquiries  constituted  by  themselves  one  of  the  schedule 
forms  used  in  taking  the  Census,  and  the  facts  returned  by  the 
enumerators  on  this  form  furnish  the  material  for  the  seventh 
annual  report  of  the  Bureau.  On  the  schedule  referred  to,  denomi- 
nated the  "Individual  Schedule,"  were  twenty  questions  ;  and  that 
they  may  be  fully  understood  as  to  their  object,  results  and  impor- 
tance, they  are  here  enumerated  seriatim,  and  as  the  phraseology 
adopted  on  the  schedule  itself  was  a  condensed  one,  each  interrogatory' 
is  also  explained  : 

First.  "  Sex  and  Age  "  was,  as  will  be  inferred  naturally,  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  to  which  sex  the  figures  returned  related. 
Of  the  schedules  used,  all  were  filled  in  this  particular,  a  result  which 
efiectually  precluded  the  possiljility  of  having  used  sets  of  figures 
pertaining  to  one  sex  in  illustrating  the  general  condition  of  the 
other. 

Second.  "  What  is  the  occupation  upon  which  you  chiefly  depend 
for  a  livelihood  ?  "  By  answers  to  this,  we  have  been  able  to  determine 
the  hours  of  labor,  average  wages,  etc.,  pertaining  to  leading  occu- 
pations. 

Third.  "Were  you  at  work  May  1,  1875?"  This  had  reference 
to  whether  they  were  permanently  engaged  at  that  time.     The  ques- 


246  CExsus  or  mass.— ists.     compekdium. 

tion  has  not  been  tabulated,  as  the  entire  number  answering  were  of 
the  employed  class. 

Fourth.  "Number  depending  upon  you  for  support."  Two  objects 
were  in  view  in  the  preparation  of  this  question ;  first,  to  ascertain 
the  number  supported  by  males  and  females  ;  and  second,  to  arrive 
at  the  average  size  of  workingmen's  families  without  reference  to  any 
general  average  of  families  obtained  from  the  people  at  large  through 
the  Census  proper. 

Fifth.  "Numljer  of  hours  per  day  employed  in  your  occupation." 
Through  answers  to  this  question,  we  learn,  as  was  designed,  the  aver- 
age numl)er  of  hours  per  day  that  males  and  females  are  employed, 
throughout  the  State  ;  showing  in  which  occupations  they  exceed  the 
legal  limit,  or  in  what  locality  such  excess  exists. 

/Sixth.  "Number  of  days  employed  during  the  year  ending  May  1, 
1875."  Answers  to  this  establish  the  average  time  lost  from  various 
causes. 

Seventh.  "Average  daily  wages  for  working  days  derived  from 
occupation  during  the  year  ending  May  1,  1875." 

Fighth.  "Amount  of  Avages  derived  from  occupation  for  the  year 
ending  May  1,  1875." 

Minth.  "Amount  of  your  other  earnings  for  the  year  ending  May 
1,  1875."  It  was  regarded  as  particularly  desirable  to  ascertain  what 
proportion  of  the  working  people  were  enabled  to  procure  employ- 
ment during  the  time  they  might  be  unemployed  in  their  regular 
occupations,  and  to  learn  the  amount  of  wages  received  from  such 
extra  or  outside  work.  Reference  to  the  tables  will  show  the  impor- 
tance of  this  question. 

Tenth.  "Amount  of  wife's  earnings  for  the  year  ending  May  1, 
1875."  The  subject  of  receipts  of  the  head  of  a  family  through  his 
wife's  employment  has  received  much  attention,  and  caused  consider- 
able vague  discussion ;  inasmuch  as  no  dehnite  information  upon  this 
point,  based  upon  any  considerable  number  of  returns,  has  been  pre- 
sented to  the  public,  we  were  led  to  introduce  this  question,  and  the 
results  of  the  investigation,  as  tabulated,  more  than  justify  us  for 
sending  out  an  inquiry  which  many  have  been  pleased  to  term  imper- 
tinent. The  principal  object  of  the  interrogatory  -was  to  ascertain 
whether  the  head  of  a  family,  when  the  wife  worked  for  wages,  could 
sustain  his  family  on  his  own  earnings. 

Fleventh.  "  Amount  of  minor  children's  earnings  for  the  year  end- 
ing May  1,   1875."     This   question  was   suggested  by  the   frequent 


WAGE  a:n^d  salary  eeceiyees.  247 

legislation  on  the  employment  of  children  in  manufacturing  and 
mechanical  establishments.  Another  consideration  was  the  desire  to 
know  the  truth  or  falsity  of  the  following  statement  from  a  former 
report  of  this  Bureau,  for,  if  true,  the  public  should  make  a  senti- 
ment too  positive  in  its  character  to  allow  a  continuance  of  such  a 
state  of  affairs  as  alleged ;  if  false,  the  seeming  disgrace  should  be 
righted.     We  quote  from  the  sixth  annual  report  of  this  Bureau  : — 

"  There  are  others  also  who  make  unjustifiable  use  of  the  plea  of  poverty. 
In  one  of  the  cities  where  a  half-time  school  exists,  in  which  the  chiklren  are 
nearl}^  all  of  one  nationality,  it  was  the  testimony'  of  the  mill  agent  that  the 
fathers,  as  soon  as  they  had  chiklren  whose  united  earnings  would  support 
the  family,  were  wont  to  give  over  all  personal  effort,  and  spend  their  time  in 
idly  smoking  their  pipes  in  the  sun,  in  summer,  and  about  the  kitchen  or 
saloon  stove,  in  winter.  This  was  claimed  to  be  true  of  the  majorit}-  of 
fathers  of  chiklren  of  this  nationality  in  this  mill.  Among  them  a  rapidly 
growing  family  is  not  reckoned  as  a  burden,  but  is  looked  upon  as  the  happy 
harbinger  of  daj's  of  restful  ease  and  fumous  comfort." 

Tioelfth.  "Numlier  of  persons  in  your  family,  over  eighteen  years 
of  age,  prevented  by  continuous  sickness,  or  physical  disalnlity,  from 
attending  to  any  occupation."  The  question  explains  itself,  the  object 
being  to  learn  to  how  great  an  extent  the  families  of  working  people 
were  deprived  of  the  average  income  of  adult  members  incapacitated 
for  work. 

TJdrteenth.  "Do  you  OAvn  the  house  you  live  in?"  One  is  quite 
likely  to  judge  of  the  general  prosperity  of  a  working  community  by 
the  answers  to  such  a  question  as  this. 

Fourteenth.  "If  you  OW'U  it,  what  is  the  amount  of  mortgage 
on  it?" 

Fifteenth.     "Rate  of  interest  paid  on  such  mortgage?" 

These  two  questions  are  really  subdivisions  of  one  general  inquiry. 
It  was  our  desire,  through  the  answers,  to  secure  information  not  onl}^ 
regarding  the  amounts  of  mortgages  and  rates  of  interest,  but  to  learn 
to  wdiat  extent  the  homes  of  laborers  were  encumbered,  and  also  to 
learn  the  variations  in  these  particulars  in  different  sections  of  the 
State.  The  great  importance  of  reliable  data  upon  these  points  can 
not  be  denied,  for  it  is  evident  that  wdien  the  members  of  a  manufact- 
uring community,  to  any  considerable  degree,  become  burdened  with 
encumbrances  upon  their  homes,  then  begins  the  decline  of  the  com- 
munity itself,  and  its  financial  prosperity  has  a  duration  governed 


248  CENSUS  or  mass.— ists.     compendium. 

only  by  the  extent  of  conditions  named.  If  we  could,  by  any  proper 
means,  know  the  number  of  small  estates  which,  during  the  past 
twenty  years,  have  fallen  into  the  hands  of  mortgagees,  by  inability 
on  the  part  of  the  mechanic  to  keep  his  interest  account  square,  the 
State  would  find  a  prolific  cause  for  earnest  and  emphatic  legislation. 
The  question  usually  comes  directly  to  the  owner  of  the  equity, 
whether  he  will  deprive  his  family  of  ordinary  support,  or  lose  the 
little  place  he  has  worked  so  hard  to  secure.  And  yet,  when  this 
inquiry  reached  the  people  it  was  sought  to  benefit,  the  Bureau  was 
held  up  by  the  people,  and  largely,  too,  by  the  press,  as  an  inquisito- 
rial institution,  which,  if  allowed  to  continue  in  existence,  would  seek 
to  expose  the  private  affairs  of  the  citizens  of  the  State,  forgetting  all 
the  while  that  all  matters  of  mortgage  and  foreclosure  are  subjects  of 
public  record. 

Sixteenth.     "If  you  hire,  what  is  the  number  of  rooms?" 

Seventeenth.     "  Amount  paid  for  a  year's  rent  ?  " 

The  two  preceding  questions  are  very  plain,  and  require  no  elabora- 
tion. Very  important  tabulations  from  answers  made  are  contained  in 
this  Part. 

Eighteenth.  "Value  of  garden  crops  raised  by  you,  and  used  in 
your  family,  less  all  money  expenditures  on  account  of  same."  By 
answers  to  this  question  could  be  determined  what  proportion  of 
families  were  able,  by  a  j)rivate  garden,  to  piece  out  the  family 
income. 

Nineteenth.  "  Cost  of  supporting  your  family  (or  yourself)  for  the 
year  ending  May  1,  1875."  The  division  of  the  returns,  under  this 
question,  into  the  various  presentations,  gives  the  reader  power  to 
ascertain  at  once  the  average  cost  of  living  in  different  parts  of  the 
State,  as  well  as  in  the  State  at  large. 

Twentieth.  "Xumber  of  volumes  in  your  private  library,  if  the 
number  is  one  hundred  or  over." 

A  question  was  inserted  as  to  amounts  in  savings  banks,  but  not 
used  in  the  tabulations  owing  to  an  admitted  ambiguity  in  the  form  of 
the  same. 

The  questions  referred  to,  as  has  been  stated,  constituted  the  "Indi- 
vidual Schedule"  of  the  Census  system.  The  schedule  was  distributed 
and  collected  as  all  others  were,  and  forwarded  to  this  office  by  the 
enumerators.  It  will  be  seen  readily,  that  the  results  to  be  obtained 
from  a  tabulation  of  the  answers  would  be  a  series  of  averages  on  the 
various  points,  and  to  give  the  reader  an  idea  of  the  value  of  these 


WAGE    AND    SALARY   RECEIVERS.  249 

averages,  the  extent  to  wliicli  the  schedule  was  filled  and  returned 
becomes  important. 

The  whole  number  received  was  110,246.  After  a  careful  exami- 
nation of  each  one,  there  were  rejected  as  decidedly  imperfect,  19,523, 
and  subsequently  9,830  more  were  rejected;  this  latter  number  com- 
prised all  where  any  doubts  whatever  existed  as  to  their  genuineness 
or  value,  and  where  minors  had  filled  a  return  when  it  was  evident 
they  had  been  accounted  for  by  the  head  of  the  family.  The  total 
number  rejected,  then,  was  29,353,  leaving  a  total  balance  used  of 
80,893.  Of  this  large  number,  63,263  were  returns  from  males,  and 
17,630  from  females  ;  also  of  the  total  number  used  71,339  were  from 
the  "wage"  class,  and  9,554  from  the  "salary"  class  ;  of  the  80,893 
answering,  45,929  males  and  1,935  females  returned  142,385  people 
dependent  upon  them  for  support, — 138,966  on  the  males  answering, 
and  3,419  on  the  females.  The  average  number  dependent  upon  the 
males  was  3j-oo,  and  on  the  females  ^yq-q,  while  the  average  for  both 
males  and  females  was  2^-^^.  From  this  statement  it  will  be  seen  that 
there  were, — 

Males  having  dependents,  .  .         .         .         .         .  .45,929 

Number  dependent,    ........   138,966 

Females  having  dependants,         ......       1,935 

Number  dependent,    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .3,419 

Males  having  no  dependents,       ......     17,350 

Females  having  no  dependents,  .  .  .         .         .         .15,687 

Making  a  total  of 223,286 

people  represented  by  the  "Individual  Schedules,"  on  which  the  tables 
in  this  Part  are  based. 

European  reports  on  earnings,  cost  of  living,  etc.,  of  the  wage  labor- 
ers have  never  been  based  upon  a  number  exceeding  fifty.  The  United 
States  government  has  based  its  returns  upon  a  number  no  larger. 
This  Bureau  has  used  returns  in  different  years  from  a  number  vary- 
ing from  six  to  three  hundred  and  ninety-seven, — the  number  of  re- 
turns used  as  a  basis  in  the  sixth  annual  report.  We  are  now  al)le  to 
base  all  averages  upon  a  number  of  returns  so  extensive  that  their 
value  cannot  be  gainsaid,  and  especially  when  it  is  considered  that 
the  general  averages  of  wages  and  cost  of  living  established  by  pre- 
vious reports  of  this  Bureau,  and  by  the  National  Bureau  of  Statistics 

32 


CE:N^SUS    of   MASS.  — 1ST5.       COMPENDIin^I. 


at  Washington,  all  based  upon  the  most  meagre  returns,  except,  per- 
haps, those  for  1874-75  hy  this  Bureau,  are  in  all  essential  features 
thoroughly  substantiated  by  the  averages  deduced  herein  from  the 
vast  number  of  returns  at  the  disposal  of  this  office.  And  further- 
more, by  comparison  of  the  average  wages  derived  from  the  returns 
by  the  wage  laborers  themselves,  male  and  female,  with  the  returns 
made  by  manufacturers,  in  the  Industrial  Statistics  for  1875,  so  little 
difference  is  found  that  the  absolute  reliability  of  the  averages  given  in 
this  Part  is  thoroughly  assured.  Nothing  could  be  more  convincing 
than  the  following  table,  showing  average  wages  as  returned  by  em- 
ployed and  by  employer — each  made  distinct  from  the  other,  both 
covering  the  same  period, — the  year  ending  May  1,  1875  : — 

Yearly  Wages  of  Wage  Eeceivers. 


Counties. 


For  the  State, 

Barnstable, 

Berkshire, 

Bristol, 

Dukes, 

Essex, 

Franklin,   . 


$475 

76 

452 

70 

393 

60 

444 

81 

395  94 

441 

35 

432 

14 

$418  39 

362  10 
380  91 
387  63 
350  24 
407  16 
390  94 


Counties. 


Hampden, 
Hampshire, 
Middlesex, 
Nantucket, 
Norfolk,  . 
Plymouth, 
Suffolk,  . 
Worcester, 


Cm? 

w  C-  ^ 

^  c'a 

OJCO 


$453  44 
389  18 

452  55 
448  86 
456  55 
472  62 
616  23 

453  96 


c  o 

Sen's 

—  OT  >, 


$480  49 
359  12 
415  34 
203  00 
405  98 
376  49 
452  69 
436  81 


From  the  United  States  census  of  1870,  the  average  wages  per  year 
for  the  whole  State,  including  both  sexes,  as  returned  by  the  manu- 
facturers for  279,380  employes,  were  $422.10. 

Of  course  no  one  will  for  a  moment  understand  that  the  returns 
given  in  this  Part  relate  to  the  whole  people  of  the  State,  but  only  to 
those  making  returns  on  the  "Individual  Schedule."  Yet,  it  is  per- 
fectly evident  from  the  comparative  statements  given,  from  the  wage 
laborers,  the  manufocturers,  and  from  the  United  States  census  of 
1870,  that  no  material  difference  would  be  apparent  if  every  working 
man  and  woman  in  the  State  had  made  similar  returns. 

In  tabulating  the  replies  made  upon  the  Individual  Schedule,  one 
of  the  first  difficulties  that  presented  itself  to  us  was  the  separation  of 
what  are  known  as  salary  receivers  from  the  larger  class  known  as 


WAGE    AND    SALARY   EECEIVEES.  251 

wage  receivers.  In  the  few  particular  instances  that  any  one  can  call 
to  mind  of  the  class  of  hired  workers  among  his  personal  acquaint- 
ances, it  is  usually  an  easy  matter  to  determine  in  each  case  whether 
the  person  is  one  who  would  be  generally  recognized  as  a  salary 
receiver  or  a  wage  receiver.  For  it  somehow  happens  that  one's 
acquaintances  do  not  seem  to  adopt  exceptional  employments  as  a 
means  of  obtaining  a  livelihood.  They  are  usually  clerks,  carpenters, 
tailors,  otficers  of  corpovations,  common  laborers,  etc.  But  when 
nearly  a  hundred  thousand  persons  throughout  a  great  Commonwealth 
like  ours,  representing  such  various  employments  that  they  become  an 
epitome  of  the  civilization  of  the  world's  nineteenth  century,  are  to  be 
considered,  it  becomes  a  difficult  matter  to  determine  to  which  class 
certain  employments  belong.  Moreover,  there  are  a  great  many  occu- 
pations wdiich  represent  hoth  wage  and  salary  receivers.  The  sales- 
man wdio  is  hired  at  a  round  salary  of  three  thousand  a  year,  and  is 
allowed  his  month's  vacation  at  midsummer,  and  an  occasional  day  at 
other  times,  without  a  pro  rata  deduction  from  his  pay,  which  he 
draws  in  twelve  equal  portions  during  the  year,  and  his  brother  who 
works  for  eight  dollars  a  week,  and  receives  but  seven  dollars  and 
thirty-three  cents  Saturday  night,  if  he  has  been  absent  one-half  of 
one  of  the  six  preceding  days,  represent  the  same  occupation. 

So  that  it  seemed  to  become  necessary,  in  the  assortment  and  tabu- 
lation of  such  a  vast  number  of  schedules,  representing  the  multifari- 
ous industries  of  the  State,  that  a  more  or  less  arbitrary  line  should 
be  drawn  in  the  consideration  of  this  or  that  particular  schedule,  and 
it  should  be  said :  this  shall  be  held  to  represent  a  salary  receiver ; 
that,  a  wage  receiver. 

The  plan  that  was  adopted  was,  in  the  case  of  the  ordinary  trades, 
or  handicrafts,  to  consider  all  as  wage  receivers  unless  the  rate  of  pay 
was  so  exceptionally  high  as  to  indicate  exceptional  skill,  and  make  it 
probable  that  such  exceptional  favors  to  the  w^orker  might  follow,  in 
the  w^ay  of  vacations,  etc.,  as  to  elevate  it  substantially  to  a  salaried 
occupation  for  him.  Among  handicrafts,  and  the  avocations  involving 
manual  labor-,  when  the  pay  received  has  amounted  to  more  than  ten 
or  eleven  hundred  dollars  per  year,  they  have  generally  been  classed 
and  tabulated  as  salaried;  otherwise,  as  wage.  Yet,  here  and  there, 
where  there  was  evidence  that  justified  it,  persons  receiving  twelve  and 
even  fifteen  hundred  dollars  a  year,  have  been  included  among  w\age 
receivers.  Such  cases  have  been  rare,  however,  and  not  sufficiently 
numerous  to  affect  the  results  materially. 


252  CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 

On  the  other  hand,  many  persons  who  receive  comparatively  low 
rates  of  pay  for  their  services  have  been  included  among  salary  receiv- 
ers. Such  is  the  case  in  those  avocations  which  are  not  supposed  to 
involve  much  manual  labor,  and  in  those  in  which  the  use  of  the  crafts- 
man's tools  is  not  needed ;  as  salesmen,  clerks  and  teachers  of  all 
grades. 

It  will  be  seen,  then,  from  what  we  have  said,  that  persons  pursu- 
ing the  same  occupation,  in  some  cases  have  been  tabulated  as  wage 
receivers  ;  in  others,  as  salary  receivers. 

To  recapitulate  :  occupations  involving  chiefly  mental  and  literary 
qualifications  are  considered  as  salaried ;  those  involving  manual  labor 
and  skill  in  the  use  of  tools,  as  wage  ;  there  being  some  exceptions  in 
each  case,  those  in  the  latter  being  where  the  rate  of  pay  is  exception- 
ally high. 

Following  will  be  found  a  list  of  the  occupations  represented  by  all 
the  persons  in  the  State,  working  for  wages,  who  answered  even  one 
question  of  those  asked  on  the  Individual  Schedules.  About  950  dif- 
ferent occupations  are  enumerated,  representing  the  employments  of 
the  71,339  persons  working  for  wages  from  whom  we  received  sched- 
ules. Some  of  the  occupations  mentioned  are  followed  by  but  few 
persons,  while  others  are  pursued  by  vast  numbers. 

One  important  point  must  be  borne  in  mind  in  the  examination  of 
the  tables  which  follow;  that  is,  that  in  some  of  these  avocations 
board  is  given  in  addition  to  wages.  Such  is  the  case  in  respect  to 
domestic  servants,  cooks,  housekeepers,  waiters,  nurses,  mariners,  and 
stewards.  It  is  often  the  case  with  laundresses,  seamstresses,  and 
dressmakers  ;  with  the  latter  it  is  especially  apt  to  be  the  case  in  rural 
districts.  Coachmen,  also,  usually  get  board,  and  oftentimes  lodg- 
ing. With  these  few  preliminary  words,  we  present  the  following 
list  of  occupations,  and  the  showing  by  schedule  questions  for  the 
State,  and  an  exhibit  of  averages  for  all  counties  : — 

Occupations  or  Wage  Workers   from   whom    Schedules   were 

Received. 

Artificial  stone  worker. 
Atomizer  maker. 
Awl  grinder. 
Awl  maker. 
Axe  grinder. 
Axe  helve  maker. 


Agricultural      implement 

maker. 
Anchor  smith. 
Annealer  of  iron. 
Armorer. 
Artificial  limb  maker. 


Baker. 
Barber. 
Bartender. 
Basket  maker. 
Base  ball  maker. 


Batting  maker. 


WAGE    AND    SALARY   KECEIVERS. 


253 


Bedstead  makei". 
Beei*  maker. 
Bell-hanger. 
Belt  lacing  maker. 
Belt  maker. 
Billiard  ball  maker. 
Billiard  cushion  maker. 
Billiard  table  maker. 
Bill  collector. 
Bill  poster. 
Bird-cage  maker. 
Bit  and  gimlet  maker : 
Filer. 
Forger. 
Grinder. 
Twister. 
Blacking  maker. 
Blacksmith. 

Bleachery  factory   oper. : 
Bleacher. 
Drier. 
Finisher. 
Presser. 
Starcher. 
Block  cutter. 
Block  maker. 
Boat  builder. 
Boatman. 
Bobbin  maker. 
Boiler  maker. 
Bolt  cutter. 
Bolt  header. 
Bolt  maker. 
Book  agent. 
Bookbinder. 
Book  cutter. 
Book  foldei'. 
Book  gilder. 
Book  sewer. 
Boot  tree  maker. 
Bottler. 


Box  fitter. 

Box  maker. 

Box  nailer. 

Braid  ftictory  operative : 

Overseer. 
Brass    and    copper    tube 

maker. 
Brass  finisher. 
Brass  moulder. 
Brass  turner. 
Brass  worker. 
Brewer. 
Brick  maker. 
Brick  mason. 
Bridge  builder. 
Bridge  tender. 
Britannia  ware  maker : 

Spinner. 
Bronzer. 
Broom  maker. 
Brush  maker. 
Busheller. 
Butcher. 
Butler. 

Butter  maker. 
Button  maker. 
Cab  maker. 
Cabinet-maker. 
Cable  wire  maker. 
Calkei*. 

Candy  packer. 
Cap  maker. 
Car  buildei". 
Card  clothing  maker : 

Cutter. 

Inspector. 

Machine  opei'ator. 

Setter. 

Wood  maker. 
Cardigan  jacket  maker. 
Cai'penter  (house). 


Carpenter  (ship). 

Carpet  cleaner. 

Carpet  factory  operative : 

Cutter. 

Finisher. 

Pattern  changer. 

Rug  weaver. 

Setter. 

Sewer. 

Weaver. 

Winder. 
Carpet  upholsterer. 
Carriage  blacksmith. 
Carriage  maker. 
Carriage  trimmer. 
Carriage  stitcher. 
Cartridge  maker. 
Carver. 
Casket  maker. 
Cement  maker. 
Cement  pipe  maker. 
Chain  maker. 
Chair  factory  operative : 

Back  finisher. 

Cane  seater. 

Finisher. 

Ornamenter. 

Turner. 

Sawyer. 
Cliai-coal  burner. 
Chalk  maker. 
Cheese  maker. 
Children's  carriage  maker 

Body  maker. 

Wheel  bender. 

Wheel  maker. 
Cigar  maker. 
Cigar  packer. 
Civil  engineer. 
Cloak  makei". 
Clock  maker. 


254 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUIH. 


Cloth  clipper. 
Clothing  trimmer. 
Coachman. 
Coal  heaver. 
Coal  oil  maker. 
Coffee  roaster. 
Coffin  maker. 
Collar  maker. 
Collier. 
Comb  maker : 

Bendei'. 

Engraver. 

Finisher. 

Packer. 

Shaver. 
Common  laboi'er. 
Companion. 
Compass  maker. 
Concrete  roofer. 
Concrete  walk  maker. 
Confectioner. 
Cook. 
Cooper. 
Coppersmith. 
Copper  stamp  maker. 
Cojjyist. 
Copy  reader. 
Cork  cutter. 
Cornice  maker. 
Corset  maker : 

Cutter. 

Finisher. 

Lacing  braider. 

Presser. 

Stitcher. 
Cotton  factory  operative : 

Beamer. 

Braider. 

Carder. 

Card  grinder. 

Card  stripper. 


Cotton  factory  oper. — Con. 

Cloth  finisher. 

Cloth  inspector. 

Cloth  marker. 

Dresser. 

Dyer. 

Folder. 

Filling  assorter. 

Lapper  tender. 

Loom  fixer. 

Mule  spinner. 

Packer. 

Picker  tender. 

Quiller. 

Section  hand. 

Slasher  tender. 

Speeder  tender. 

Spinner. 

Spooler. 

Trimmer. 

Twister. 

Warper. 

Weaver. 

Web  drawer. 

Winder. 
Cotton  sampler. 
Cotton  waste  cleaner. 
Crutch  maker. 
Currier : 

Beamster. 

Dresser. 

Finisher. 

Measurer. 

Scourer. 

Splitter. 

Stuffer. 

Tableman. 
Curtain  fixture  maker. 
Cutler : 

Blade  cutter. 

Blade  oiler. 


Cutler — Con. 

Bolster  dropper. 

Cleaner. 

Finisher. 

Forger. 

Grinder. 

Hafter. 

Hammersman. 

Handle  sawder. 

Inspector. 

Packer. 

Polisher. 

Riveter. 

Temperer. 

Trimmer. 
Deck  hand. 
Decorator. 
Designer  on  wood. 
Diary  case  maker. 
Die  cutter. 
Die  sinker. 
Distiller. 

Domestic  servant. 
Dressmaker. 
Drain  pipe  maker. 
Draughtsman. 
Dredger. 
Driver  (ice,   grocery  and 

other  wagons). 
Drum     maker     (military 

and  toy). 
Dye  house  operative. 
Earthen  ware  maker. 
Edge  tool  maker : 

Finisher. 

Forger. 

Grinder. 

Temj^erer. 
Elastic  goods  maker. 
Electro-plater. 
Electrician. 


WAGE   AND    SALARY  EECEIVERS. 


255 


Electrot3"per. 
Electrotype  finisher. 
Emery  maker. 
Emery  wheel  maker. 
Engineer  (marine). 
Engineer  (stationary). 
Engineer  (steam  fire). 
Engraver   (gold   and  sil- 
ver). 
Engraver  (plate). 
Engraver  (steel). 
Engraver  (stone). 
Engraver  (wood). 
Envelope  cutter. 
Enveloi^e  maker. 
Expressman. 
Eyelet  maker. 
Fan  maker. 
Fan  polisher. 
Fancy  trimmings  maker. 
Farm  laborer. 
Faucet  maker. 
Ferryman. 
File  maker : 

Cutter. 

Forger. 

Grinder. 

Layer. 
Fireman  (marine). 
Fireman  (stationary). 
Fireman   (steam  fire   en- 
gine). 
Fish  drier. 
Fisherman. 
Fish  packer. 
Flour  inspector. 
Founderyman : 

Assorter. 

Core  maker. 

Dresser. 

Foreman. 


Founderyman — Con. 

Furnace  man. 

Grinder, 

Heater. 

Helper. 

Hollow-ware  dresser. 

Iron  polisher. 

Melter. 

Moulder. 

Puddler. 

Stove  mounter. 
Frame  maker. 
Fur  cutter. 
Fur  dresser. 
Fur  sewer. 
Fur  tanner. 
Furnace  builder. 
Furniture  maker: 

Finisher. 

Repairer. 

Trimmer. 

Varnisher. 
Gardener. 
Gas  meter  maker. 
Gilder. 
Glass  factory  operative : 

Blower. 

Burnisher. 

Cutter. 

Designer, 

Engraver, 

Flattener, 

Ornamenter. 

Packer. 

Polisher. 

Pressor. 

Shearer. 

Stoppleman. 
Glazier. 
Gold  beater. 
Gold  chain  maker. 


Gold  leaf  cutter. 
Governess. 
Grinder  of  ochre. 
Grist  mill  operative. 
Gunny  cloth  weaver. 
Gunpowder  maker. 
Gunsmith. 
Hackman. 
Hair  picker. 
Hair  weaver. 
Hair  worker, 
Hame  maker. 
Harness  cleaner. 
Harness  maker. 
Hatter : 

Binder. 

Bleacher. 

Hardener. 

Finisher. 

Pressor. 

Washer. 
Hay  rake  maker. 
Herb  assorter. 
Herb  presser. 
Hoe  makei". 
Hod-carrier. 
Hoop  maker. 
Hoop-skirt  maker. 
Horn  jewelry  maker. 
Horn  worker. 
Horse  boot  maker. 
Horse  clipper. 
Horse  clothing  cutter. 
Horse  collar  maker. 
Horse  nail  maker. 
Horse  trainer. 
Horse  shoer. 
Hose  carriage  driver. 
Hose  maker. 
Hosiery  mill  operative ; 

Cutter. 


256 


CE:N-SUS   of   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Hosiery  mill  oper. — Con. 

Finisher. 

Folder. 

Knitter. 

Mender. 

Presser. 

Roller. 

Spinner. 

Stitcher. 

Trimmer. 

Weaver. 

Winder. 
Hostler. 
Housekeeper. 
Ice  tool  maker. 
Instrument  maker. 
Iron  worker: 

Fireman. 

Forger. 

Hammersman. 

Rail  cutter. 

Rivet  maker. 

Roller. 

Sealer. 

Shingler. 

Steel  cutter. 
Ivory  worker. 
Janitor. 
Japanner. 
Jeweller. 

Jewelry  case  maker. 
Jeweller's  basket  maker. 
Jewelry  maker : 

Chaser. 

Foreman. 

Polisher. 
Junk  gatherer. 
Junk  assorter. 
Label  packer. 
Lace  maker. 
Ladder  maker. 


Lamplighter. 

Lamp  maker. 

Lantern  maker. 

Last  maker. 

Lather, 

Laundress. 

Laundrjman. 

Lead  caster. 

Leather  assorter. 

Leather  board  finisher. 

Leather  cutter. 

Leather  japanner. 

Lime  burner. 

Linseed  oil  maker. 

Lithographer. 

Lithographer  (chromo). 

Locksmith. 

Lock  polisher. 

Longshoreman. 

Loom  harness  maker. 

Lumberman, 

Lumber  mill  operative : 

Jointer. 

Planer. 

Sawyer. 
Machinist. 
Machine  knitter. 
Malt  maker. 
Marble  worker : 

Finisher. 

Foreman. 

Polisher. 
Mai'iner. 
Marketman. 
Mason. 

Mast  and  spar  maker. 
Match  maker. 
Mathematical   instrument 

maker. 
Mat  maker. 
Mattress  maker. 


Mechanic, 

Messenger, 

Metal  moulding  maker. 

Milkman. 

Miller. 

Millwright. 

Milliner, 

Miner. 

Morocco  dresser : 

Finisher. 

Shaver, 
Moulding  maker. 
Musician. 
Nail  maker : 

Feeder. 

Ganger. 
Neck  stock  maker. 
Necktie  maker. 
Needle  book  maker. 
Needle  grinder. 
Needle  maker. 
Nurse, 

Nui'seryman. 
Oar  maker. 
Oil  factory  laborer. 
Organ  factory  oi^erative : 

Action  maker. 

Bellows  maker. 

Case  maker. 

Finisher. 

Key  board  maker. 

Key  maker. 

Key  polisher. 

Pipe  maker. 

Reed  board  maker. 

Reed  maker. 

Shaft  maker. 

Spring  maker. 

Stop  maker. 

Tuner, 
Oysterman.  ^ 


WAGE    ANT>    SALARY   RECEIVERS. 


257 


Oyster  opener. 

Packer  (of  merchandise). 

Painter  (house). 

Painter  (ornamental). 

Paint  grinder. 

Paint  maker. 

Palm  leaf  worker : 

Hat  maker. 

Hat  finisher. 

Hat  packer. 

Hat  presser. 

Hat  stamper. 
Paper  mill  operative : 

Assorter. 

Bleacher. 

Boiler  tender. 

Calenderer. 

Counter. 

Cutter  tender. 

Dyer. 

Finisher. 

Folder. 

Foreman. 

Machine  tender. 

Packer. 

Pulp  maker. 

Rag  cutter. 

Ruler. 

Sealer. 

Size  maker. 
Paper  bag  maker. 
Paper  box  maker. 
Paper  collar  maker. 
Paper  hanger. 
Paper  stamper. 
Paper  stainer. 
Pattern  maker. 
Paver. 

Pedler  (of  various  kinds). 
Peg  machine  operator. 
Perfumery  maker. 

33 


Photographist. 
Photograph  printer. 
Piano  maker : 

Action  maker. 

Case  maker. 

Finisher. 

Key  fitter. 

Plate  driller. 

Polisher. 

Regulator. 

Sounding-board  mak- 
er. 

Stringer. 

Top  maker. 

Trimmer. 

Tuner. 

Varnisher. 

Veneerer. 
Piano  mover. 
Picture  frame  gilder. 
Picture  frame  maker. 
Picture  frame  varnisher. 
Pile  driver. 
Pin  maker. 
Pipe  la3'er. 
Pipe  works  operative : 

Carriage  runner. 

Pipe  cutter. 
Pistol  maker. 
Plane  maker. 
Planing-mill  operative. 
Plaster  block  maker. 
Plasterer. 
Plumber. 
Policeman. 
Polisher. 
Pop-corn  makei*. 
Pork-packer. 
Porter. 
Potter. 
Poultry  dresser. 


Powder  keg  maker. 
Printer : 

Compositor. 

Foreman. 

Press  feeder. 

Pressman. 
Print  works  operative : 

Calenderer. 

Calico  finisher. 

Calico  printer. 
Proof  reader. 
Pump  maker. 
Quarry  man. 
Railroad  employes,  steam ; 

Baggage  master. 

Brakeman. 

Car  inspector. 

Check  man. 

Engineer. 

Engine  wiper. 

Flag  man. 

Fireman. 

Freight  agent. 

Frei":ht  conductor 

Freight  master. 

Gate  tender. 

Laborer. 

Section  master. 

Signal  tender. 

Station  agent. 

Switchman. 

Trackman. 

Watchman. 
Railroad  employes,  horse : 

Conductor. 

Driver. 
Rake  maker. 
Rattan  worker : 

Basket  weaver. 

Chair  maker. 
Shaver. 


258 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Rattan  worker — Con. 

Sizer. 

Spinner. 

SiJlitter. 

Washer, 

Weaver. 
Razor  strop  maker. 
Reed  maker.  ; 

Reed  and  heddle  maker. 
Reporter.  i 

Rigger.  \ 

Road  surveyor.  ! 

Roofer.  I 

Rope  maker. 
Rope  factory  operative : 

Hemp  dresser. 

Spinner. 
Rubber  factory  opelrative.  •, 
Saddler. 
Safe  maker. 
Sailmaker. 
Sash,     door     and    blind 

maker. 
Sausage  maker. 
Saw  maker. 
Saw  filer. 
Saw  setter. 
Sawyer. 
Scale  maker. 
Seamstress. 
Seedsman. 

Sewing  machine  maker. 
Sewing    machine    heedle 

maker. 
Sewing  machine  operator. 
Sewing  machine  repairer. 
Sexton. 
Ship  fastener. 
Ship  keeper. 
Shipper. 
Shipsmith. 


Shirt  maker. 
Shirt-front  maker. 
Shoddy  maker. 
Shoe-knife  maker. 
Shoe-string  cutter. 
Shoemaker : 

Beater  otit. 

Binder. 

Blacker. 

Blocker. 

Bottomer. 

Buffer. 

Burnisher. 

Button-hole  maker. 

Channeller. 

Clamper. 

Clicker. 

Closer. 

Corder. 

Counter  maker. 

Crimper, 

Cutter. 

Dresser. 

Edge  maker. 

Embosser. 

•Eyeleter. 

Finisher.  ' 

Fitter. 

Foreman. 

Gluer. 

Heeler. 

Inner  sole  maker. 

Inspector. 

Lacer. 

Laster. 

Leather  assorter. 

Leveller. 

Machine  operator. 

McKay  machine  oper- 
ator. 

Nailei*. 


Shoemaker — Con. 

Packer. 

Paster. 

Pegger. 

Pegging-machine  op- 
erator. 

Rivetei'. 

Roller. 

Rosette  maker. 

Sand  paperer. 

Seam  rubber. 

Shank  presser. 

Shaver. 

Sider. 

Skiver. 

Slipper  liner. 

Sole  assorter. 

Sole  leather  cutter. 

Sole  quilter. 

Stamper. 

Stiffen  er. 

Stitcher. 

Stock  fitter. 

Stringer. 

Stripper. 

Tagger. 

Tip  maker. 

Treer. 

Trimmer. 

Turner. 

Vamper. 

Welter, 
Shoe-shank  maker. 
Shovel  factory  operative : 

Hammersman, 

Handler. 

Heater. 

Polisher. 

Setter. 

Welder. 
Show-case  maker. 


WAGE    AND    SALARY   RECEIVERS. 


259 


Shuttle  maker. 

Sieve  maker. 

Silk  mill  operative : 

Spooler. 

Weaver. 

Winder. 
Silver  and  nickel  plater. 
Silversmith. 
Slater. 

Sleigh  maker. 
Soap  maker. 
Soap  stamper. 
Soapstone  worker. 
Soda  fountain  maker. 
Soda  maker. 
Spectacle  maker : 

Filer. 

Finisher. 

Jointer. 

Polisher. 
Spindle  grinder. 
Spindle  maker. 
Spoke  driver. 
Spoke  maker. 
Spoon  maker. 
Spring  bed  maker. 
Spring  maker. 
Stage  driver. 
Stair  builder. 
Stamp  maker. 
Starch  maker. 
Steam  and  gas  fitter. 
Steam  fire  engine  driver. 
Steel  letter  cutter. 
Steel  melter. 
Steel  polisher. 
Stencil  cutter. 
Stereotype  caster. 
Stereotype  finisher. 
Stereoscope  maker. 
Stevedore. 


Steward. 

Stone  cutter. 

Stone  gi'inder. 

Stone  mason. 

Straw  factory  operative ; 

Bleacher. 

Blocker. 

Bonnet  maker. 

Braid  measurer. 

Dyer. 

Finisher. 

Frame  maker. 

Machine  operator. 

Overseer. 

Packer. 

Presser. 

Sewer. 

Shaper. 

Sizer. 

Ti'immer. 

Weaver. 

Wirer. 
Street  waterer. 
Stucco  worker. 
Sub-marine  diver. 
Sugar-house  laborer : 

Boiler. 

Refiner. 
Surveyor. 
Suspender  maker. 
Sword  maker. 
Tack  factory  operative : 

Foreman. 

Header. 

Japan  ner. 

Machine  tender. 

Maker. 

Marker. 

Overseer. 

Packer. 

Plate  slitter. 


Tack  factory  oper. — Co7i. 

Shoe  nail  cutter. 
Tailor : 

Cutter. 

Pressman. 

Trimmer. 
Tailoress. 
Tanner. 

Tape  factory  operative. 
Tassel  maker. 
Teamster. 

Telegraph  operator. 
Telegraph  repairer. 
Thread  mill  operative : 

Dresser. 

Dyer. 

Twister. 

Warper. 

Winder. 
Timekeeper. 
Tinsmith. 
Tobacco  stripper. 
Tollman. 
Tool  maker. 
Tortoise-shell  worker. 
Toymaker. 
Tripe  dresser. 
Truckman. 
Trunk  maker. 
Trunk  wood  fitter. 
Truss  maker. 
Twine  maker. 
Twine  netter. 
Twist  drill  maker. 
Type  caster. 
Umbrella  maker. 
Undertaker. 
Upholsterer. 
Varnisher. 
Varnish  maker. 
Vinegar  maker. 


260 


CENSUS    OP   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Waiter. 

Wallet  maker. 

Watch  factory  operative 

Case  maker. 

Engraver. 

Finisher. 

Gilder. 

Hair  sjiring  maker. 

Key  maker. 

Pallet  maker. 

Plater. 

Polisher. 

Screw  maker. 

Turner. 

Wheel  maker. 
Watchman. 
Water  pipe  layer. 
Well  digger. 
Wharfinger. 
Wheel  maker. 
Wheelwright. 
Whip  maker : 

Biittoner. 

Mounter. 

Plaiter. 
Whitener. 
Whitewasher. 
Window  shade  maker. 
Wire  factory  operative : 

Annealer. 

Cleaner. 


Wire  factory  oper. — Con. 

Cooler. 

Drawer. 

Finisher. 

Plater. 

Pointer. 

Straightener. 

Temperer. 

Weaver. 
Willow  ware  maker. 
Wood  chopper. 
Wood  dyer. 
Wood  polisher. 
Wood  worker. 
Wooden  box  maker. 
Wooden  ware  maker. 
Woollen  factory  operative : 

Assorter. 

Burler. 

Card  cleaner. 

Carder. 

Colorer. 

Comber. 

Drawer  in. 

Dresser. 

Drum  tender. 

Dyer. 

Felter. 

Finisher. 

Foreman. 

Fuller. 


Woollen  fact'y  oper. — Con. 

Gijjger. 

Jack  spinner. 

Loom  fixer. 

Napper. 

Oiler. 

Overseer. 

Picker  tender. 

Presser. 

Reeler. 

Repairer. 

Scourer. 

Shawl  fringer. 

Shearer. 

Specker. 

Spinner. 

Spooler. 

Stitcher, 

Teasel  setter. 

Twister. 

Warper. 

Weaver. 
Woollen  felt  factory  oper- 
ative : 

Carder. 

Finisher. 

Fuller. 

Hardener. 
Worsted  worker. 
Wreath  maker. 
Yeast  maker. 


Presentation  by  Schedule  Questions — Wage  Keceivers. 

FOR  the  state. 
Whole  number  of  schedules  received:     Males,  55,515  ;  Females,  15,824. 


Schedule  Questions. 

Number  Answering. 

Per  Cent 
Answering. 

Average  foe  each  Per- 
son Answering. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Females. 

Persons  dependent. 

Hours  employed,     .... 

Days  employed,       ,     '  . 

40,680 
63,304 
47,781 

1,783 
13,507 
13,997 

73 
96 
86 

11 

85 
88 

3.08 

10.21 

241.65 

1.78 

10.49 

258.96 

WAGE    AND    SALAliY   RECEIVEKS. 


261 


Presentation  by  Schedule  Questions — Concluded. 


Schedule  Questions. 


Daily  wages,    . 
Yearly  wages, 
Other  earnings. 
Wife's  earnings. 
Children's  earnings, 
Unable  to  work. 
Who  own  houses,    . 
Amount  of  mortgage. 
Rate  of  interest, 
Number  of  rooms  hired 
Rent  paid. 

Value  of  garden  crops. 
Cost  of  living, . 
Number  of  volumes  in  1 


brary, 


Number  Answering. 


Males. 


48,747 

50,062 

6,437 

5,297 

4,913 

1,185 

13,046 

5,823 

5,824 

25,005 

25,405 

9,144 

39,543 

808 


Females. 


13,593 

14,659 

416 

203 

57 

287 

116 

110 

1,095 

1,098 

94 

7,701 

22 


Pkr  Cent 

Average  fob 

EACH  PeR- 

Answering. 

SON  Answering. 

Males.      Fem. 

Males. 

Females. 

88 

86 

$2.01 

$0.82 

90 

93 

$482.72 

$198.76 

12 

3 

$119.69 

$78.09 

10 

- 

$101.32 

- 

9 

1 

$227.65 

$182.01 

2 

- 

1.16 

1.07 

23 

2 

1.00 

1.00 

10 

- 

$977.57 

$688.52 

10 

- 

7.40 

7.30 

45 

7 

4.61 

3.37 

46 

7 

$109.07 

$93.62 

16 

- 

$20.99 

$15.24 

71 

49 

$488.96 

$182.86 

1 

- 

159.11 

119.45. 

Exhibit   of   County   Averages. 

[For  a  similar  exhibit  respecting  salaried  persons,  see  page  278.    The  averages  presented  in  this  table 
refer  to  wage  receivers.] 

Average  for  each  Person  answering  each  Inquiry. 


Schedule  Questions. 


Persons  dependent, 

Hours  employed. 

Days  employed. 

Daily  wages. 

Yearly  wages. 

Other  earnings. 

Wife's  earnings. 

Children's  earnings,    . 

Unable  to  work,  . 

Who  own  houses. 

Amount  of  mortgage, 

Rate  of  interest,  . 

Number  of  rooms  hired. 

Rent  paid,    . 

Value  of  g.irden  crops. 

Cost  of  living. 

Number  of  vols,  in  library. 


Barnstable. 


Males.        Fem 


2.86 

10.78 

224.16 

$1.89 

$388.86 

$79.66 

$53.77 

$99.85 

1.04 

1.00 


7.50 

4.80 

$50.71 

$21.46 

$387.89 

112.67 


1.71 

10.47 

204.89 

$0.66 

$133.44 

$25.88 

$46.75 

1.25 

1.00 

$250.00 

7.00 

4.88 

$40.00 

$7.67 

$130.40 


Berkshire. 


Males,        Fem 


3.39 

10.35 

247.93 

$1.77 

$431.00 

$112.72 

$103.82 

$267.88 

1.03 

1.00 

$651.45 

7.10 

5.22 

$58.98 

$15.66 

$430.38 

227.18 


2.27 

10.49 

266.39 

$0.72 

$179.40 

$80.56 

$324.89 

1.00 

1.00 

$195.00 

6.80 

4.20 

$50.04 

$17.75 

$180.82 


Bristol. 


Males.        Fem. 


3.13 

10.14 

224.29 

$2.05 

$456.05 

$162.19 

$123.61 

$335.52 

1.51 

1.00 

$988.10 

7.50 

5.21 

$107.93 

$19.16 

$479.85 

175.55 


1.93 

10.26 

257.42 

$0.94 

$213.02 

$98.09 

$244.60 
1.00 
1.00 


4.66 

$93.16 

$25.00 

$185.98 

166.00 


DOJfES. 


Males.       Fem 


3.63 

10.26 

188.13 

$2.07 

$359.28 

$90.77 

$60.10 

$48.67 

1.20 

1.00 

$465.20 

7.00 

5.53 

$46.82 

$21.80 

$398.24 

256.25 


1.50 
9.11 

185.00 

$0.78 

$149.56 

$12.50 

$50.00 

1.00 


$10.00 
$136.50 


262 


CENSUS   OP   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Exhibit  of  County  Averages — Continuecl. 


Schedule  Questions. 


Persons  dependent,     .   . 

Hours  employed, 

Days  employed,  . 

Daily  wages, 

Yearly  wages, 

Other  earnings,   . 

Wife's  earnings,  . 

Children's  earnings,    . 

Unable  to  work,  . 

Who  own  houses. 

Amount  of  mortgage. 

Rate  of  interest,  . 

Number  of  rooms  hired. 

Rent  paid,    . 

Value  of  garden  crops. 

Cost  of  living. 

Number  of  vols,  in  library, 


Essex. 


Males.       Fern 


2.96 

10.23 

237.20 

$1.96 

$461.65 

$116.80 

$112.26 

$196.07 

1.13 

1.00 

$927.37 

7.50 

4.70 

$105.10 

$18.60 

$486.53 

156.13 


1.95 

10.25 

257.58 

$0.89 

$212.22 

$76.58 

$218.04 

1.00 

1.00 

$572.20 

7.50 

3.45 

$84.40 

$8.33 

$203.10 

110.00 


Franklin, 


Males.        Fern. 


2.99 

10.51 

247.47 

$1.82 

$438.19 

$100.09 

$76.85 

$173.12 

1.14 

1.00 

$696.08 

6.90 

4.77 

$76.48 

$17.68 

$426.51 

124.12 


1.74 

10.49 

250.85 

$0.72 

$178.74 

$45.50 

$96.50 

1.00 

$900.00 

7.00 

4.33 

$70.11 

$152.81 


Hampden. 


Males.        Fern, 


3.03 

9.95 

249.87 

$1.83 

$563.48 

$143.71 

$122.56 

$517.85 

1.11 

1.00 

$1,936.07 

7.10 

5.07 

$114.91 

$15.41 

$569.69 

177.16 


1.71 

10.89 

172.78 

$0.90 

$219.59 

$54.30 

$288.06 

1.00 

1.00 

$750.00 

6.70 

3.47 

$68.52 

$7.50 

$192.84 


Hampshire. 


Males.       Fern, 


3.10 

9.75 

241.02 

$1.79 

$408.01 

$87.89 

$89.16 

$183.93 

1.13 

1.00 

$694.34 

7.40 

5.57 

$79  24 

$16.37 

$413.77 

146.88 


1.56 
10.41 

260.86 

$0.78 

$192.13 

$99.40 

$150.00 

1.00 

$400.00 

7.30 

3.16 

$51.47 

$10.00 

$169.61 


Exhibit  of  County  Averages — Continued* 


Middlesex. 

Nantucket. 

Norfolk. 

Pltmouth. 

Schedule  Questions. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Persons  dependent,    . 

3.11 

1.60 

2.00 

1.00 

3.18 

1.81 

3.06 

2.09 

Hours  employed. 

10.29 

10.44 

9.73 

10.00 

10.14 

10.49 

9.96 

9.84 

Days  employed,  . 

241.33 

270.56 

251.18 

254.17 

224.59 

237.46 

205.48 

235.09 

Daily  wages,        .        , 

$2.06 

$0.82 

$1.47 

$0.44 

$1.87 

$0.85 

$2.01 

$0.96 

Yearly  wages. 

$496.58 

$205.24 

$327.73 

$88.67 

$447.18 

$148.54 

$403.30 

$182.14 

Other  earnings,   . 

$133.15 

$18.74 

$41.25 

$100.00 

$109.70 

$69.34 

$93.60 

$72.62 

Wife's  earnings,  , 

$114.00 

- 

- 

- 

$84.06 

- 

$79.99 

- 

Children's  earnings,    . 

$207.83 

$161.90 

- 

- 

$199.19 

$194.39 

$165.93 

$209.88 

Unable  to  work,  . 

1.16 

1.18 

- 

- 

1.15 

1.00 

1.13 

1.00 

Who  own  houses, 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

- 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

Amount  of  mortgage, 

$1,007.00 

$788.63 

- 

- 

$761.51 

$544.62 

$630.47 

$881.00 

Rate  of  interest,  . 

7.60 

7.60 

- 

- 

7.30 

7.10 

7.30 

7.00 

Number  of  rooms  hired,    . 

4.73 

3.14 

4.33 

- 

5.14 

4.17 

5.10 

3.93 

Rent  paid 

$116.21 

$78.81 

$40.66 

- 

$82.77 

$55.91 

$81.59 

$74.90 

Value  of  garden  crops, 

$23.25 

$19.94 

$10.00 

- 

$32.70 

$14.75 

$22.20 

$17.80 

Cost  of  living, 

$503.69 

$178.82 

$532.50 

$81.25 

$479.27 

$190.60 

$423.85 

$185.39 

Number  of  vols,  in  library. 

149.85 

90.56 

— 

— 

173.86 

100.00 

187.17 

■" 

WAGE   AND    SALARY   KECEIVEIIS. 


263 


Exhibit  of  County  Averages — Concluded. 


Suffolk. 

Worcester. 

For  the 

State. 

Schedule  Questions. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

Hales. 

Females. 

Persons  dependent, . 

3.03 

1.81 

3.04 

1.65 

3.08 

1.78 

Hours  employed,      . 
Days  employed, 

10.35 

252.21 

11.06 
298.31 

10.22 
266.24 

10.29 
252.77 

10.21 
241.65 

10.49 
258.96 

Daily  wages,     . 
Yearly  wages,  . 
Other  earnings, 

$2.29 
$576.19 
$173.18 

$0.71 
$197.87 
$113.98 

$2.00 
$490.78 
$114.54 

$0.85 

$191.07 

$73.43 

$2.01 
$482.72 
$119.69 

$0.82 
$198.76 

$78.09 

Wife's  earnings. 
Children's  earnings, 

$132.17 
$224.05 

$123.29 

$92.48 
$200.94 

$155.57 

$101.32 
$227.65 

$182.01 

Unable  to  work,       . 

1.13 

1.07 

1.13 

1.00 

1.16 

1.07 

Who  own  houses,     . 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

Amount  of  mortgage. 
Rate  of  interest. 

$1,613.07 
7.70 

$1,037.50 
8.60 

$982.57 
7.10 

$710.72 
7.20 

$977.57 
7.40 

$688.52 
7.30 

Number  of  rooms  hired, 

4.08 

2.60 

3.98 

3.81 

4.61 

3.37 

Rent  paid. 

$163.23 

$152.66 

$100.92 

$69.15 

$109.07 

$93.62 

Value  of  garden  crops. 
Cost  of  living,  . 

$18.38 
$559.87 

$184.55 

$20.03 
$485.45 

$14.50 

$175.77 

$20.99 

$488.96 

$15.24 

$182.86 

Number  of  vols,  in  library, 

162.77 

124.33 

< 

142.28 

168.80 

159.11 

119.45 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  tables  on  pages  260  and  278  that  as  regards 
"persons  dependent"  73  per  cent  of  the  wage  receivers  make  reply,  or 
five  per  cent  more  than  of  salary  receivers.  This  of  course  indicates  a 
larger  number  of  people  in  a  condition  to  answer.  Or,  in  other  words, 
as  wives  and  children  constitute  the  mass  of  dependents,  that  there  are 
more  wage  receivers,  with  wife  or  child,  than  of  salary  receivers.  The 
numbers  of  each  class  considered  are  sufficiently  large  to  make  the  per- 
centages reliable ,  and  indicative  of  exactly  that  condition.  So  that  mar- 
riage is  more  general  among  the  wage  class  than  in  the  class  next  above 
them  in  the  means  of  supporting  families.  Turning  now  to  the  "  average 
for  each  person  answering,"  it  is  found  that  among  the  wage  receivers 
there  are  3.08  persons  dependent  on  each  one  answering,  while  (page 
278)  there  are  2.64  dependent  on  each  salaried  person  answering. 
The  number  of  dependent,  then,  on  each,  among  wage  receivers,  is 
about  17  per  cent  more  than  among  salary  receivers.  And  as  most  of 
the  dependents  are  children,  fecundity  must  be  considerably  greater 
amono'  the  wajje  class.  So  far  we  have  considered  the  males  who 
have  returned  schedules.  A  comparison  of  the  returns  of  depend- 
ence among  females — the  wage  with  the  salaried — exhibits  the  same 
facts.  Among  the  wage  class,  11  per  cent  answer  that  they  have  per- 
sons dependent  upon  them.     Among  the  salaried  class  (page  278), 


264  CEXSUS    OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 

only  8  per  cent  reply  affirmatively.  Among  the  wage  class,  the  aver- 
age number  dependent  on  each  person  answering  is  1.78.  Among  the 
salaried  class  (page  278),  it  is  1.63. 

The  tabulation  of  the  returns  to  the  question,  "Number  of  hours 
per  day  employed,"  seems  to  verify  the  old  adage,  that  "Man's  work 
is  from  sun  to  sun,  while  woman's  work  is  never  done."  Ninety-six 
per  cent  of  the  schedules  returned  by  males  were  filled  out  as  to  this 
inquiry ;  while  only  85  per  cent  of  those  returned  by  females  were 
filled  out.  Among  the  wage  occupations  of  the  latter  sex,  that  of 
domestic  service  is  the  most  common,  and  as  it  is  a  species  of  employ- 
ment that  is  "never  done,"  this  question  was  quite  commonly  unan- 
swered by  females  so  employed.  The  average  number  of  hours  em- 
ployed, for  males,  is  shown  to  be  10.21 ;  and  for  females,  10.49.  The 
average  for  salaried  persons  (page  278)  is  seen  to  be  10.41  for  males, 
and  6.34  for  females.  The  average  per  day,  for  wage  males,  is  largest 
in  Barnstable  County,  and  smallest  in  Hampshire ;  for  females,  it  is 
largest  in  SufiV^lk,  and  smallest  in  Plymouth.  Among  salaried  males 
(page  278),  it  is  found  to  be  largest  in  Barnstable,  and  smallest  in 
Franklin ;  among  females,  the  largest  in  Sufiblk,  and  smallest  in 
Berkshire.  Thus  it  is  the  largest,  for  males,  for  both  wage  and  sala- 
ried workers  in  Barnstable ;  and  the  largest,  for  females  of  both 
classes,  in  Suffolk. 

The  inquiry  as  to  the  "Number  of  days  employed  in  your  occupa- 
tion during  the  year,"  was  a  very  important  one,  and  the  number  of 
answers  obtained  make  the  averag-es  deduced  of  the  highest  value. 
Forty-seven  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-one  males,  out  of 
55,515,  replied  to  this  question;  and  13,997  females  out  of  15,824, 
replied,  or  a  total  of  61,778  persons,  out  of  71,339.  The  average 
number  of  days  worked  by  males  throughout  the  State  is  shown  to  be 
241.65  ;  by  females,  258.96.  The  average  among  salaried  jDersons 
(page  278)  is  shown  to  be  for  males,  290.29;  for  females,  192.37. 
The  highest  average  is  in  Worcester  County,  264.24;  but  Suffolk, 
Hampden,  Franklin  and  Berkshire  are  above  the  average.  The  work- 
ing year  is  seen  to  be  the  shortest  in  Dukes  County,  where  the  aver- 
age is  but  188.13  days.  After  Dukes  comes  Plymouth,  205.48; 
Barnstable,  224.16;  Bristol,  224.29;  and  Norfolk,  224.59.  The 
remaining  counties  vary  but  slightly  from  the  State  average.  As 
there  are  308  legal  working  days  in  the  year,  it  will  be  seen  that 
there  is  an  amount  of  time  lost  for  each  male  workman  equal  to  a 
fraction  more  than  GG  days.     This  is  an  important  fact  to  be  consid- 


WAGE    AXD    SALARY   RECEIVEES.  265 

ered  in  any  speculations  upon  the  wage  and  capital  problem.  By  refer- 
ence to  Vol.  II.,  Census  of  1875,  the  number  of  days  in  which  estab- 
lishments were  open  for  work,  as  returned  for  each  industry,  can  be 
found  ;  a  condensed  statement  suitable  for  Part  II.  was  impracticable. 

Forty-eight  thousand  seven  hundred  and  forty-seven  males  have 
made  reply  as  to  the  wages  per  day  received  by  them,  or  88  per  cent 
of  the  whole  number  returning  schedules.  The  average  daily  wage  is 
found  to  be  $2.01.  Nearly  or  quite  900  occupations  must  be  repre- 
sented by  the  above  number  of  persons.  Certainly,  here  is  a  suffi- 
cient numbei"  of  persons  whose  wages  are  aggregated  to  make  the 
average  ol)tained  of  such  value  as  to  be  above  criticism.  We  think 
it  can  be  safely  said,  that  the  daily  wage  of  the  male  adult  workman 
in  this  Commonwealth  for  1875  was  $2.01.  It  may  be  held  that  there 
are  included  large  numbers  of  persons  in  some  occupations  in  which  the 
wages  are  low,  while  ])ut  few  in  other  employments  which  yield  bet- 
ter remuneration  are  so  included ;  or  the  reverse  of  this  may  be  sup- 
posed and  maintained.  But  the  probability  is,  that  if  one  thousand 
schedules  were  sent  in  representing  one  occupation,  and  only  one 
hundred  representing  another,  it  was  because  there  were  ten  times  as 
many  persons  in  the  State  following  the  former  as  the  latter.  Taking 
the  State  at  large,  it  is  likely  that  about  the  same  per  cent  of  sched- 
ules was  received  from  the  representatives  of  all  occupations.  The 
average  daily  wage  of  females  is  seen  to  be  82  cents.  The  daily 
wages,  then,  of  women,  appear  to  be  about  two-fifths  as  much  as 
those  of  men.  Among  salaried  persons  (page  278),  it  will  be  seen 
they  are  over  three-fifths  as  much.  This  dift'erence  between  the  rela- 
tive earnings  of  the  sexes,  in  the  two  classes,  may  be,  and  undoubt- 
edly is,  owing  to  the  large  number  of  wage  schedules  received  from 
domestic  servants,  whose  wages  per  day  appear  comparatively  small, 
since  their  board,  which  is  included,  is  an  item  of  no  small  moment. 

Fifty  thousand  and  sixty-two  males,  or  90  per  cent,  answer  as  to 
their  yearly  wages,  and  14,659  females,  or  93  per  cent.  The  average 
yearly  earnings  of  the  former  is  found  to  be  $482.72,  and  of  the  latter 
$198.76.  The  highest  average  of  yearly  earnings,  for  males,  is  found 
to  be  in  Suffolk  County,  $576.19.  Hampden  is  nearly  as  high,  while 
Middlesex  and  Worcester  are  both  above  the  state  average.  The 
lowest  average  (excepting  Nantucket)  is  found  in  Dukes,  $359.28. 
In  Barnstable  it  was  nearly  as  low,  being  but  $388.86.  The  rural 
counties  show,  generall}'^,  the  lowest  average,  and  those  possessing 
urban  centres  of  importance  the  highest.     Females  seem  to  be  the 

34 


266  CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 

best  paid  in  Hampden,  receiving  an  average  of  $219.59  ;  in  Bristol, 
$213.02  ;  in  Essex,  $212.22  ;  and  in  Middlesex,  $205.24.  In  Bristol 
and  Middlesex  counties,  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods 
especially  predominates  ;  so  also  in  Essex.  This  latter  county  is  also 
the  seat  of  the  shoe  manufacturing  business. 

The  question  "Amount  of  other  earnings,"  was  expected  to  secure 
the  sums  earned  in  various  ways  before  or  after  the  regular  day's 
labor  at  the  regular  employment  had  been  done,  or  on  days  when  no 
regular  occupation  was  being  pursued.  The  average,  for  males,  in 
the  State,  is  seen  to  be  $119.69,  a  sum  of  considerable  importance  as 
an  auxiliary  in  the  support  of  a  family,  being  aljout  one-fourth  as 
much  as  the  regular  yearly  earnings  ;  12  per  cent  of  all  the  males  re- 
turnino:  schedules  had  such  earnino's.  Throwing;  out  Dukes  and  Nan- 
tucket,  Barnstable  County  returns  the  largest  number  of  males  having 
such  earnings,  and  Suffolk  County  the  smallest.  But  the  latter  shows 
the  highest  average  for  each — $173.18,  and  the  former,  the  lowest, — 
$79.66.  By  reference  to  the  returns  from  salaried  persons  (pages 
278-280),  it  will  be  seen  that  the  same  counties  made  a  corre- 
sponding exhibit  in  that  class. 

The  average  amount  of  minor  children's  earnings,  for  males,  in  the 
State,  is  $227.65,  a  sum  nearly  one-half  as  large  as  the  fathers  them- 
selves earn  at  their  regular  occupations.  It  is  to  be  borne  in  mind 
that  this  sum  is  not  the  average  earnings  of  each  child,  but  is  the 
amount  which  accrues  to  each  father  or  mother  from  tlie  labor  of  a 
child  or  children.  "Males"  and  "females"  in  the  head  line  of  the 
tables,  refers  in  this  case,  as  heretofore,  to  the  sex  of  the  persons  re- 
turning the  schedules,  and  not  to  the  sex  of  the  children.  Only 
4,913  males,  or  9  per  cent  of  the  whole  number,  answer  this  question, 
so  that  the  advantage  obtainable  from  this  source  accrues  to  only  a 
small  portion  of  the  wage  workers  of  the  State.  It  is,  however,  a 
great  question  whether  the  money  brought  into  the  family  in  this  way 
subserves  its  best  interests.  The  children  thus  put  into  the  fiictory 
and  workshop,  are  usually  deprived  of  the  school  education  necessary 
to  their  highest  success  in  after  life.  So  that  the  real  interests  of  the 
individual  and  of  the  State  are  thus  sacrificed  to  the  immediate  de- 
mand for  subsistence.  It  is  a  fact,  that  the  most  of  the  children  work- 
ing in  mills,  who  furnish  the  large  proportion  of  the  earnings  exhib- 
ited in  the  table,  are  growing  up  in  ignorance.  That  they  are  the 
nucleus  of  a  class  that  is  likely  to  expand  graduall}^  into  an  element 
unfit  for  self-government,  and  unmanageable  by  the  purblind  intelli- 


WAGE    AND    SALARY   RECEIVERS.  267 

gence  that  in  its  haste  to  be  rich  has  made  use  of  their  ignorance, 
there  can  be  no  doubt. 

Only  two  per  cent  of  males,  and  less  than  one  per  cent  of  females, 
made  reply  as  to  the  "Number  of  persons  over  eighteen  years  of  age 
prevented  by  continuous  sickness  or  physical  disability  from  attending 
to  any  occupation " ;  the  males  answering  are  seen  to  have  an 
average  of  1.16  persons  dependent,  by  reason  of  mental  or  physical 
incapacity,  on  each;  and  the  females  an  average  of  1.07.  Taking 
the  schedules  received  from  males  and  females  together,  it  is  found  that 
for  the  whole  71,339  wage  laborers  there  were  1,430  persons  thus 
unable  to  work.  This  is  an  average  of  about  one  for  every  fifty  indi- 
viduals. By  referring  to  the  returns  from  salaried  workers  (page 
278),  it  will  be  seen  that  the  average,  in  that  class,  varies  but  slightly 
from  this. 

In  an  examination  into  the  condition  of  the  working  population  of 
a  state,  there  is  no  more  important  fact  to  be  discovered  than  the  pro- 
portion of  people  who  possess,  in  fee  simple,  the  houses  which  shelter 
them.  No  statement  as  to  the  occupations,  earnings,  expenses,  etc., 
is  of  much  value  that  is  not  accompanied  with  the  facts  relating  to  this 
point.  It  is  seen  by  the  above  table  that  13,046,  or  23  per  cent  of 
the  male  wage  receivers,  own  their  houses.  This  may  be  taken  as  a 
fair  index  of  the  condition  of  the  whole  class  in  the  State,  as  the  num- 
ber of  cases  considered  is  so  large  as  to  ensure  a  very  close  approxi- 
mation to  the  true  per  cent. 

The  aggregation  of  those  who  own  houses  with  those  who  hire, 
does  not,  of  course,  equal  the  whole  number  of  persons  returning 
schedules,  as  wage  or  salaried  persons  who  board  would  not  consider 
the  question  applicable  to  them,  and  therefore  would  not  repl3^ 

Thirteen  thousand  and  forty-six  males,  and  287  females,  by  the 
preceding  tables,  were  seen  to  be  owners  of  the  dwellings  in  which 
they  live.  This  is  an  aggregate  of  13,333  persons.  It  is  also  seen 
that  5,823  males,  and  116  females,  have  an  encumbrance  on  their 
houses  in  the  shape  of  a  mortgage.  This  is  an  aggregate  of  5,939 
persons,  or  about  44|^  per  cent  of  those  who  own  houses.  The  aggTC- 
gate  of  all  mortgages  for  the  males  making  return  is  $5,692,816,  and 
the  average  $977.57. 

The  average  rate  of  interest  paid  on  mortgages  by  male  wage  labor- 
ers is  7^4-,  the  same  as  the  average  for  male  salaried  laborers.  The 
highest  rate,  7^^,  is  in  Suffolk ;  Middlesex  comes  next,  7-^^^.  Barn- 
stable, Bristol  and  Essex  are  each  above  the  average. 


268  CENSUS    OF   MASS. -1875.       COMPENDIUM. 

The  question  in  regard  to  "rooms  hired"  elicited  two  points. 
Firstly,  the  number  of  those  who  hire  ;  and  secondly,  the  nmiil)er  of 
rooms  hired.  The  average  in  respect  to  the  first  point  is  shown  to 
be  45  per  cent  for  the  State  among  males,  and  7  per  cent  among 
females.  The  number  of  rooms  hired  is  the  highest  in  Hampshire, 
being  5.57  to  each  male.  It  is  the  lowest  in  Worcester,  where  it  is 
3.98  to  each.  Suffolk,  with  an  average  of  4.08,  approaches  very  near 
to  this.  It  has  l)een  seen  that  23  per  cent  own  houses  ;  45  per  cent, 
or  about  double  the  number,  answer  that  they  hire.  Thus,  68  per 
cent  own  or  hire.  It  is  probal^le  that  the  most  of  the  32  per  cent 
remaining  are  boarders.  The  average  numljer  of  rooms  hired  for 
females  is  3.37.  The  lowest  average  is  in  Suffolk  County,  2.50,  and 
the  highest  in  Barnstable,  4.88. 

The  percentages  of  those  answering  as  to  the  amount  paid  for  rent 
vary  but  slightly  from  the  percentages  of  those  who  hire;  25,005 
males,  and  1,095  females,  hire  rooms;  and  25,405  males,  and  1,098 
females,  give  the  amounts  paid  for  rent.  The  average  for  males 
throughout  the  State  is  $109.07,  and  for  females,  $93.62.  Rent  is  an 
important  item  in  the  fixmily  expenses.  The  yearly  wages  of  males 
was  found  to  be  $482.72.  The  amount  paid  for  rent  is  22i  per  cent 
of  this  sum.  A  comparison  of  the  same  points  among  salaried  work- 
ers shows  that  the  amount  paid  for  rent  by  males  is  22  per  cent  of  the 
yearly  wages.  The  highest  rent  paid  is  $163.23,  in  Suffolk  County; 
and  the  lowest  (except  in  Nantucket)  is  $46.82,  in  Dukes.  In  Barn- 
stable it  is  $50.71  ;  in  Berkshire,  $58.98  ;  and  in  Hampden,  $114.91. 

Next  is  shown  the  tabulation  of  the  returns  respecting  "garden 
crops  raised  and  used  by  the  family,  less  all  money  expenditures  on 
account  of  the  same."  This  inquiry  refers  simply  to  what  are  ordinarily 
known  as  "kitchen  gardens." 

The  average  value  of  crops  raised,  for  males,  throughout  the  State, 
is  $20.99.  Norfolk  County  has  an  average  value  of  $32.70  for  gar- 
den crops,  while  Hampden  has  but  $15.41.  This  was  the  last  ques- 
tion asked  on  the  schedule  wdiich  had  reference  to  the  workman's  in- 
come. The  four  preceding  ones  were,  "Amount  of  yearly  wages," 
"Amount  of  other  earnings,"  "Amount  of  wife's  earnings,"  and 
"Amount  of  minor  children's  earnings."  An  examination  of  the 
tables  presenting  the  results  elicited  by  these  five  questions,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  one  which  follows  this,  "Cost  of  living,"  will  give  the 
reader  sufficient  data  for  forming  a  correct  conclusion  as  to  the 
ability  of  the  wage  workman,  in  Massachusetts,  to  make  his  way.     It 


WAGE   AND    SALARY   EECEIVEES.  269 

is  probable  that  more  persons  have  gardens  than  is  shown  by  the 
tables,  as  some  would  consider  it  an  impossibility  to  state,  in  dollars, 
the  value  of  the  crop  raised,  and  so  have  made  no  reply  to  this 
inquiry. 

In  considering  the  result  obtained  from  the  question,  "Cost  of  sup- 
porting your  family  (or  yourself)  for  the  year  ending  May  1,  1875," 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  many  of  the  persons  who  tilled  out 
schedules  were  unmarried,  and  had  no  families  dependent  on  them  for 
support ;  so  that  the  averages  in  these  tables  do  not  show  the  cost  of 
supporting  families  in  the  various  counties.  An  aggregation  of  the 
various  means  of  income  exhibited  in  the  preceding  tables,  and  a  com- 
parison of  the  results  with  the  averages  shown  in  the  "  cost  of  living  " 
tables,  will  indicate  pretty  clearly  whether  the  people  whose  cases  are 
here  considered  are  living  within  or  beyond  their  means.  And,  of 
course,  the  number  considered  being  sufficiently  large,  and  distributed 
throughout  the  State,  it  would  furnish  a  reasonably  accurate  index  of 
the  condition  of  the  entire  wage  class  of  the  Commonwealth. 

Seventy-one  per  cent  of  males,  and  49  per  cent  of  females,  who 
answered,  of  the  wage  laborers,  have  given  their  "cost  of  living." 
The  average  for  the  former  is  $488.96,  and  for  the  latter,  $182.86. 
The  largest  average  expenses  of  living  among  male  wage  laborers  is 
in  Hampden  County,  where  it  amounts  to  $569.59  ;  and  the  lowest 
in  Barnstable,  $387.89.  A  similar  exhibit  appears  among  females. 
Barnstable  County  furnishes  the  lowest  average,  $130.40,  and  Essex 
the  highest,  $203.10  ;  but  Hampden  comes  up  pretty  near  to  the  latter 
sum,  being  $192.84. 

The  number  of  volumes  in  each  library,  for  males,  is  159.11 ;  and 
for  females,  119.45.  Berkshire  had  the  largest  number  of  books  in 
each  library,  being  227.18  ;  and  Barnstable  the  smallest,  112.67.  In 
Dukes,  it  is  seen  that  the  average  was  256.25  ;  but  as  only  four  males 
made  returns,  the  number  is  too  small  to  furnish  an  average  of  much 
value.  These  figures,  of  themselves,  afford  no  basis  by  which  to  de- 
termine the  reading  proclivities  of  the  people.  There  is  hardly  a 
church  in  any  little  hamlet  that  is  not  possessed  of  a  library  of  some 
extent,  the  volumes  of  which  circulate  freely  and  constantly  among  its 
members.  This  is  the  case  generally  with  the  hundreds  of  charitable 
organizations  in  the  State.  Nearly  all  the  smaller  villages  have  social 
libraries  supported  by  the  contributions  of  members,  and  the  more 
important  towns  and  cities  maintain  free  libraries,  often  of  many  thou- 
sand volumes,  open  to  every  inhabitant.     The  newspapers  and  maga- 


270 


CENSUS   or   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


zines  found  in  almost  every  house,  furnish  additional  sources  of  sup- 
ply of  reading  matter.  The  great  proportion  of  wage  laborers 
undoubtedly  read  a  daily  paper  each  day.  The  figures  given  in  the 
tables  may  be  considered  as  representing  those  persons  having  a  spe- 
cially literary  taste,  who  love  books  and  desire  to  accumulate  them. 
Only  libraries  of  one  hundred  volumes  or  over  have  been  considered. 

Exhibit  of  State  Averages. 

The  following  pages  show  the  average  of  days  employed,  yearly 
wages  and  cost  of  living,  by  sexes,  for  all  the  persons  following  the 
occupations  enumerated,  who  have  returned  schedules. 

That  no  one  may  fall  into  the  error  of  ascribing  equal  value  to  all 
these  averages,  the  reader  is  referred  for  the  aggregates  to  the  seventh 
annual  report  of  the  Bureau,  where  he  can  find  the  basis  from  which 
each  average  is  deduced.  A  few  are  drawn  from  returns  received 
from  but  a  small  number  of  persons,  while  others  are  derived  from 
the  returns  of  more  than  four  thousand. 

Average  for  each  Wage  Receiver  answering  each  Inquiry, 


OCCDPATIOKS  AND   SUBDIVISIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS. 


Sex. 


Average  of 

Average 

Days 

of  Yearly 

Employed. 

Wages. 

266.19 

$700  89 

256.71 

574  25 

242.14 

545  06 

218.55 

539  40 

162.14 

51  28 

198.43 

97  06 

272.60 

494  40 

300,00 

600  00 

260.00 

325  00 

200.00 

673  00 

185.00 

375  00 

238.79 

450  36 

225.10 

367  16 

300.00 

600  00 

225.00 

400  00 

257.63 

419  25 

251.62 

229  93 

273.13 

404  35 

242.46 

287  23 

300.00 

300  00 

175.00 

160  00 

Average 

of  Cost 

of  Living, 


Armorers,  .... 

Blacksmiths, 

Cabinet  makers. 

Carpenters, 

Chair  makers : 

Cane  sealers,       .        . 

Finishers,    , 

Ornamenters,      . 
(( 

Sawyers,     . 

Stock  turners,     . 

Undesignated,     ,        . 
Common  laborers,     , 
Cotton  factory  operatives : 

Assorters,    . 

Beamers, 

Carders, 

Card  grinders,     . 

Card  strippers,    •• 
11  II 

Cloth  trimmers,  . 


Males, 


Males, 
Females, 
Males, 
II 

Females 
Males, 


Males, 


Females, 

Males, 
II 

Females, 


1^674  57 
538  52 
538  28 
526  79 


117  67 
636  67 
360  00 
243  00 
425  00 
315  00 
462  65 
417  12 


475  00 
463  50 
182  31 
372  00 
369  60 
300  00 
300  00 


WAGE   AND    SALARY  EECEIVERS. 


271 


Average  for  each  Wage  Receiver^  etc. — Continued. 


Average  of 

Average 

Average 

OCCDPATIONS  AND  SUBDIVISIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS. 

Sex. 

Days 

of  Yearly 

of  Cost 

Employed. 

Wages. 

of  Living. 

Cotton  factory  operatives — Con. 

Drawers  in 

Males,    . 

225.00 

|282  .50 

$322  00 

<i 

Females 

, 

196.67 

173  33 

95  00 

Dressers,     . 

Males, 

264.00 

493  36 

524  54 

(1 

Females 

264.71 

334  71 

668  50 

Dyers, 

Males, 

251.14 

533  57 

479  83 

Finishers, 

II 

265.06 

447  63 

477  27 

«« 

Females 

175.00 

156  50 

138  60 

Folders, 

Males, 

300.00 

675  00 

- 

K 

Females 

246.50 

239  60 

167  60 

Inspectors, 

II 

280.00 

217  50 

175  00 

Lapper  tenders, 

Males, 

218.66 

315  00 

400  00 

Loom  fixers, 

II 

236.18 

398  60 

616  17 

Mule  spinners. 

II 

296.75 

665  22 

435  00 

Oilers, . 

II 

100.90 

334  75 

613  33 

Overseers,  . 

II 

280.*43 

697  00 

600  00 

Packers, 

Females 

200.00 

144  00 

- 

Picker  tenders. 

Males, 

250.90 

324  10 

496  55 

(<            i< 

Females 

226.27 

231  45 

199  18 

Quillers, 

II 

234.00 

156  00 

140  00 

Second  hands. 

Males, 

250.00 

600  00 

400  00 

Section  hands. 

II 

225.00 

450  00 

600  00 

Slasher  tenders. 

II 

262.40     ♦ 

492  93 

308  50 

Speeder  tenders. 

II 

286.00 

430  00 

600  00 

K                             (1 

Females 

234.43 

247  68 

236  89 

Spinners,     . 

Males, 

255.71 

461  16 

467  67 

(1 

Females 

252.23 

219  93 

177  29 

Spoolers,     . 

Males, 

305.50 

421  68 

506  58 

11 

Females 

237.25 

192  06 

175  16 

Undesignated,     . 

Males,    . 

262.11 

430  66 

454  76 

14 

Females 

215.17 

188  33 

190  83 

Warpers,    . 

II 

258.21 

233  24 

187  00 

'Weavers,    . 

Males,    . 

238.81 

370  18 

405  65 

II 

Females 

239.23 

249  67 

207  87 

Web  drawers,     , 

II 

239.52 

223  27 

160  22 

Winders,     . 

Males,    . 

- 

- 

200  00 

<i 

Females, 

294.00 

293  00 

- 

Curriers : 

Beamsters,  . 

Males,    . 

- 

260  00 

260  00 

Buffers, 

II 

310.00 

620  00 

500  00 

Finishers,    . 

•1 

248.03 

467  97 

446  65 

Measurers,  . 

II 

299.50 

792  00 

833  33 

Morocco  dressers 

•      • 

II 

263.95 

593  05 

532  78 

Scourers,     . 

II 

325.00 

487  00 

600  00 

Splitters,     . 

II 

270.33 

987  17 

613  33 

Stuffers, 

II 

235.43 

461  14 

454  17 

Tablemen,  . 

II 

221.10 

435  78 

368  75 

Undesignated,     . 

II 

245.56 

475  84 

472  46 

272 


CENSUS    OY   MASS.-1S75.      COMPENDIUM. 


Average  for  each  Wage  Receiver,  etc. — Continued. 


Occupations  akd  Subdivisions  of  Occupations. 


Sex. 


Average  of 

Bays 
Employed. 


Average 

of  Yearly 

Wages. 


Average 

of  Cost 

of  Living. 


Cutlers : 

Blade  oilers, 

Bolster  droppers, 

Finishere,    . 

Forgers, 

Grinders,     . 

Hafters, 

Handle  riveters. 

Handle  sawyers. 

Knife  cleaners. 

Polishers,  . 

Temperers, 

Undesignated, 

Domestic  servants. 

Factory  operatives 

Beamers,     . 

Burlers, 

Carders, 
li 

Card  grinders, 
Card  inspectors. 
Card  strippers. 
Cloth  trimmei's, 
Doffers, 
Drawers  in, 

Dressers,     . 

Dyers, 

Finishers,    . 
it 

Folders, 
(I 

Fullers, 
Giggers, 
Harness  makers, 
Lapper  tenders. 
Loom  fi.xers. 
Measurers,  . 
Mule  spinners, 
Oilers, 
Overseers,   . 
Packers, 
Picker  tenders, 
Pressers, 
Scourers,     . 
Second  hands. 
Section  hands. 
Slasher  tenders. 
Speeder  tenders. 


Males, 


Females 
Males, 


Females 

Males, 
Females 
Males, 
Females, 
Males, 
Females 
Males, 
Females, 
Males, 
II 

Females 
Males, 


Females, 
Males, 
Females 
Males, 
Females 
II 

Males, 


260.00 
250.00 
219.22 
196.67 
208.60 
197.00 
160.00 
260.00 
230.00 
225.00 
208.00 
235.69 
319.34 


245.27 
260.30 
240.71 
255.64 

235.50 
230.61 
110.00 
256.50 
233.85 
255.64 
200.20 
237.56 
274.00 
160.00 
228.64 
249.00 
225.00 
244.50 
200.00 
268.71 
300.00 
219.48 
202.00 
274.25 
268.50 
270.00 
300.00 
270.00 
218.33 
245.50 
281.00 
265.71 


$260  00 
500  00 
348  44 
431  25 
378  46 
358  00 
300  00 
588  60 
2.30  00 
394  00 
512  00 
454  51 
161  18 


173  82 

411  68 

196  58 
373  53 
300  00 
300  37 
228  29 
110  00 
300  00 
228  72 
458  53 
555  20 
415  53 

197  60 
160  00 
227  33 
403  00 
120  00 
253  22 
212  00 
498  33 
526  00 
336  64 
278  33 
768  12 

412  50 
341  00 
330  00 
467  00 
642  36 
483  33 
581  00 
293  00 


$260  00 
500  00 
408  89 
435  00 
635  96 
680  00 
375  00 
685  00 
170  00 
394  00 

1,024  00 
484  98 
132  93 

500  00 
230  00 
434  16 
214  83 
489  30 
300  00 
366  40 
267  75 

345  00 
214  81 
571  75 
340  00 
440  93 


217  85 
386  00 

188  00 
525  00 
506  40 
525  00 
391  65 
436  67 

617  14 
442  50 

618  75 
600  00 
450  00 
673  33 
460  00 
575  50 
450  00 


WAGE   AXD    SALAEY   RECEIVEKS. 


273 


Average  for  each  Wage  Receiver,  etc. — Continued. 


Occupations  and  Subdivisions  of  Occupations. 


Sex. 


Average  of 

Days 
Employed. 


Average 

of  Yearly 

Wages. 


Average 

of  Cost 

of  Living. 


Factory  operatives — Con 
Speeder  tenders, 
Spinners, 


Spoolers, 
(( 

Stitchers, 
Undesignated, 

Warpers,    . 

Weavers,     . 
It 

Farm  laborers,  . 
Jewelry  makers, 
<•  i( 

Macbinists, 
Masons, 
Painters,    . 
Paper  makers  : 
Assorters,   . 

Bleachers,  . 
Boiler  tenders, 
Calenderers, 
Cutter  tenders. 
Dyers, 

Engine  tenders, 
Finishers,    . 

Machine  tenders, 
(t  ft 

Packers,      . 

Rag  cutters, 
i( 

Rulers, 
(t 

Size  makers, 

Undesignated, 
<f 

Shoemakers  : 
Beaters  out. 
Binders, 
Blockers, 
Boot  liners, 
Boot  turners, 
Bottomers,  . 
Buffers, 
Burnishers, 


Females, 
Males,  . 
Females, 
Males,  . 
Females, 

Males,  . 
Females, 

41 

Males,    . 
Females, 
Males,    . 
fi 

Females, 
Males,    . 


Males,    . 
Females, 

Males,    . 
Females, 

Males,    . 


Females, 
Males,  . 
Females, 

Males,    . 

i( 

Females, 
Males,  . 
Females, 
Males,  . 
(( 

Females, 

Males,  . 
Females, 
Males,  . 
Females, 
Males,    . 


Females, 


239.94 
249.41 
243.23 
225.00 
235.95 
160.00 
244.22 
228.24 
234.39 
244.89 
231.35 
237.07 
203.56 
244.00 
256.06 
185.45 
209.92 

150.00 
220.32 

175.00 
273.08 
231.25 

289.95 
276.80 
204.46 
285.96 
175.00 
280.00 
227.50 
222.22 
250.00 
247.00 
225.00 
269.27 
245.53 

215.27 
233.33 
190.00 
177.41 
225.31 
224.01 
216.00 
211.47 
280.00 


$242  71 
404  20 
211  81 
267  50 
185  97 
160  00 
345  69 
216  20 
233  74 
310  95 
246  33 
309  81 
471  06 
203  40 
635  92 
530  48 
482  98 

250  00 
196  07 
150  00 
316  00 
215  75 
240  40 
200  00 
490  54 
570  00 
255  08 
653  79 
437  00 
700  00 
293  25 
148  04 
700  00 
288  67  . 
450  00 
540  55 
240  00 

460  08 
166  67 
492  50 
99  47 
371  64 
382  12 
424  57 
439  00 
280  00 


$161  31 
431  30 
180  08 

172  34 

470  13 
196  91 
205  55 
364  37 
228  29 
338  22 
497  04 
249  80 
607  62 
518  62 
483  23 

700  00 
232  50 


274  37 
300  00 

392  33 
490  86 
262  91 
653  64 

700  00 
307  50 
246  82 
700  00 

500  00 
523  59 
220  48 

426  67 
300  00 
487  50 
155  86 
458  09 
424  65 
498  88 
415  20 


35 


274 


CEN^SUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Average  for  each  Wage  Heceiver,  etc. — Continued. 


OCCDPATIONS  AND   SUBDIVISIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS. 


Sex. 


Average  of 

Days 
Employed. 


Average 

of  Yearly 

Wages. 


Average 

of  Cost 

of  Living. 


Sboemakers —  Con. 
Channellers, 
Counter  makers, 
Crimpers,    . 

Cutters,       . 
({ 

Dressers,     . 

Edge  setters, 

Eyeleters,   . 

Finishers,    . 
t( 

Fitters, 
(( 

Foremen,    . 

Heelers, 
It 

Inspectors, . 
Lasters, 

a 

Levellers,    . 
Machine  peggers, 
McKay  stitchers. 
Nailers, 
Packers, 
Pasters, 

Peggers,      . 

Pressers, 
If 

Rosette  makers, . 
Sand  paperers,   . 
Siders, 
Skivers, 

Stitchers,    . 
II 

Stringers,    . 

Treers, 

Trimmers,  . 
ii 

Undesignated,     . 
i( 

Welters, 
II 

Straw  workers : 
Bleachers,  . 
Blockers,  . 
Finishers,    . 


Males, 


Females, 
Males, 
Females- 
Males, 
Females 
Males, 
Females, 
Males, 
Females, 

Males, 
II 

Females 

Males, 
If 

Females, 

Males, 


Females, 
Males, 
II 

Females, 
II 

Males, 


Females 
Males, 

Females 
If 

Males, 
11 

Females 

Males, 

Females 

Males, 

Females 

Males, 


211.27 
195.67 
212.20 
231.19 
243.00 
216.54 
213.20 
213.51 
200.74 
217.29 
205.00 
241.17 
226.29 
305.00 
216.15 
263.14 
256.00 
199.13 
196.67 
192.77 
283.33 
225.00 
163.67 
230.58 
175.00 
194.46 
217.01 
269.67 
150.33 
237.50 
237.50 
243.02 
227.28 
184.50 
225.64 
208.67 
183.75 
229.08 
216.87 
209.05 
217.75 
198.80 
250.00 
175.00 

214.50 
186.08 
196.54 


$404  27 
411  67 
432  71 
538  37 
198  25 
386  97 
229  43 
466  78 
241  20 
463  56 
256  67 
498  86 
283  71 
987  50 
447  62 
333  00 
582  00 
376  59 
216  12 
351  42 
737  33 
468  60 
285  82 
513  39 
150  00 
218  41 
556  79 
757  67 
129  33 
283  75 
481  25 
531  19 
471  50 
175  00 
483  20 
275  90 
127  25 
487  13 
462  47 
270  87 
394  77 
200  43 
437  50 
200  00 

829  75 
497  27 
551  82 


$556  25 
395  00 

489  73 
548  58 
200  00 

490  48 
192  00 

516  61 
285  50 
494  62 
191  67 
514  57 
247  85 
805  00 
477  51 
277  20 

520  00 
390  96 
277  67 

521  89 
700  00 
500  00 
305  00 

517  07 
100  00 
217  15 
543  61 
761  00 

86  00 
210  00 
550  00 
538  51 
421  43 

92  50 
490  41 
263  25 

508  76 

512  92 

363  44 

443  81 

254  23 

437  50 


717  40 
499  67 
620  71 


WAGE    AND    SALARY   RECEIVERS. 


275 


Average  for  each  Wage  Receiver,  etc. — Continued. 


Occupations  and  Subdivisions  of  Occupations. 


Sex. 


Average  of 

Days 
Employed. 


Average 

of  Yearly 

Wages. 


Average 

of  Cost 

of  Living. 


Straw  workers — Con. 
Finishers,    . 
Machine  sewers, 
Overseers,  . 
Pressers, 

K 

Sewers, 

Shapers, 

Trimmers,  . 

Undesignated,     . 
It 

Wirers, 
Tanners  : 

Beamsters,  . 

Dressers,     .        .        . 

Finishers,    . 

Undesignated,    . 
Whip  maliers,   . 
II  II 

Woollen  Factory  operatives 
Assorters,    . 

Burlers, 
II 

Carders, 

Combers,     . 

Drawers  in, 

Dressers,     . 
II 

Dyers, 

Finishers,    . 
II 

Folders, 
Fullers, 
Giggers, 
Loom  fixers, 
Oilers, 
Overseers,   . 
Picker  tenders,  . 
Pressers,     . 
(I 

Reelers,  .        .        . 

Scourers, 

Shearers,  .        .        . 

Speckers,  . 

Spinners,     . 
II 

Spoolers,     . 
II 

Stitchers,    . 


Females 


Males, 


Females 


Males, 
Females 


Males, 


Females 

Males, 
II 

Females, 

Males, 
II 

Females 
Males, 
Females 
Males, 
II 

Females 
(I 

Males, 


Females 
II 

Males, 
II 

Females 

Males, 

Females. 

Males, 

Females, 


159.62 
163.28 
240.00 
181.90 
80.00 
146.33 
165.00 
155.42 
248.52 
163.49 
138.90 

293.14 
183.33 
200.00 
256.32 
249.70 
175.00 

250.77 
220.00 
264.22 
244.86 
290.00 

252.93 

240.00 

251.48 

252.83 

168.33 

245.00 

261.54 

249.29 

252.09 

291.00 

287.00 

258.05 

247.67 

261.25 

249.95 

256.50 

290.60 

130.00 

216.91 

231.92 

126.00 

288.00 

245.42 


$178  00 
244  43 

1,135  66 
444  73 
80  00 
118  16 
200  00 
215  08 
484  80 
211  66 
147  73 

490  57 
330  75 
400  00 
492  52 
554  24 
120  67 

442  28 
176  00 
256  33 
425  06 
545  00 
240  00 
496  07 
245  00 
520  09 
434  54 
140  00 
220  50 
337  64 
291  22 
455  03 
419  00 
762  50 
340  74 
245  40 
281  00 
213  25 
320  44 
405  50 
130  00 
363  80 
190  08 
151  00 
197  00 
253  41 


$166  00 
191  50 

1,200  00 
517  00 
80  00 
187  75 
212  50 
173  43 
582  08 
224  96 
195  00 

557  00 
336  50 
750  00 
533  49 
568  79 
150  00 

493  43 

214  28 
463  32 
237  00 
150  00 

494  91 
300  00 
498  57 
415  50 
160  00 
150  00 
321  82 
482  78 
448  17 
665  00 
575  00 
436  56 
304  27 
245  33 
209  40 
396  19 
220  00 
225  00 
453  42 
190  00 
153  33 
150  00 
184  87 


276 


CE:N"SUS    of   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Average  for  each  Wage  Receiver,  etc. — Concluded. 


OCCDPATIONS  AND  SUBDIVISIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS. 


Average  of 

Average 

Days 

of  Yearly 

Employed. 

Wages. 

225.00 

$200  00 

223.20 

298  75 

216.67 

260  67 

238.53 

402  92 

216.19 

210  02 

206.00 

377  00 

225.00 

225  00 

257.11 

369  05 

235.30 

234  57 

Average 

of  Cost 

of  Living. 


■Woollen  Factory  operatives — Con. 
Teasel  setters,    . 

Twisters 

«( 

Undesignated,     . 

Warpers 

(I 

Weavers,    .... 


Males,    . 

Females, 
Males,  . 
Females, 
Males,  , 
Females, 
Males,  . 
Females, 


$200  00 
355  33 
180  00 
392  87 
166  74 

225  00 
441  01 

194  72 


Salary  Receivers. 

Before  presenting  the  tabulations  of  the  schedules  received  from  the 
salaried  workers  of  the  State,  we  give,  as  in  the  case  of  the  wage 
workers,  a  list  of  the  occupations  pursued  by  the  various  •  persons 
belonging  to  this  class  who  have  filled  out,  more  or  less  fully,  the 
Individual  Schedules,  from  which  the  tables  have  been  made  up. 

We  need  not  repeat  what  we  said  in  the  beginning  of  this  Part,  in 
reference  to  the  course  pursued  in  assorting  all  schedules  into  two 
classes, — one  representing  those  persons  working  for  a  yearly  salary, 
and  the  other  those  working  for  a  daily  wage.  We  explained,  in  that 
place,  with  sufficient  clearness,  the  plan  adopted. 

There  are  a  few  employments  mentioned  in  the  list  that  follows  that 
probably  stand  but  for  a  single  person,  or,  at  most,  for  but  half  a 
dozen,  the  great  mass  of  individuals  belonging  to  those  occupations 
being  tabulated  among  wage  receivers. 

The  master  mariners,  marine  engineers,  and  travelling  salesmen 
enumerated,  of  course  receive  board  in  addition  to  their  salaries. 
These  are  believed  to  be  the  only  occupations,  reckoned  as  salaried, 
in  which  board  is  given,  and  they  include  the  returns  of  only  a  few 
persons. 

There  are  occasional  instances  of  employments  included,  which 
would  seem,  at  first  thought,  to  belong  in  the  catalogue  of  those  who 
do  business  on  their  own  account,  rather  than  receive  salaries, — as, 
for  instance,  lawyer ;  but  the  very  few  lawyers  whose  schedules  have 
l)een  used  were  undoubtedly  those  receiving  a  salary.     And  so  of 


WAGE    AND    SALARY   EECEIVERS. 


277 


some  other  employments  which  might  seem,  to  the  superficial  reader, 
to  have  deserved  rejection. 

Under  the  head  of  city  and  town,  county,  State,  United  States, 
bank,  corporation,  railroad  and  express  officials,  are  included  repre- 
sentatives of  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty  different  occupations  which 
it  was  not  thought  worth  while  to  specify  more  exactly. 


Occupations  of  Salaried  Persons  from  whom  Schedules  were 


Actor. 

Actress. 

Agent. 

Architect. 

Auctioneer. 

Bank  officials. 

Bar  tender. 

Book-keeper. 

Buj^er. 

Cashier. 

Chemist. 

City  and  town  officials. 

Civil  engineer. 

Clergyman. 

Clerk. 

Collector. 

College  president. 

College  professor. 

Commissioner  of  Chinese 

education. 
Copy  holder. 
Copyist. 
Dentist. 

Designer  (pattern). 
Draughtsman. 
Drawbrid2:e  tender. 


Received. 

Dyer. 

Engineer  (stationary). 

Engineer  (mechanical). 

Engraver. 

Express  officials. 

Fireman  (stationary). 

Florist. 

Floor  walker. 

Horse  trainer. 

Hotel  cook. 

Insurance  agent. 

Insurance  officials. 

Janitor. 

Journalist. 

Lady's  companion. 

Lawyer. 

Leather  inspector. 

Librarian. 

Librarian's  assistant. 

Machinist. 

Managing  editor. 

Master  mariner. 

Master  mechanic 

Matron. 

Musician. 

Nurse. 


Organist. 
Overseer. 

Physician  (hospital). 
Piano  tuner. 
Proof  reader. 
Railroad  officials. 
Reporter. 
Salesman. 

Salesman  (travelling). 
Secretary  of  foreign  mis- 
sions. 
Sexton. 
Shipper. 
State  officials. 
Steam  fitter. 
Stenogi-apher. 
Steward. 
Tailor  (cutter). 
Teacher  (private  school) 
Telegraph  constructor. 
Telegraph  manager. 
Telegraph  operator. 
Time  keepei*. 
United  States  officials. 
Vocalist. 
Wharfinger. 


278 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Presentation  by  Schedule  Questions — Salary  Eeceivers. 

FOR  the  state. 
Whole  Number  of  Schedules  Received, — Males,  7,748  ;  Females,  1,806. 


Schedule  Questions. 


Persons  dependent, . 
Hours  employed, 
Days  employed,        . 

Daily  wages 

Yearly  wages,  .... 
Other  earnings, 
Wife's  earnings, 
Children's  earnings, . 
Unable  to  work, 
Who  own  houses,     .        . 
Amount  of  mortgage, 
Rate  of  interest, 
Number  of  rooms  hired. 

Rent  paid 

Value  of  garden  crops,     . 

•Cost  of  living 

Number  of  volumes  in  library. 


Number  Answering. 

Per  cent 
Answering. 

Average  fob  each  Per- 
son Answering. 

Males. 

Females. 

M. 

F. 

Males. 

Females. 

5,249 

152 

68 

8 

2.64 

1.63 

6,786 

1,744 

88 

97 

10.41 

6.34 

6,538 

1,641 

84 

91 

290.29 

192.37 

5,474 

1,464 

71 

81 

$3.09 

$1.94 

7,314 

1,678 

94 

92 

$1,016.16 

$429.36 

1,304 

193 

17 

11 

$215.13 

$94.97 

272 

- 

4 

- 

$171.95 

- 

255 

4 

3 

- 

$201.39 

$315.50 

131 

9 

2 

- 

1.13 

1.11 

1,566 

35 

20 

2 

1.00 

1.00 

755 

19 

10 

1 

$2,452.71 

$1,869.74 

742 

18 

10 

1 

7.40 

7.40 

3,202 

122 

41 

7 

6.25 

4.08 

3,093 

118 

40 

7 

$222.38 

$154.78 

575 

13 

7 

- 

$25.13 

$38.77 

5,855 

1,081 

76 

60 

$913.35 

$358.72 

1,421 

58 

18 

3 

400.19 

195.38 

Exhibit  or  County  Averages. 

[Note. — The  following  pages  present  the  averages,  for  each  question,  respecting  salaried  persons. 
■On  pages  261-263  will  be  found  a  corresponding  exhibit  for  wage  receivers.] 

County  Average  for  each  Salary  Receiver  for  each  Inquiry. 


Barnstable. 

Berkshike. 

Bristol. 

Dukes. 

Schedule  Questions. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fern. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Persons  dependent,     . 

2.63 

1.50 

2.93 

1.00 

2.84 

1.00 

2.74 

1.00 

-Hours  employed. 

11.50 

6.42 

10.38 

5.84 

10.56 

6.78 

9.89 

6.00 

jDays  employed,  . 

280.71 

147.75 

288.28 

142.32 

294.18 

193.13 

280.38 

102.56 

jDaily  wages, 

$2.69 

$1.55 

$3.14 

$1.45 

$2.84 

$1.93 

$2.23 

$1.39 

Yearly  wages. 

$792.08 

$223.08 

$1,000.30 

$221.02 

$966.57 

$370.67 

$689.57 

$119.20 

Other  earnings,    . 

$167.30 

$33.18 

$186.67 

$34.17 

$234.80 

$34.10 

$214.25 

$43.00 

Wife's  earnings,  . 

$35.83 

- 

$135.50 

- 

$205.50 

- 

$75.00 

- 

Children's  earnings,    . 

$158.47 

$50.00 

$174.17 

- 

$353.23 

- 

$15.00 

- 

lUnable  to  work,  . 

1.00 

- 

1.00 

- 

1.00 

- 

2.00 

- 

'Who  own  Houses, 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

- 

.Amount  of  mortgage, . 

$686.43 

$350.00 

$1,991.67 

$500.00 

$2,900.77 

- 

$1,108.33 

- 

:Rate  of  interest,  . 

7.80 

7.00 

7.00 

8.00 

7.40 

- 

6.30 

- 

.Number  of  rooms  hired,     . 

5.91 

- 

7.59 

6.50 

6.76 

6.33 

7.10 

- 

Rent  paid 

$67.33 

$156.00 

$165.37 

$109.00 

$194.12 

$186.00 

$70.82 

- 

Value  of  garden  crops, 

$16.45 

$5.00 

$22.46 

$18.50 

$20.14 

- 

$15.94 

$3.00 

Cost  of  living. 

$643.40 

$191.26 

$944.78 

$210.00 

$877.37 

$360.07 

$395.00 

$164.14 

Number  of  vols,  in  library. 

327.37 

350.00 

422.66 

150.00 

498.82 

200.00 

223.21 

200.00 

WAGE    AKD    SALAEY   RECEIVERS. 


279 


County  Average  for  each  Salary  Receiver,  etc. — Continued. 


Schedule  Questions. 


Persons  dependent, 

Hours  employed, 

Days  employed,  . 

Daily  wages, 

Yearly  wages. 

Other  earnings,    . 

Wife's  earnings,  . 

Children's  earnings,    . 

Unahle  to  work,  . 

Who  own  houses, 

Amount  of  mortgage, . 

Rate  of  interest,  . 

Number  of  rooms  hired, 

Rent  paid,     . 

Value  of  garden  crops, 

Cost  of  living, 

Number  of  vols,  in  library, 


Essex. 


Males.        Fem 


2.74 

10.38 

288.25 

$2.91 

$973.45 

$215.52 

$297.83 

$227.79 

1.00 

1.00 

$1,906.93 

7.40 

6.94 

$177.98 

$36.39 

$840.09 

401.13 


1.12 

6.18 
211.61 
$1.91 

$422.25 
$65.61 


1.00 

1.00 

$783.33 

7.30 

4.55 

$112.18 

$90.00 

$352.71 

174.70 


Franklin. 


Males.        Fem. 


2.55 

8.66 

298.04 

$2.63 

$868.41 

$129.50 

$85.00 

$130.83 

1.00 

1.00 

$729.41 

7.10 

6.77 

$148.81 

$26.75 

$760.39 

403.24 


1.00 

6.06 

141.57 

$1.37 
$237.69 

$28.60 


1.00 


$197.40 
200.00 


Hampden. 


Males.        Fem 


2.64 

10.55 

296.99 

$3.52 

$1,117.70 

$205.97 

$151.32 

$185.15 

1.11 

1.00 

$2,749.30 

7.20 

6.30 

$203.26 

$14.21 

$986.61 

389.92 


1.50 

6.32 

174.40 

$2.22 

$437.78 
$161.90 

$62.00 

1.00 


3.60 

$93.23 

$4.00 

$340.79 

156.50 


Hampshire. 


Males.        Fem 


2.81 

11.45 

295.66 

$2.46 

$1,025.99 

$207.60 

$75.00 

$177.55 

1.00 

1.00 

$2,607.70 

7.01 

6.35 

$163..57 

$11.24 

$1,026.96 

491.00 


1.00 

6.42 
148.27 
$1.52 

$227.82 
$24.78 


1.00 


$186.52 


County  Average  for  each  Salary  Receiver,  etc. — Continued. 


Middlesex. 

Nantucket. 

Norfolk. 

Plymouth. 

Schedule  Questions. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Fem. 

Males. 

Fem 

Males. 

Fem. 

Persons  dependent,     . 

2.61 

1.59 

2..33 

_ 

2.85 

1.70 

2.65 

2.00 

Hours  employed, 

10.16 

5.86 

8.00 

6.00 

9.94 

6.14 

10.37 

6  92 

Days  employed,  . 

293.84 

208.55 

274.38 

162.33 

250.59 

184.38 

287.54 

178.67 

Daily  w.iges. 

$3.18 

$2.13 

$2.66 

$1.29 

$3.25 

$1.92 

$3.15 

$1.75 

Yearly  wages, 

$1,03894 

$455.44 

$801.00 

$199.00 

$1,050.55 

$380.74 

$905.11 

$344.93 

Other  earnings,    . 

$213.16 

$145.45 

$93.57 

$25.00 

$172.98 

$47.67 

$207.68 

$124.1.7 

Wife's  earnings,  . 

$180.19 

- 

$65.00 

- 

$123.00 

- 

$186.44 

- 

Children's  earnings,    . 

$238.38 

- 

- 

- 

$186.93 

- 

$131.93 

- 

Unable  to  work,  . 

1.12 

1.50 

1.00 

- 

1.17 

- 

1.00 

1.00 

Who  own  houses. 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

- 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

l.CO 

Amount  of  mortgage, . 

$2,305.74 

$1,469.44 

- 

- 

$2,349.02 

- 

$1,277.04 

- 

Rate  of  interest,  . 

7.50 

7.60 

- 

- 

7.60 

- 

7.40 

- 

Number  of  rooms  hired,     . 

6.43 

4.67 

4.80 

- 

6.98 

2.25 

6.33 

1.00 

Rent  paid,     .... 

$219.95 

$180.83 

$35.00 

- 

$180.26 

$100.25 

$144.26 

- 

Value  of  garden  crops. 
Cost  of  living, 

$20.49 
$947.21 

$70.00 
$375.46 

$14.50 
$817.50 

$237.50 

$25.54 
$954.62 

$322.34 

$29.59 

$776.83 

$290.16 

Number  of  vols,  in  library. 

362.44 

211.54 

1 

245.25 

- 

758.39 

105.00 

407.86 

144.83 

280 


CENSUS   OE   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


County  Average  for  each  Salary  Receiver^  etc. — Concluded. 


Suffolk. 

Worcester. 

For  THE  State. 

ScHEDULK  Questions. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

Persons  dependent, 

2.54 

2.20 

2.60 

1.60 

2.64 

1.63 

Hours  employed, 

10.55 

7.52 

10.75 

6.27 

10.41 

6.34 

Days  employed,     . 

296.62 

257.36 

289.37 

172.25 

290.29 

192.37 

Daily  wages, 

$3.16 

$2.07 

$2.93 

$1.92 

$3.09 

$1.94 

Yearly  wagos, 

$1,054.27 

$572.50 

$995.88 

$519.74 

$1,016.16 

$429.36 

Other  earnings,     . 

$265.02 

$193.80 

$228.13 

$99.11 

$215.13 

$94.97 

Wife's  earnings,    . 

$226.34 

- 

$146.53 

- 

$171.95 

- 

Children's  earnings. 

$169.64 

$575.00 

$180.00 

- 

$201.39 

$315.50 

Unable  to  work,     . 

1.17 

1.00 

1.19 

1.00 

1.13 

1.11 

Who  own  houses. 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

Amount  of  mortgage,   . 

$3,377.68 

$5,833.33 

$2,799.31 

$800.00 

$2,452.71 

$1,869.74 

Rate  of  interest,     . 

7.50 

7.00 

6.90 

7.00 

7.40 

7.40 

Number  of  rooms  hired. 

5.52 

3.33 

6.09 

4.74 

6.25 

4.08 

Rent  paid 

$294.45 

$191.76 

$234.74 

$139.15 

$222.38 

$154.78 

Value  of  garden  crops. 

$20.11 

- 

$83.61 

$8.33 

$25.13 

$38.77 

Cost  of  living, 

$984.67 

$534.67 

$868.72 

$329.02 

$913.35 

$358.72 

Numberof  vols,  in  library. 

297.23 

232.27 

356.32 

213.33 

400.19 

195.38 

Five  thousand  two  hundred  and  forty-nine  males  answered  the  ques- 
tion, "Number  depending  upon  you  for  support,"  or  68  per  cent  of 
the  whole  number  returning  schedules ;  152  females  answered,  or  8 
per  cent  of  the  whole.  The  inquiry  is  one  usually  inapplicable  to  the 
latter  sex,  which  accounts  for  the  small  number  answering.  It  will 
be  noticed,  also,  that  the  average  is  about  one  person  more  for  the 
males  than  for  the  females.  In  regard  to  dependence,  there  seems  to 
be  a  slight  difference  in  favor  of  those  counties  which  have  the  most 
distinctly  urban  population,  and  in  which  manufactures  supply  the 
chief  means  of  support.  In  Suffolk,  Worcester,  Plymouth,  Middle- 
sex and  Hampden,  the  average  is  low.  In  Berkshire  and  Hampshire, 
it  is  high.  Yet,  in  Bristol,  with  a  large  population  in  cities,  the  aver- 
age is  high,  and  in  Barnstable  low. 

The  per  cent  of  females  answering  the  inquiry,  "Number  of  hours 
per  clay  employed  in  your  occupation,"  appears  to  be  larger  than  that  of 
males.  This  is  owing,  prol^ably,  to  the  fact  that  a  large  proportion  of 
the  former  are  employed  in  school  teaching,  an  employment  in  which 
the  hours  of  labor  are  regulated  by  laws  and  ordinances,  and  being 
thus  made  exact,  the  question  is  more  susceptil:)le  of  answer,  than  in 
the  cases  of  many  avocations  pursued  by  men.  For  instance,  a  clergy- 
man or  travelling  salesman  can  hardly  reply  with  any  clefiniteness  to 


WAGE  a:n^d  salary  keceivees.  281 

this  question,  hence  many  have  made  no  reply.  The  fact  that  so  large 
a  proportion  of  the  female  returns  were  from  public  school  teachers 
who  are  employed  but  five  or  six  hours  per  day,  also  accounts  for  the 
great  difference  in  the  average  hours  of  labor  performed.  It  is  notice- 
able, that  the  counties  in  which  that  average  is  the  largest,  are  the 
same  for  both  sexes;  viz.,  Barnstable,  Bristol,  Hampden,  Hampshire 
and  Suffolk.     Plymouth,  however,  shows  a  large  average  for  females. 

The  number  of  days  employed  during  the  year  is  much  less  for 
females  than  for  males,  and  the  reason  for  it  is  probal)ly  the  same  as 
that  given  in  respect  to  the  hours  per  day  employed.  Clergymen 
have  generally  responded  that  they  worked  365  days  during  the  year, 
while  public  school  teachers,  who  are  mostly  females,  are  engaged  in 
their  business,  in  cities,  but  about  200  days,  and  in  country  towns,  no 
more  than  one-half  as  long.  It  is  a  little  remarkable  that  the  average 
for  females,  in  Suffolk  County,  should  be  so  much  in  excess  of  any  of 
the  other  county  averages.  The  average  number  of  days  employed 
for  all  female  salaried  persons  in  the  State  who  returned  schedules,  is 
192.37,  or  less  than  62  per  cent  of  the  working  days  in  a  year.  Keep- 
ing in  mind  what  we  have  just  said  respecting  those  who  teach,  it  will 
be  seen  that  those  engaged  in  other  occupations,  such  as  salesmen, 
book-keepers,  etc.,  whose  employments  are  carried  on  during  all  the 
working  days  of  the  year,  can  not,  in  a  very  large  proportion  of  cases, 
have  steady  engagements. 

The  average  daily  wages  of  male  salaried  persons  is  shown  to  be 
$3.09,  and  of  female  salaried  persons,  $1.94.  Probably  these  sums 
are  much  below  the  amount  that  would  have  been  fixed  upon  by  any 
one  having  no  data  to  assist  the  judgment.  But  the  large  proportion 
of  salesmen  and  clerks  who  work  for  two,  three  or  four  hundred  dol- 
lars per  year,  has  the  effect  of  thus  reducing  the  average.  Hampden 
County  furnishes  the  highest  average,  and,  strange  to  say,  Hampshire, 
which  adjoins  it,  furnishes  the  lowest,  with  one  exception,  for  males, 
and  the  lowest,  with  three  exceptions,  for  females.  In  regard  to  these 
exceptions,  a  sufficiently  large  number  did  not  answer  in  Dukes  and 
Nantucket  to  make  a  valuable  average,  being  only  six  females  in  the 
former  and  three  in  the  latter.  After  Hampden,  Middlesex  County 
pays  the  highest  salaries  to  both  male  and  female,  and  is  followed  by 
Suflblk  with  a  rate  nearly  as  high. 

By  the  question,  "Amount  of  your  other  earnings,"  it  was  intended 
to  discover  the  amounts  earned  by  individuals  outside  their  regular 
occupations.     The  average  for  males,  throughout  the  State,  is  shown 

36 


282  CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 

to  be  $215.13,  and  for  females,  $94.97.  These  are  sums  of  cousider- 
able  consequence,  and  increase  vitally  the  annual  revenue  to  be 
expended  in  the  support  of  life.  The  annual  income  for  males  is  thus 
enlarged  to  $1,231.29,  and  for  females,  to  $524.33.  The  amounts  of 
"other  earnings"  returned  represent,  in  many  cases,  undoubtedly, 
much  severer  labor  for  each  dollar  produced  than  do  the  amounts  of 
"yearly  wages"  returned.  They  are  the  hard-earned  dollars  toiled 
for  by  eveyiing  lamps,  when  the  system  is  already  exhausted  by  a  reg- 
ular day's  work. 

"Amount  of  minor  children's  earnings"  was  intended  to  secure  a 
return  of  the  sums  earned  by  those  children  under  legal  age,  living  in 
the  fomily,  and  contributing  by  their  labor  to  the  income  of  the 
family.  Naturally  it  was  a  question  that  would  be  answered  by  but 
few  women,  and  the  average  ($315.50)  derived  from  the  replies  of 
only  four  Avomen  is  manifestly  of  small  value  in  furnishing  a  basis 
for  speculation.  The  255  males  who  answered  were  sufficient  in 
num])er  to  aiford  an  average  that  is  of  real  value  in  determining  the 
worth  of  the  assistance  of  children  in  the  support  of  families.  The 
combined  yearly  wages,  other  earnings  and  children's  earnings  of 
males  having  salaries,  is  thus  shown  to  be  $1,432.68.  On  page  284 
is  shown  the  Avife's  earnings,  a  fourth  means  of  increase  of  the 
family  income.  It  is  to  be  borne  in  mind,  hoAvever,  that  but  a 
small  number  of  males  returning  schedules  haA^e  all  these  sources  of 
revenue. 

The  answers  to  the  question,  "  Unable  to  work,"  or,  as  it  appeared 
in  the  schedule,  "Numl^er  of  persons  in  the  family,  over  eighteen 
years  of  age,  prevented  by  continuous  sickness  or  physical  disability 
from  attending  to  any  occupation,"  shows  that  there  is  less  than  two 
per  cent  of  infirm  dependents  among  males,  or  that  for  every  fifty-two 
persons  Avho  returned  schedules,  there  Avas  one  person  unable  to  work. 
Among  females,  there  Avas  only  one  person  unable  to  work  to  every 
180  returning  schedules. 

The  question  as  to  ownership  of  house  was  folloAved  immediately 
by  the  question,  "If  you  own  it,  what  is  the  amount  of  mortgage  on 
it?" 

The  average  amount  of  each  mortgage,  for  males,  is  $2,452.71,  and 
for  females,  $1,869.74.  The  latter  average  is  of  little  value,  as  it  is 
based  on  only  19  returns.  It  Avill  be  seen  that  the  amount  varies 
greatly  in  the  difterent  counties.  In  Barnstable,  it  is  but  $686.43, 
while  in  Sufiblk,  it  is  $3,377.68.     In  Franklin  and  Plymouth,  it  is 


WAGE    AXD    SALARY    RECEIVERS.  283 

also  low,  as  compared  with  the  general  average  for  the  State.     In 
Dukes  the  returns  were  so  few  as  to  make  the  result  of  less  value. 

By  the  replies  to  the  preceding  question,  it  is  seen  that  1,566  males 
and  35  females  own  houses, — an  aggregate  of  1,601  persons  ;  by  the 
replies  to  this  question,  there  are  found  to  be  755  males  and  19  females 
who  live  in  mortgaged  houses, — an  aggi-egate  of  774  ;  or  a  little  over 
48  per  cent  of  those  owning  houses.  Among  wage  laborers  (page 
261),  44|  per  cent  of  the  houses  were  found  to  be  thus  encumbered. 

The  rate  of  interest  paid  on  mortgages  in  the  different  sections  of 
the  State  makes  an  interesting  exhibit.  Berkshire,  Franklin,  Hamp- 
den, Hampshire  and  Worcester  show  a  rate  per  cent  less  than  the 
average  for  the  State,  being  the  only  counties  in  which  it  was  below, 
except  Dukes,  from  which  only  three  replies  to  the  question  were 
received  ;  not  enough  on  which  to  base  a  proper  average.  The  high- 
est rate  per  cent  is  in  Barnstable.  After  which  come  Norfolk,  Middle- 
sex and  Suffolk.     These  are  all  that  are  above  the  State  average. 

Three  thousand  two  hundred  and  two  males  answer  that  they  hire 
houses,  with  an  average  of  6.25  rooms  to  each.  Among  females,  122 
answer  that  they  hire  houses,  with  an  average  of  4.08  rooms  to  each. 
In  Berkshire  County,  the  number  of  rooms  to  the  family  is  more  than 
in  any  other,  being  7.59  to  each,  for  males  answering,  and  6.50  to 
each  for  females  answering.  Suffolk,  Worcester  and  Barnstable  afford 
the  least  number  of  rooms  to  each  male  answering. 

In  respect  to  the  amount  paid  for  rent  in  different  localities,  the 
tables  furnish  much  instruction.  The  cost  for  shelter  varies  widely, 
much  more  widely  than  it  would  be  natural  to  expect,  considering  that 
there  is  no  such  extraordinary  difference  in  the  county  statements  of 
yearly  earnings.  In  Barnstable,  the  rent  paid  per  year,  as  returned 
by  males,  is  only  $67.33  ;  in  Berkshire,  it  is  $165.37  ;  in  Franklin, 
$148.81 ;  in  Hampshire,  $163.57.  While  in  Suffolk,  it  is  $294.45  ; 
in  Worcester,  $234.74,  and  in  Middlesex,  $219.95.  The  average  for 
the  State,  for  males,  is  seen  to  be  $222.38.  The  returns  from  females 
are  not  sufficiently  numerous  to  make  the  averages  obtained  especially 
valuable. 

The  question,  "Value  of  garden  crops,"  appeared  on  the  schedules 
as  "Value  of  garden  crops  raised  by  you,  and  used  in  your  family, 
less  all  money  expenditures  on  account  of  the  same." 

The  general  object  of  the  schedule,  it  may  be  seen,  was  to  discover 
the  various  sources  of  income  of  families,  the  amounts  derived  from 
each  source,  and  the  ways  of  expenditure.     As  a  means  of  increase  to 


284  CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 

the  tamily  revenue,  it  was  believed  that  the  kitchen  garden  would 
be  found  to  contribute  something  considerable.  The  result  justifies 
our  expectations.  It  is  seen  that  575  males  out  of  7,748  answered 
this  question,  equal  to  7  per  cent, — returning  an  aggregate  value  of 
$14,447,  or  an  average  of  $25.13  to  each. 

The  average  cost  of  living,  for  males  returning  schedules,  is  seen  to 
be  $913.35  ;  and  for  females,  $358.72. 

By  reference  to  page  261,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  corresponding 
averages  for  wage  laborers  are  $488.96  and  $182.86.  It  has  been 
seen  that  the  yearly  earnings  of  salaried  persons  were,  for  males, 
$1,016.16;  for  females,  $429.36;  while  the  yearly  earnings  of  wage 
laborers  were  found  to  be,  for  males,  $482.72  ;  for  females,  $198.76. 
Thus,  considering  only  males,  the  earnings  of  salaried  people  are  seen 
to  be  11  per  cent  more  than  their  cost  of  living;  while,  among  Avage 
laborers,  the  earnings  are  slightly  less  than  the  cost  of  living. 

The  returns  of  "Volumes  in  libraries"  includes  only  those  libraries 
containing  one  hundred  volumes  or  over.  All  numbers  less  than  this 
have  been  disregarded  in  tabulating.  The  average  for  the  State, 
among  males,  is  400.19. 

Four  per  cent  of  the  salaried  persons  returning  schedules  answered 
as  to  the  "Amount  of  wife's  earnings  for  the  year  ending  May  1,  1875." 
Two  hundred  and  seventy-two  wives,  out  of  those  for  7,748  men, 
earned  $46,770  ;  giving  an  average  of  $171.95  as  the  earnings  of  each 
wife.  This  is  another  item  to  be  considered  in  the  examination  of  the 
various  sources  of  income  which  contribute  to  the  support  of  families. 
It  is  to  be  considered  also  in  the  light  of  its  effect  on  the  social  and 
domestic  well-being  of  communities.  For  it  is  a  question  of  moment 
to  future  generations  and  even  to  the  present,  whether  the  value  of 
the  wages  thus  brought  in  is  not  more  than  offset  by  the  physical 
injury  to  wives  and  mothers,  and  the  moral  injury  to  families  in  the 
neo'lected  trainino-  of  children. 


APPENDIX. 


Valuation  and  Products  for  the  Year  ending  May  1,  1875. 

[The  columns  of  "  valuation  "  arc  from  the  returns  of  assessors  made  to  the  Secretary  of  State ;  the  columns 
of  "products"  from  the  census  returns  to  this  oflQce.j 


Counties,  Cities  anb 
Towns. 

-1      4, 

■s  §• 

IE 

3     c 

■3 

0 
i    « 

3  B 

■3  » 
> 

rroducts  of  Man- 
ufactures   and 
Fisheries. 

1 

rroducts  of  Ag- 
riculture    and 
Mining. 

'S 

3 
> 

"3 
0 

09 

3 

•a 

2 

■3 
0 
H 

Barnstable  County,  . 

$6,576,155 

$8,808,209 

$3,410,970 

$619,662 

$15,384,364 

$4,030,632 

Barnstable, 

1,037,250 

1,577,450 

72,007 

77,645 

2,614,700 

149,652 

Bre-wstcr, 

268,118 

353,986 

2,840 

21,203 

622,104 

24,043 

Chatham, 

251,265 

509,069 

179,418 

26,633 

760,334 

206,051 

Dennis,    . 

785,243 

663,344 

77,624 

47,361 

1,448,587 

124,985 

Eastham, 

43.814 

143,084 

57,047 

45,363 

186,898 

102,410 

Falmouth, 

1,285,632 

1,037,780 

492,500 

75,987 

2,323,412 

668,487 

Harwich, 

370,005 

719,085 

75,666 

47,606 

1,089,090 

123,272 

Mashpec, 

6,728 

104,235 

- 

5,492 

110,963 

5,492 

Orleans,  . 

112,386 

309,978 

69,543 

62,479 

422,364 

122,022 

Provincctown, 

828,902 

1,015,289 

1,287,858 

5,500 

1,844,191 

1,293,358 

Sandwich, 

277,400 

1,121,550 

523.855 

121,800 

1,398,950 

650,655 

Truro,      . 

80,921 

202,453 

4S0 

23,439 

283,374 

23,919 

Wellfleet, 

454,283 

422,866 

383,805 

24,032 

877,149 

407,837 

Yarmouth, 

774,208 

628,040 

183,327 

45,122 

1,402,248 

228,449 

Berkshire  Countt,    . 

$11,577,086 

$25,882,400 

$21,015,328 

$3,828,975 

$37,459,516 

$24,844,303 

Adams,    . 

1,861,914 

4,407,755 

8,888,665 

189,824 

6,269,669 

9,078,489 

Alford,    .        . 

90,808 

183.161 

360 

72,161 

273,969 

72,521 

Becket,    .   ,    . 

168,053 

332,494 

336,019 

111,316 

500,547 

447,335 

Cheshire, 

302,668 

660,360 

199,953 

107,951 

963,028 

307,904 

Clarksburg,     . 

57,543 

198,842 

268,660 

49,211 

256,385 

317,871 

Dalton,    . 

537,092 

752,135 

828,150 

112,587 

1,289,227 

940,737 

Egremont, 

187,564 

369,380 

112,750 

136,975 

550,944 

249,725 

Florida,   . 

33,614 

147,510 

8,200 

51,638 

181,124 

59,838 

Great  Barrington, 

1,190,222 

1,974,576 

1,032,039 

188,124 

3,164,798 

1,220,163 

Hancock, 

101,640 

345,290 

151,551 

83,612 

446,930 

235,163 

Hinsdale, 

256,845 

667,528 

506,821 

110,213 

824,373 

617,034 

Lanesborough, 

154,511 

602,750 

343,000 

137,713 

757,261 

480,713 

Lee, 

643,768 

1,301,734 

1,616,760 

116,682 

1,945,502 

1,733,442 

Lenox,     . 

326,804 

029,184 

111,615 

112,481 

1,255,988 

224,096 

Monterey, 

52,825 

192,245 

17,580 

106,904 

245,070 

124,484 

288 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUIVI. 


Valuation  and  Products  for  the  Year  ending  May  1, 1875 — Con. 


Counties,  Cities  and 
Towns. 

1 1 

B   o 

a    «> 
> 

o 
c 
o    o 

i  s 

a    "1 
> 

Products  of  Man- 
ufactures   and 
Fisheries. 

Products  of  Ag- 
riculture    and 
Mining. 

a 
a 

00 

S 

1 

i 

Berkshire  Co.— Con. 

Mount  Washington, 

$9,902 

$79,032 

- 

$23,012 

$88,934 

$23,012 

New  Ashford, 

17,715 

85,540 

$86 

30,794 

103,255 

30,880 

New  Marlborough, 

204,311 

537,153 

308,554 

265,874 

741,464 

574,428 

Otis, 

60,377 

236,130 

32,510 

58,180 

302,507 

90,690 

Peru, 

33,032 

132,760 

3,200 

52,200 

165,798 

55,400 

Pittsfield, 

2,671,031 

5,741,205 

4,073,672 

325,687 

8,412,236 

4,399,359 

Richmond, 

86,159 

528,030 

176,400 

86,058 

614,189 

262,458 

Sandisficld,     . 

108,801 

367,020 

22,055 

131,923 

476,421 

153,978 

Savoy,      . 

44,567 

188,365 

22,963 

104,742 

232,932 

127,705 

Sheffield, 

271,760 

888,390 

105,745 

269,608 

1,160,150 

375,353 

Stockbridgc,    . 

1,252,100 

1,368,185 

408,058 

104,879 

2,620,335 

512,937 

Tyringh.im,    . 

52,765 

220,100 

18,073 

75,622 

272,865 

93,695 

■Washington,  . 

42,682 

219,174 

- 

93,926 

261,856 

93,926 

West  Stockbridgc, 

270,801 

671,729 

536,768 

231,992 

942,620 

768,760 

Williamstown, 

431,959 

1,465,000 

865,090 

193,384 

1,896,959 

1,058,474 

Windsor, 

47,113 

189,067 

20,031 

93,702 

230,180 

113,7.33 

Bristol  County, 

$42,783,567 

$71,643,158 

$53,171,012 

$2,911,251 

$114,426,725 

$56,082,203 

Acushnct, 

122,500 

446,750 

51,350 

101,094 

500,250 

153,344 

Attleborougli, 

1,320,857 

2,963,172 

3,485,018 

198,490 

4,290,029 

3,683,514 

Berkley, . 

S8,6S« 

263,397 

2,305 

78,828 

302,083 

81,133 

Dartmouth,     . 

275,600 

1,401,250 

234,716 

447.826 

1,070,850 

'         682,542 

Dighton,  . 

214,856 

610,639 

193,979 

123,409 

825,495 

317,448 

Easton,    . 

1,198,526 

1,080,900 

1,836,150 

100,979 

2,279,420 

1,937,129 

Fairhaven, 

399,604 

1,023,200 

434,405 

60,988 

1,422,804 

495,393 

Fall  River, 

17,440,988 

33,960,479 

24,668,505 

212,726 

51,401,407 

24,881,231 

Freetown, 

143,020 

495,125 

66,440 

94,608 

638,145 

161,048 

Mansfield, 

164,036 

900,548 

555,159 

54,366 

1,064,584 

609,525 

New  Bedford, 

14,428,674 

11,946,600 

12,525,230 

104,563 

26,375,274 

12,629,793 

Norton,    . 

148,090 

594,055 

233,030 

54,022 

742,145 

287,052 

Raynham, 

283,225 

746,240 

1,021,577 

95,195 

1,029,465 

1,116,772 

Rehoboth, 

103,977 

682,408 

19,974 

227,160 

786,385 

247,134 

Seekonk, . 

168,239 

638,513 

47,178 

149,299 

706,752 

196,477 

Somerset, 

208,002 

747,638 

345,601 

96,371 

955,640 

441,972 

Swansea, 

111,565 

612,100 

69,030 

173,845 

623,665 

242,875 

APPEN"DIX. 


289 


Valuation  and  Products  for  the  Year  ending  May  1,  1875 — Con. 


Counties,  Cities  and 
Towns, 

Valuation  of  Per- 
sonal Property. 

a     . 
o    o 

S  2 
> 

Products  of  aian- 
nfacturcs    and 
Fisheries. 

1 

Products  of  Ag- 
riculture    and 
Mining. 

i 

3 

I 

a 
o 

1 
1 

"a 
o 

Bristol  Co.— Con. 

Taunton 

$5,707,922 

$11,618,744 

$7,265,923 

$199,882 

$17,326,666 

$7,455,805 

Westport, 

299,200 

1,111,400 

125,442 

336,634 

1,410,600 

462,076 

Dukes  County,    . 

$614,103 

$2,706,732 

$152,256 

$155,242 

$3,320,835 

$307,498 

Chilmark, 

66,087 

203,802 

22,849 

45,042 

269,889 

67,891 

Edgartown,     • 

348,550 

1,837,100 

95,432 

43,733 

2,185,650 

139,165 

Gay  Head, 

2,546 

8,430 

- 

10,108 

10,976 

10,108 

Gosnold 

43,680 

132,200 

9,000 

6,100 

175,880 

14,100 

Tisbury 

153,240 

525,200 

24,975 

61,259 

678,440 

76,234 

Essex  County,     • 

$53,506,329 

$112,135,305 

$96,700,998 

$4,490,328 

$165,641,634 

$101,191,326 

Amesbury, 

718,749 

1,889,205 

2,050,440 

67,348 

2,607,954 

2,107,788 

Andover, 

912,263 

1,946,064 

1,406,710 

145,824 

2,859,227 

1,552,534 

Beverly 

2,940,325 

6,064,800 

1,958,357 

61,361 

8,005,125 

2,019,718 

Boxford 

85,790 

518,440 

67,590 

103,217 

604,230 

170,807 

Bradford, 

136,449 

1,110,879 

62,300 

43,635 

1,247,328 

95,935 

Danvers 

1,082,500 

2,258,600 

2,320,062 

168,460 

3,341,100 

2,488,522 

Essex,      .... 

234,267 

628,058 

277,442 

89,970 

862,325 

367,412 

Georgetown,  . 

275,340 

721,665 

637,700 

61,385 

997,005 

689,085 

Gloucester,     . 

8,443,455 

6,794,810 

7,274,406 

711,986 

9,238,265 

7,986,392 

Groveland, 

165,137 

674,727 

647,518 

77,121 

839,864 

724,639 

Hamilton, 

83,700 

439,114 

9,400 

77,364 

622,814 

86,764 

Haverhill, 

2,171,087 

8,326,045 

10,635,823 

201,870 

10,497,132 

10,837,698 

Ipswich 

477,553 

1,324,383 

879,480 

243,609 

1,801,936 

1,123,089 

Lawrence, 

6,751,108 

17,366,265 

19,757,120 

20,452 

24,117,373 

19,777,572 

Lynn 

6,147,042 

21,930,751 

21,011,427 

88,311 

28,077,793 

21,099,738 

Lynnfield, 

320,050 

438,730 

13,937 

69,721 

758,780 

83,658 

Manchester,    . 

426,179 

1,313,037 

200,391 

22,500 

1,730,216 

222,891 

Marblehead,    . 

1,014,160 

3,044,450 

1,501,949 

123,741 

4,058,610 

1,625,690 

Merrimac, 

- 

- 

792,298 

49,222 

- 

841,520 

Methuon, 

636,946 

1,673,235 

2,115,942 

231,510 

2,210,181 

2,347,452 

Middlcton, 

95,826 

395,600 

306,801 

60,363 

491,425 

367,164 

Nahant,  .... 

4,783,907 

1,320,850 

136,705 

- 

6,104,757 

136,705 

Newbury,       . 

146,245 

721,025 

78,830 

236,224 

867,270 

315,054 

Newburyport, 

3,140,838 

4,904,075 

4,826,594 

46,223 

8,044,913 

4,872,817 

37 


200 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Valuation  and  Products  for  the  Year  ending  May  1,  1875 — Con. 


Counties,  Cities  and 
Towns. 

ft-   § 
11 

"3 

<o 

Pi 
"S 

ii 

03      .4-1 

•3  W 
> 

Products  of  Man- 
ufactures   and 
Fisheries. 

Products  of  Ag- 
riculture    and 
Mining. 

§ 
33 
d 

3 

"3 
1 

Eh 

TO 

3 

■a 
"3 

O 

Essex  Co.— Con. 

North  Andover, 

$589,435 

$1,513,205 

$1,440,000 

$161,921 

$2,102,640 

$1,601,921 

Peabody, 

2,152,450 

4,028,900 

4,620,851 

117,459 

6,181,350 

4,738,310 

Rockport, 

607,829 

1,473,244 

474,393 

500,226 

2,081,073 

974,619 

Rowley,  . 

74,110 

441,351 

183,500 

109,968 

515,461 

293,468 

Salem,     . 

. 

11,988,672 

14,323,600 

8,634,693 

64,734 

26,312,272 

8,699,427 

BaliBbury, 

496,970 

1,496,602 

872,786 

120,066 

1,993,572 

992,852 

Baugus,   . 

448,825 

1,289,433 

771,370 

46,154 

1,738,258 

817,524 

Swampscott, 

389,441 

2.074,850 

146,897 

38,491 

2,464,291 

185,388 

Topsfleld, 

282,561 

487,809 

229,100 

106,287 

770,370 

335,387 

Wenham, 

122,525 

403,825 

45,000 

53,807 

526,350 

98,807 

West  Newbury, 

264,595 

796,778 

423,181 

189,798 

1,061,373 

612,979 

Franklin  County, 

$3,849,795 

$12,729,640 

$5,301,874 

$3,418,995 

$16,579,435 

$8,720,869 

Ashfield, . 

142,173 

387,744 

12,860 

142,806 

529,917 

155,66S 

Bernardston, 

87,094 

314,044 

103,700 

114,490 

401,138 

218,190 

Buckland, 

100,536 

505,874 

433,765 

117,265 

606,410 

551,030 

Charlemont, 

69,249 

285,125 

38,750 

118,347 

354,374 

157,097 

Colrain,  . 

192,888 

491,570 

390,622 

183,900 

684,458 

574,522 

Conway,  . 

254,049 

564,244 

333,430 

235,296 

818,293 

568,726 

Deerfield, 

295,276 

1,044,766 

312,720 

410,166 

1,340,042 

722,886 

Erving,    . 

75,767 

242,292 

272,145 

34,210 

318,059 

306,355 

Gill,         .       . 

78,815 

391,691 

18,500 

148,348 

470,506 

166,848 

Greenfield, 

853,321 

1,969,665 

479,621 

170,840 

2,822,986 

650,461 

Hawley,  . 

33,535 

123,685 

7,070 

71,299 

157,220 

78,369 

Heath,      . 

38,112 

153,210 

9,630 

86,714 

191,322 

96,344 

Leverett, . 

62,105 

255,405 

32,004 

84,200 

317,510 

116,204 

Leyden,  . 

36,089 

171,042 

2,454 

95,260 

207,131 

97,714 

Monroe,  . 

8,062 

39,715 

1,700 

23,071 

47,777 

24,771 

Montague, 

450,200 

1,598,600 

1,478,446 

175,186 

2,048,800 

1,653,632 

New  Salem, 

69,960 

257,270 

44,550 

89,916 

327,230 

134,466 

Northfleld, 

107,255 

596,819 

79,455 

267,021 

704,074 

346,476 

Orange,   . 

302,675 

1,093,125 

807,242 

84,990 

1,395,800 

892,232 

Rowe, 

38,174 

141,445 

15,202 

70,761 

179,619 

85,963 

Bhelburne, 

215,417 

651,424 

193,306 

164,943 

866,841 

358,249 

Bhutesbury, 

21,025 

164,525 

11,357 

54,942 

185,550 

66,299 

APPENDIX. 


291 


Valuation  and  Products  for  the  Year  ending  May  1,  1S75 — Con. 


Counties,  Cities  and 
Towns. 

Valuation  of  Per- 
sonal Property. 

■3 

a 

■s 

II 

•3  « 
> 

Products  of  Man- 
ufactures   and 
Fisheries. 

Products  of  Ag- 
riculture    and 
Mining. 

c 
o 

s 

I 

1 

so 

"S 

s 
•o 

I 
1 

Fkanklin  Co.— Con. 

Sunderland,    . 

$61,865 

$378,428 

$800 

$184,520 

$440,293 

$185,320 

Warwick,       . 

44,804 

221,232 

86,810 

72,026 

266,036 

158,836 

Wendell, 

21,228 

157,460 

68,035 

46,005 

178,688 

114,040 

Whately, 

190,121 

529,240 

67,700 

172,473 

719,361 

240,173 

Hampden  County, 

$18,057,202 

$57,576,840 

$35,692,824 

$3,546,183 

$75,634,042 

$39,239,007 

Agawam, 

274,961 

897,950 

177,000 

314,094 

1,172,911 

491,094 

Blandford, 

112,400 

294,915 

44,375 

163,856 

407,315 

208,231 

Brimfield, 

129,440 

436,050 

103,438 

169,302 

565,490 

272,740 

Chester,  . 

94,025 

435,047 

184,496 

104,271 

529,072 

288,767 

Chicopee, 

1,833,975 

3,641,860 

4,035,600 

214,799 

5,475,835 

4,250,399 

Granville, 

89,364 

315,808 

68,280 

122,860 

405,172 

191,140 

Holland, 

16,957 

120,190 

2,059 

33,056 

137,147 

35,115 

Holyoke, 

2,889,882 

6,791,245 

8,788,306 

63,340 

9,681,127 

8,851,646 

Longmeadow, 

182,340 

849,595 

159,040 

261,935 

1,031,935 

420,975 

Ludlow,  . 

121,311 

445,267 

253,800 

149,776 

566,578 

403,576 

Monson,  . 

320,925 

1,017,386 

1,270,000 

312,370 

1,338,311 

1,582,370 

Montgomery, . 

28,919 

112,807 

3,643 

64,331 

141,726 

57,974 

Palmer,   . 

636,187 

1,237,475 

1,855,218 

163,472 

1,873,662 

2,018,690 

Russell,   . 

107,139 

316,446 

181,500 

34,848 

423,585 

216,348 

Southwick, 

121,885 

458,097 

63,058 

227,956 

679,982 

291,014 

Springfield,     . 

8,398,912 

31,125,660 

12,483,010 

248,903 

39,524,572 

12,731,913 

Tolland,  . 

68,464 

198,866 

82,540 

62,818 

267,330 

145,358 

Wales,     . 

163,535 

284,415 

904,603 

48,998 

447,950 

953,601 

Westfield, 

1,945,085 

5,354,590 

3,446,358 

362,900 

7,299,675 

3,809,258 

West  Springfield, 

319,153 

2,487,159 

621,698 

141,299 

2,806,312 

762,997 

Wilbraham,    . 

202,343 

756,012 

964,802 

290,999 

958,355 

1,255,801 

Hampshire  County,  . 

$7,261,049 

$18,888,576 

$10,797,556 

$3,833,484 

$26,149,625 

$14,631,040 

Amherst, 

740,745 

1,896,705 

497,526 

263,925 

2,637,450 

761,451 

Belchertown,  . 

151,820 

848,228 

138,152 

303,662 

1,000,048 

441,814 

Chesterfield,    . 

87,453 

220,170 

19,904 

84,626 

307,623 

104,530 

Cummington,  . 

143,025 

297,817 

109,496 

111,755 

440,842 

221,251 

Easthampton, 

834,654 

1,570,879 

1,968,155 

140,127 

2,405,533 

2,108,282 

Enfield,    . 

291,510 

375,390 

372,361 

111,353 

666,900 

483,714 

292 


CENSUS   OP  MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 


Valuation  and  Products  for  the  Year  ending  May  i,  1875 — Con. 


Counties,  Cities  and 
Towns. 

if 

11 

> 

d     . 
o    o 

i  3 

■3  » 
> 

Products  ofMan- 
ufactnres    and 
Fisheries. 

Products  of  Ag- 
riculture    and 
Mining. 

a 
a 

I 
o 

CQ 

s 
-a 

2 
1 

Hampshire  Co.— Con. 

Goshen,  .... 

$29,794 

$108,028 

$4,750 

$52,344 

$137,822 

$57,094 

Granby,  .... 

103,242 

399,009 

26,988 

191,816 

502,251 

218,804 

Greenwich, 

85,760 

205,360 

43,794 

73,569 

291,120 

117,363 

Hadley,    .... 

275,117 

1,121,987 

207,345 

492,551 

1,307,104 

699,896 

Hatfield 

398,929 

820,085 

65,200 

413,426 

1,219,014 

478,626 

Huntington,    . 

137,640 

375,585 

114,112 

83,418 

513,225 

197,530 

Middlefleld,     . 

156,250 

216,410 

97,089 

64,855 

372,660 

161,944 

Northampton, 

2,242,989 

6,627,900 

3,673,063 

317,408 

7,870,889 

3,990,471 

Pelham 

26,096 

150,494 

9,225 

58,553 

176,590 

67,778 

Plainfield, 

47,350 

133,460 

16,685 

74,395 

180,810 

91,080 

Prescott 

80,648 

172,110 

9,260 

60,403 

202,758 

69,663 

South  Hadley, 

361,312 

1,407,285 

1,056,428 

164,173 

1,708,597 

1,220,601 

Bouthampton, 

77,687 

417,637 

66,669 

184,796 

495,324 

251,465 

Ware,      .... 

482,770 

1,239,470 

1,957,611 

200,863 

1,722,240 

2,158,474 

WeBthampton, 

42,910 

260,259 

16,698 

114,797 

303,169 

131,495 

Williamsburg, 

424,511 

756,855 

299,935 

108,741 

1,181,366 

408,676 

Worthington, . 

88,837 

267,453 

27,110 

161,928 

356,290 

189,038 

Middlesex  County,  . 

$70,508,724 

$224,709,488 

$103,085,248 

$7,085,550 

$295,218,212 

$110,170,798 

Acton,     .... 

260,771 

974,885 

386,421 

171,315 

1,235,656 

557,736 

Arlington, 

1,440,505 

4,558,123 

738,223 

398,370 

5,998,628 

1,136,593 

Ashby,    .... 

86,887 

404,824 

70,913 

138,396 

491,711 

209,309 

Ashland 

263,333 

1,117,277 

1,186,365 

66,501 

1,380,610 

1,252,866 

Ayer 

200,425 

853,637 

336,408 

62,555 

1,054,062 

388,963 

Bedford 

105,163 

685,843 

220,164 

122,169 

791,006 

342,333 

Belmont,. 

854,261 

2,973,075 

15,900 

241,777 

3,827,336 

257,677 

BiUerica,.       .       .       , 

651,662 

971,761 

1,287,610 

151,652 

1,623,423 

1,439,262 

Boxborough,  . 

42,027 

201,623 

- 

88,411 

243,650 

88,411 

Burlington,     . 

138,204 

384,223 

38,000 

129,291 

522,427 

167,291 

Cambridge,     . 

16,467,715 

60,155,300 

16,837,412 

8T,075 

66,623,015 

16,924,487 

Carlisle 

49,830 

314,340 

8,451 

89,571 

364,170 

98,022 

Chelmsford,    . 

312,335 

1,145,300 

823,561 

128,459 

1,457,635 

952,020 

Concord 

1,172,114 

1,779,662 

292,870 

324,627 

2,951,776 

617,497 

Dracut,    .... 

150,535 

821,375 

36,850 

203,990 

971,910 

240,840 

APPENDIX. 


293 


Valuation  and  Products  for  the  Year  ending  May  i,  1875 — Con. 


Counties,  Cities  and 
Towns. 

^  if 

(^    a 

°    2 
a  *i 

'it 

OS      B 
> 

"3 
« 

^  3 

3     to 

■3   W 
!> 

Products  of  Man- 
ufactures   and 
Fisheries. 

Products  of  Ag- 
riculture    and 
Mining. 

1 
a 

"a 
o 

H 

Total  Products. 

Middlesex  Co.— Con. 

Dunstable, 

$53,767 

$232,965 

$23,210 

$74,640 

$286,732 

$97,850 

Everett,  . 

592,100 

3,812,550 

960,236 

29,398 

4,404,650 

989,634 

Framingham, . 

1,233,210 

3,130,070 

1,778,360 

191,310 

4,363,280 

1,969,670 

GrotoD,   . 

992,480 

1,070,220 

339,195 

173,987 

2,062,700 

513,182 

HollistoD,        .       . 

569,615 

1,334,555 

1,225,661 

101,302 

1,904,170 

1,326,963 

Hopkinton,     . 

703,156 

1,537,830 

1,863,215 

111,494 

2,240,986 

1,974,709 

Hudson,  . 

280,413 

1,464,805 

2,011,634 

98,263 

1,745,278 

2,109,897 

Lexington,      .       , 

663,346 

2,416,365 

139,072 

272,719 

2,979,711 

411,791 

Lincoln,  . 

226,816 

648,972 

12,725 

166,435 

775,788 

179,160 

Littleton, 

148,330 

659,505 

18,659 

151,327 

707,835 

169,986 

Lowell,    .- 

12,164,516 

26,529,979 

29,725,539 

78,098 

38,694,495 

29,803,637 

Maiden,  . 

1,867,460 

7,978,650 

3,038,789 

24,641 

9,846,110 

3,063,430 

Marlborough, . 

577,812 

2,803,205 

3,363,227 

187,947 

3,381,017 

3,551,174 

Maynard, 

316,825 

971,020 

1,574,735 

49,548 

1,287,845 

1,624,283 

Medford, . 

1,859,102 

8,028,415 

688,095 

44,489 

9,887,517 

732,584 

Melrose,  . 

390,378 

4,062,450 

388,872 

16,186 

4,452,828 

405,058 

Natick,    • 

960,785 

2,724,405 

2,736,973 

101,583 

3,685,190 

2,838,556 

Newton,  . 

7,882,374 

21,073,495 

2,676,784 

215,588 

28,955,869 

2,892,372 

North  Reading, 

66,468 

398,556 

145,071 

78,016 

455,024 

223,087 

Pepperell, 

387,815 

942,104 

586,461 

194,965 

1,329,919 

781,426 

Reading, . 

284,572 

2,082,446 

620,613 

89,102 

2,367,018 

709,715 

Sherborn, 

165,645 

747,112 

136,150 

149,115 

912,757 

285,265 

Shirley,  . 

226,130 

579,214 

259,472 

118,418 

805,344 

377,890 

Somerville,     . 

3,561,200 

27,755,800 

7,740,831 

55,228 

31,317,000 

7,796,059 

Btoneham, 

468,068 

2,543,440 

3,014,746 

66,712 

3,011,508 

3,081,458 

Btow, 

189,644 

635,905 

330,100 

148,878 

725,549 

478,978 

Sudbury, 

241,165 

748,150 

174,265 

180,441 

989,315 

354,706 

Tewksbury,    • 

135,495 

686,340 

88,500 

150,514 

821,835 

239,014 

Townsend, 

248,457 

803,279 

480,579 

124,781 

1,051,736 

605,360 

Tyngsborough, 

40,731 

270,082 

84,219 

86,715 

310,813 

170,934 

"Wakefield,      . 

677,640 

3,200,030 

1,302,811 

36,351 

3,877,670 

1,339,162 

Waltham, 

2,264,570 

7,866,200 

2,620,788 

178,896 

10,130,770 

2,799,684 

Watertown,    . 

2,376,320 

5,623,600 

2,650,781 

105,965 

7,999,920 

2,756,746 

Wayland, 

223,356 

842,274 

1,946,675 

138,199 

1,065,630 

2,084,874 

294: 


CE:N"SUS   of  MASS.  — 1S75.      COIMPENDIUM. 


Valuation  and  Products  for  the  Year  ending  May  i,  1875 — Con. 


CoDNTiES,  Cities  and 
Towns. 

Valuation  of  Per- 
sonal Property. 

2 

o 
g    6 

3      CO 

Products  of  Man- 
ufactures   and 
Fisheries. 

Products  of  Ag- 
riculture    and 
Mining. 

Total  Valuation. 

1 

•a 
o 

1 

Middlesex  Co.— Con. 

Westford, 

$212^32 

$897,232 

$491,561 

$190,120 

$1,109,764 

$681,681 

Weston,  . 

866,766 

864,850 

51,900 

227,883 

1,731,616 

279,783 

"Wilmington, 

74,714 

462,903 

104,408 

64,607 

537,617 

159,015 

Winchester, 

1,458,573 

3,252,925 

1,067,448 

67,208 

4,711,498 

1,134,656 

Woburn, . 

2,770,611 

5,986,282 

4,343,740 

160,322 

8,756,893 

4,504,062 

Nantucket  County,  . 

$1,348,112 

$1,000,157 

$213,303 

$107,923 

$2,348,269 

$321,226 

Nantucket, 

1,348,112 

1,000,157 

213,303 

107,923 

2,348,269 

321,226 

Norfolk  County, 

$28,713,307 

$63,202,592 

$26,966,620 

$2,087,539 

$91,915,899 

$29,054,159 

Bellingham,    , 

• 

109,160 

418,808 

544,530 

94,017 

527,968 

638,547 

Braintree, 

732,550 

2,036,950 

1,649,306 

105,963 

2,769,500 

1,755,269 

Brookline, 

9,883,900 

17,695,200 

364,558 

9,234 

27,579,100 

373,792 

Canton,    . 

1,164,440 

1,894,115 

3,094,681 

93,522 

3,058,555 

3,188,203 

Cohasset, 

890,620 

1,437,440 

106,730 

73,009 

2,328,060 

179,739 

Dedham, . 

2,040,369 

3,949,496 

1,012,448 

143,452 

5,989,865 

1,155,900 

Dover,     . 

65,139 

377,040 

69,550 

70,797 

442,179 

140,347 

Foxborough, 

351,977 

1,379,897 

1,093,000 

14,580 

1,731,874 

1,107,580 

Franklin, 

372,600 

1,064,600 

1,270,915 

142,881 

1,437,200 

1,413,796 

Holbrook, 

200,070 

738,570 

1,049,796 

11,477 

938,640 

1,061,273 

Hyde  Park, 

693,083 

6,151,394 

676,403 

6,920 

6,844,477 

683,323 

Medfield, 

309,080 

636,215 

490,750 

82,592 

945,295 

673,342 

Medway, 

363,200 

1,420,725 

1,548,931 

149,419 

1,783,925 

1,698,350 

Milton,     . 

4,086,300 

3,150,500 

422,757 

137,286 

7,236,800 

660,043 

Needham, 

1,033,370 

3,714,814 

1,549,244 

156,659 

4,748,184 

1,705,903 

Norfolk,  . 

95,055 

336,068 

489,386 

68,943 

431,123 

658,329 

Norwood, 

448,633 

1,343,867 

484,086 

36,373 

1,792,500 

520,459 

Quincy,   . 

1,736,475 

5,577,550 

2,087,072 

127,143 

7,314,025 

2,214,215 

Bandolpb, 

619,390 

1,441,840 

1,302,386 

54,797 

2,061,230 

1,357,183 

Sharon,    . 

253,226 

800,387 

280,979 

91,053 

1,053,563 

372,032 

Stoughton, 

650,825 

1,743,350 

1,455,805 

139,530 

2,394,175 

1,595,335 

Walpole, 

306,738 

1,069,576 

692,700 

110,723 

1,376,314 

803,423 

Weymouth, 

2,107,711 

3,863,523 

4,809,152 

88,054 

5,971,234 

4,897,208 

Wrentham, 

199,396 

960,717 

421,455 

79,115 

1,160,113 

600,570 

APPENDIX. 


295 


Valuation  and  Products  for  the  Tear  ending  May  1, 

1875— Con. 

Counties,  Cities  and 
Towns. 

Si 

1  £ 

§  ft. 

11 

> 

i  S 

Products  of  Man- 
ufactures   and 
Fisheries. 

1 

Products  of  Ag- 
riculture    and 
Mining. 

a 
o 

a 
"a 
> 

"a 

Total  Products. 

Plymouth  County,     . 

$9,962,517 

$28,096,879 

$20,739,791 

$2,128,533 

$38,059,396 

$22,868,324 

Abington, 

466,449 

1,294,856 

1,199,700 

29,848 

1,761,305 

1,229,543 

Bridgewater,  . 

494,033 

1,513,115 

1,038,956 

119,988 

2,007,148 

1,158,944 

Brockton, 

1,160,594 

4,475,916 

6,492,087 

129,595 

5,636,510 

6,621,682 

Carver,    .       .       . 

211,999 

353,392 

199,574 

62,867 

665,391 

262,441 

Duxbury, 

182,600 

915,925 

137,307 

76,645 

1,098,525 

213,952 

East  Bridgewater, . 

291,750 

939,860 

401,072 

82,777 

1,231,610 

483,849 

Halifax,  .... 

51,831 

269,919 

19,946 

53,678 

321,750 

73,624 

Hanover, 

306,199 

719,778 

297,704 

106,407 

1,025,977 

404,111 

Hanson 

98,893 

401,588 

160,783 

54,426 

600,481 

215,209 

Hingham, 

1,004,851 

2,323,286 

909,740 

70,940 

3,328,137 

980,680 

Hull 

72,780 

619,412 

15,248 

7,771 

692,192 

23,019 

Kingston, 

664,572 

682,033 

316,185 

36,071 

1,346,605 

352,256 

Lakeville, 

113,493 

434,196 

7,040 

62,250 

547,689 

69,290 

Marion 

89,517 

343,667 

22,518 

14,574 

433,184 

37,092 

Marshfleld,      . 

136,355 

850,839 

61,543 

85,445 

987,194 

146,988 

Mattapoisett,  . 

733,049 

690,616 

70,010 

52,937 

1,423,665 

122,947 

Middleborougb, 

459,446 

1,970,179 

1,598,729 

291,957 

2,429,625 

1,890,686 

Pembroke, 

138,810 

464,807 

36,053 

97,150 

603,617 

133,203 

Plymouth, 

1,369,769 

2,612,350 

2,503,349 

96,144 

3,982,119 

2,599,493 

Plympton, 

43,972 

254,148 

41,750 

38,606 

298,120 

80,356 

Rochester, 

87,947 

387,960 

66,145 

89,035 

475,907 

155,180 

Rockland, 

438,480 

1,497,270 

1,270,290 

51,730 

1,935,750 

1,322,020 

Scituate 

168,528 

1,085,768 

165,887 

108,894 

1,254,296 

274,781 

South  Scituate, 

223,398 

659,007 

385,545 

99,330 

882,405 

484,875 

South  Abington,    . 

316,557 

1,060,776 

1,982,581 

50,906 

1,377,333 

2,033,487 

Wareham, 

422,866 

606,085 

882,461 

57,875 

1,028,951 

940,336 

West  Bridgewater, 

213,779 

670,131 

457,588 

100,687 

883,910 

558,275 

Suffolk  County, 

$237,388,569 

$578,134,152 

$141,025,191 

$497,300 

$815,522,721 

$141,522,491 

Boston,    .... 

235,020,895 

558,941,000 

136,138,504 

399,175 

793,961,895 

136,537,679 

Chelsea,  .... 

2,178,316 

16,364,800 

4,825,252 

12,034 

18,543,116 

4.837.286 

Revere 

144,900 

1,836,575 

11,900 

64,235 

1,981,475 

76,135 

Winthrop, 

44,458 

991,777 

49,535 

21,856 

1,036,235 

71,391 

296 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPEKDIUM. 


Valuation  and  Products  for  the  Year  ending  May  1,  1875 — Con. 


CocMTiES,  Cities  and 
Towns. 

t  §. 
11 

> 

1 
%* 

o 

a     . 
o    <u 

oj    -^ 

> 

Products  of  Man- 
ufactures   and 
Fislieries. 

Products  of  Ag- 
riculture    and 

Mining. 

t 

d 

3 
> 

o 

(A 

"3 
o 
H 

Worcester  County,  . 

$37,554,865 

$105,037,163 

$81,743,707 

$8,750,634 

$142,592,023 

$90,494,341 

Ashburnham, 

288,071 

803,835 

558,674 

113,304 

1,091,906 

671,978 

Athol,      . 

619,580 

2,068,330 

1,387,955 

103,885 

2,687,910 

1,491,840 

Auburn,  . 

120,584 

434,175 

253,000 

120,689 

554,759 

373,689 

Barre, 

520,851 

1,201,505 

509,909 

266,167 

1,722,356 

776,076 

Berlin, 

68,248 

399,027 

171,000 

90,685 

467,275 

261,685 

Blackstonc, 

707,750 

1,403,705 

2,209,580 

98,143 

2,111,455 

2,307,723 

Bolton,    . 

100,333 

416,379 

31,625 

170,447 

525,712 

202,072 

Boylston, 

124,265 

431,285 

161,000 

147,537 

555,550 

308,537 

Brookfiold, 

330,538 

947,055 

818,237 

146,520 

1,277,593 

964,757 

Charlton, 

264,140 

746,610 

158,150 

225,404 

1,010,750 

383,554 

Clinton,  . 

1,212,144 

3,128,644 

4,048,294 

12,165 

4,340,788 

4,060,459 

Dana, 

76,511 

225,595 

115,510 

73,043 

302,106 

188,553 

Douglas, . 

226,778 

740,268 

701,510 

74,726 

967,046 

776,238 

Dudley,  . 

246,334 

799,945 

1,336,909 

117,062 

1,046,279 

1,453,971 

Fitchburg, 

2,990,867 

9,527,875 

5,827,391 

201,799 

12,518,742 

6,029,190 

Gardner, . 

600,016 

1,481,175 

897,291 

73,644 

2,081,191 

970,935 

Grafton,  . 

593,160 

1,292,323 

860,058 

179,259 

1,885,483 

1,039,317 

Hard  wick, 

312,975 

732,540 

96,496 

219,569 

1,045,515 

316,063 

Harvard, . 

183,809 

691,259 

37,900 

223,892 

875,068 

261,792 

Holden,   . 

191,245 

788,865 

582,360 

142,410 

980,110 

724,770 

Hubbardston, 

187,806 

715,370 

114,787 

132,535 

903,176 

247,322 

Lancaster, 

1,368,453 

747,256 

184,200 

142,003 

2,115,709 

326,203 

Leicester, 

887,842 

1,076,999 

1,569,454 

107,502 

1,964,841 

1,676,956 

Leominster, 

799,940 

3,138,567 

2,069,192 

238,311 

3,938,507 

2,307,503 

Lunenburg, 

108,809 

671,572 

63,063 

182,283 

780,381 

245,346 

Mendon,  . 

191,423 

484,639 

107,537 

108,600 

676,062 

216,137 

Milford,   . 

1,231,240 

3,838,623 

4,199,986 

225,880 

5,069,863 

4,425,866 

Millbury, 

771,485 

1,746,633 

1,937,797 

118,401 

2,518,118 

2,056,198 

New  Braintree, 

112,080 

359,950 

25,041 

183,440 

472,030 

208,481 

Korthborough, 

425,278 

811,165 

197,450 

161,252 

1,236,443 

358,702 

Northbridge,  . 

758,535 

1,062,252 

1,521,072 

115,330 

1,820,787 

1,636,402 

North  Brookfield, 

608,440 

1,237,235 

2,059,375 

119,945 

1,845,675 

2,179,320 

Oakham, . 

59,367 

295,375 

47,831 

99,478 

354,742 

147,309 

Oxford,    . 

442,912 

1,015,570 

1,207,578 

145,936 

1,458,482 

1,353,514 

APPENDIX. 


29'; 


Vahiation  and  Products  for  the  Year  endinrj  May  i,  1875 — Con. 


CoDNTiEs,  Cities  and 
Towns. 

"3 

"S 

§  2 

3     en 

> 

Products  of  Man- 
ufactures   and 
fisheries. 

Products  of  Ag- 
riculture    and 
Mining. 

1 
a 
> 

3 

o 

o 

S 

t 
n 

o 

Worcester  Co.— Con. 

Fasten 

$86,298 

$237,185 

$215,298 

$69,610 

$323,483 

$284,908 

Petersham, 

149,011 

517,259 

31,961 

166,605 

666,270 

198,566 

Phillipston, 

72,604 

241,090 

31,290 

90,246 

313,694 

121,536 

Princeton, 

183,123 

737,521 

66,941 

165,530 

920,644 

232,471 

Royalston, 

206,061 

483,045 

223,850 

94,792 

689,106 

318,642 

Rutland,  . 

79,087 

438,430 

85,678 

123,339 

5^7,517 

209,017 

Shrewsbury, 

389,240 

738,080 

461,732 

166,302 

1,127,320 

628,034 

Southborongh 

331,140 

1,073,127 

442,950 

197,363 

1,404,267 

640,313 

Southbridge, 

1,025,809 

1,923,825 

3,569,438 

160,908 

2,949,694 

3,730,346 

Spencer,  . 

894,302 

1,710,725 

2,935,573 

189,162 

2,605,027 

3,124,735 

Sterling,  . 

225,935 

847,733 

167,622 

195,178 

1,073,668 

362,800 

Sturbridge,      . 

317,067 

826,970 

669,554 

150,111 

1,144,037 

819,665 

Sutton,     . 

440,734 

977,635 

758,157 

210,073 

1,418,369 

968,230 

Templeton,     . 

255,743 

873,223 

706,521 

94,312 

1,128,966 

800,833 

Upton,     . 

241,897 

636,613 

927,996 

103,429 

878,510 

1,031,425 

Uxbridge, 

635,113 

1,204,990 

1,029,099 

240,570 

1,840,103 

1,269,669 

Warren,  . 

511,587 

1,296,950 

1,493,150 

194,283 

1,808,537 

1,687,433 

Webster, 

684,400 

1,243,655 

3,186,797 

71,898 

1,928,055 

3,258,695 

Westborough, 

560,510 

1,904,854 

2,381,763 

247,827 

2,465,373 

2,629,590 

West  Boylston, 

278,945 

789,840 

849,171 

105,072 

1,068,785 

954,243 

West  Brookfield,    . 

220,626 

610,402 

647,305 

125,971 

831,028 

773,276 

Westminster,  . 

170,195 

659,000 

212,660 

141,713 

829,195 

354,373 

Winchendon,  . 

603,679 

1,587,210 

1,085,222 

88,948 

2,190,889 

1,174,170 

Worcester, 

11,250,881 

38,016,200 

23,496,767 

476,146 

49,267,081 

23,972,913 

38 


298 


CENSUS   OE   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Valuation  and  Products  for  the  Year  ending  May  1,  1875 — Concluded. 


EECAPITULATION   BY    COUNTIES. 


CODNTIES. 

£  I 

<»    o. 

2  2 

.2  ^ 
«    S 

1  i 
> 

■s  « 

> 

Products  of  Man- 
ufactures   and 
Fisheries. 

Products  of  Ag- 
riculture    and 
Mining. 

1 

a 

> 

a 
o 
E-i 

7i 

3 
•O 
O 

*-4 

3 

o 

H 

.  The  State,  . 

$529,701,380 

$1,310,551,321 

$600,016,678 

$43,461,599 

$1,840,252,701 

$643,478,277 

Barnstable, 

6,576,155 

8,808,209 

3,410,970 

619,662 

15,384,364 

4,030,632 

Berkshire,  . 

11,577,086 

25,882,430 

21,015,328 

3,828,975 

37,459,516 

24,844,303 

Bristol, 

42,783,567 

71,643,158 

53,171,012 

2,911,251 

114,426,725 

56,082,263 

Dukes, 

614,103 

2,706,732 

152,256 

155,242 

3,320,835 

307,498 

Essex, 

53,506,329 

112,135,305 

96,700,998 

4,490,328 

165,641,634 

101,191,326 

Franklin,    . 

3,849,795 

12,729,640 

5,301,874 

3,418,995 

16,579,435 

8,720,869 

Hampden,  . 

18,057,202 

57,576,840 

35,692,824 

3,546,183 

75,634,042 

39,239,007 

Hampshire, 

7,261,049 

18,888,576 

10,797,556 

3,833,484 

26,149,625 

14,631,040 

Middlesex, 

70,508,724 

224,709,488 

103,085,248 

7,085,550 

295,218,212 

110,170,798 

Kantucket, 

1,348,112 

1,000,157 

213,303 

107,923 

2,348,269 

321,226 

Norfolk,     . 

28,713,307 

63,202,592 

26,966,620 

2,087,539 

91,915,899 

29,054,159 

Plymouth, . 

9,962,517 

28,096,879 

20,739,791 

2,128,533 

38,059,396 

22,868,324 

Suffolk, 

237,388,569 

578,134,152 

141,025,191 

497,300 

815,522,721 

141,522,491 

Worcester, 

37,554,865 

105,037,163 

81,743.707 

8,750,634 

142,592,028 

90,494,341 

The  total  products  for  1875  are  shown  to  be,  in  currency,  as  fol- 
lows : — 


Manufactures  and  fisheries, 
Agriculture  and  mining, 

Aggregate,      . 

For  1865  :— 
Manufiictures  and  fishei'ies, 
Agi'iculture  and  mining, 

Aggregate,      . 


.    1600,016,678 
43,461,699 

.    $643,478,277 


.    $444,524,353 
51,149,576 

.     $495,673,929 


These  .values  should  be  reduced  to  a  gold  basis,  in  both  years,  in 
order  to  be  of  any  service  in  comparison,  as  values.     Of  course,  the 


APPENDIX.  299 

only  true  comparison  in  products  must  be  by  quantity  produced,  and 
this  has  been  done,  as  far  as  the  returns  in  former  years  would  permit, 
in  the  appropriate  place  in  Part  II.,  mider  PrindjMl  Manufactures 
for  1845,  1855,  1865  and  1875,  and  in  Part  III.,  imdev  Fnncipal 
Products  for  the  same  years.  On  a  gold  basis  of  values,  the  products 
of  the  State  for  1875  and  1865  were  as  follows  : — 

For  1875  :— 

Manufactures  and  fisheries, $535,729,176 

Agriculture  and  mining, 38,804:,999 

Aggregate, $574,534,175 

For  1865  :— 

Manufactures  and  fisheries, $283,136,530 

Agriculture  and  mining, 32,579,347 

Aggregate, $315,715,877 

From  this  it  is  seen  that  a  gain  of  $258,818,298,  or  82  per  cent, 
on  a  gold  basis,  has  been  made  in  the  productions  of  the  State  since 
1865.  The  population,  in  the  same  time,  increased  from  1,267,030 
to  1,651,912,  a  gain  of  384,882,  or  30.38  per  cent.  The  proportion 
of  property,  real  and  personal,  according  to  valuation,  to  products, 
was  as  3  to  1  in  1875,  and  as  2  to  1  in  1865. 


300 


CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


Aggregates  of  Polls,  Valuation,  Taxes,  Houses,  Horses,  Cows,  Sheep  and 
Taxable  Land  during  Fifteen  Years — 1861  to  1875.  [From  returns  of 
Assessors.] 


DATE. 


£ 


o 
Ph 

R 
o 

a 


H 


0)   (S 

!> 


a 

en 


3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 


May  1,  1861, 
May  1,  1862, 
May  1,  1863, 
May  1,  1864, 
May  1,  1865, 
May  1,  1866, 
May  1,  1867, 
May  1,  1868, 
May  1,  1869, 
May  1,  1870, 
May  1,  1871, 
May  1,  1872, 
May  1,  1873, 
May  i,  1874, 
May  i,  1875, 


280,885 
276,443 
275,758 
281,220 
287,655 
306,993 
315,742 
332,759 
337,043 
357,339 
374,079 
396,784 
408,131 
414,800 
417,788 


$455,333 
564,796 
567,360 
574,274 
607,528 
641,413 
664,120 
696,179 
722,088 
757,734 
782,753 
825,250 
854,250 
875,486 
873,108 


$309,397,669 
315,311,213 
343,500,267 
324,584,847 
386,079,955 
430,272,298 
457,728,296 
469,775,322 
603,085,988 
616,089,535 
506,154,883 
565,294,622 
637,388,751 
642,292,402 
529,701,380 


$552,087,749 

543,669,113 

553,650,716 

677,298,256 

605,761,946 

651,043,703 

708,165,117 

750,723,617 

838,083,415 

901,037,841 

991,196,803 

1,131,305,347 

1,226,041,239 

1,289,308,763 

1,310,551,321 


APPENDIX. 


301 


Aggregates  of  Polls,  Valuation,  Taxes,  Houses,  Horses,  Cows,  Sheep  and 
Taxable  Land  during  Fifteen  Tears — 1861  to  1875.  [From  returns  of 
Assessors.] 


§■ 

"3 
> 

-s 

"S 

H 

Total   tax    for    State, 
County,     City     and 
Town  purposes,  in- 
cluding Highway  tax. 

to 

a 

1 

« 

o   . 

..  s 

o   s 

3  W 

V 

2 

o 

O 

1 

3 

a 
z 

3 

o 

.a 
"S 

s 

"S 

o 

<    . 

•a 

1  i 
'A 

$861,547,583 

$7,600,501 

178,194 

88,299 

149.090 

81,110 

4,062,035 

1 

858,980,326 

8,605,511 

178,450 

87,478 

151,756 

137,478 

4,397,363 

2 

897,150,983 

10,599,097 

183,528 

89,228 

158,905 

150,922 

4,383,103 

3 

901,883,103 

12,876,850 

185,232 

91,862 

155,043 

169,513 

4,410,805 

4 

991,841,901 

16,800,332 

188,005 

89,750 

145,801 

160,997 

4,431,554 

5 

1,081,316,001 

15,694,039 

190,439 

95,154 

145,914 

157,588 

4,426,000 

6 

1,165,893,413 

19,104,074 

195,388 

97,244 

144,561 

137,352 

4,429,954 

7 

1,220,498,939 

16,056,193 

200,267 

99,978 

151,141 

140,359 

4,412,186 

8 

1,341,069,403 

20,007,863 

207,027 

103,113 

155,830 

112,047 

4,461,574 

9 

1,417,127,376 

21,922,569 

214,371 

107,198 

161,185 

87,061 

4,438,549 

10 

1,497,351,686 

22,063,946 

224,333 

112,782 

162,172 

65,565 

4,447,087 

11 

1,696,599,969 

22,911,883 

233,787 

116,719 

158,304 

58,534 

4,453,968 

12 

1,763,429,990 

25,153,399 

243,290 

123,290 

151,033 

55,642 

4,451,137 

13 

1,831,601,165 

28,700,605 

249,738 

127,601 

147,359 

60,228 

4,467,066 

14 

1,840,252,701 

27,712,396 

256,814 

129,969 

149,765 

58,595 

4,454,362 

15 

302  CENSUS   OF  MASS.  — 1875.      COMPEOTDIUM. 


NOTES 

On  Incorporation  of  Counties,  Cities  and  Towns  ;  Unusual  Changes  in  Population, 
with  causes  for  same,  etc.  ;  Changes  in  Town  Names,  Boundaries,  etc. 


[Loss  or  gain  means  loss  or  gain  by  the  censxis  of  1875,  in  comparison  with  that  of  1865. 
This  is  not  given  unless  it  is  unusual,  and  seems  to  be  called  for  by  special  reasons. 

The  date  after  the  name  of  a  town  or  city  is  the  date  of  incorporation.  These  dates  are  taken 
from  an  abstract  of  the  U.  S.  Census  of  1860,  prepared  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of 
State  of  Massachusetts.  The  dates  of  incorporation  of  towns  or  cities  established  since  then,  or 
of  changes  in  area,  boundary  lines,  etc.,  are  from  other  official  sources.] 


BARNSTABLE    COUNTY. 

[Incorporated  June  2,  1685.    Loss,  2,466;  general  cause,  depression  in  the  fisheries.] 

Barnstable. — Sept.  3,  1639.  The  decline  in  commerce,  especially  in  the  coasting  business, 
has  caused  a  loss  of  over  600. 

Brewster. — Feb.  9,  1803,  from  northerly  part  of  Harwich.  Part  of  Harwich  also  annexed  to 
Brewstei-,  June  21,  1811.    Loss,  over  200 ;  by  removals  to  seek  better  business  facilities. 

Chatham. — June  11,  1712.  Boundary  line  between  it  and  Orleans,  and  between  it  and  Har- 
wich, changed  in  1862.  The  beach  in  front  of  Chatham  has  been  washed  away  in  recent  years, 
compelling  fishing-vessels  to  seek  other  ports.  This,  in  connection  with  the  fact  that  the  town  is 
so  far  from  the  railroad  as  to  interfere  with  getting  shell-fish,  etc.,  to  market  readily,  has  caused 
a  loss  of  nearly  400. 

Dennis. — June  19,  1793.    Out  of  the  East  Precinct  of  Yarmouth. 

Eastham. — June  2,  1646.  The  young  men  do  not  go  to  sea  as  much  as  formerly,  but  seek 
employment  in  large  towns ;  hence  the  population  declines. 

Falmouth.— June  4,  1686.    Part  of  Marshpee  District  annexed  March  17,  1841. 

Harwich. — Sept.  14,  1694.    See  Brewster  and  Chatham. 

Mashpee. — May  28,  1870.  Plantation  of  Marshpee  incorporated  June  14,  1763.  Parts  of  it 
afterwards  annexed  to  Falmouth  and  Sandwich,  which  see.  Incorporated  as  District  of  Marsh- 
pee, March  31,  1834.    The  interest  in  raising  cranberries  helps  the  prospects  of  Mashpee. 

Orleans. — March  3,  1797.  Southerly  part  of  Eastham.  Part  of  Eastham  annexed  to 
Orleans,  March  9,  1839.  Boundary  line  between  it  and  Eastham  defined  March  23,  1867. 
See  Chatham.    Same  causes  which  affect  other  Cape  towns  result  in  loss  of  over  200. 

Provincetown. — June  14, 1727.  From  Cape  Cod  Precinct.  Parts  of  Truro  annexed  June  12, 
1813,  March  2,  1829,  and  March  30,  1836.  The  building  of  a  railroad  to  Provincetown  has  tended 
to  stimulate  the  growth  of  the  town. 

Sandwich. — Sept.  3, 1639.  Part  of  Plantation  of  Marshpee  annexed  Feb.  26,  1811,  and  parts 
of  District  of  Marshpee,  April  1,  1859,  and  March  13,  1860.  See  Mashpee.  Loss  over  700,  caused 
largely  by  depression  in  the  manufacture  of  glass. 


APPENDIX.  303 

TiirRO.— July  16,  1709.  Boundary  line  between  Truro  and  Wellfleet  established  Feb.  22, 1837. 
See  Provmcetown.    Loss,  nearly  400;  from  general  depression  in  fisheries. 

Wellfleet. — June  16,  1763.    North  Precinct  of  Eastham.    See  Truro.    Loss,  about  300. 

Yarmouth. — Sept.  3,  1639.    See  Dennis. 

BEEKSHIEE    COUNTY. 

[Incorporated  April  24, 1761.    See  Hampshire  County.    Gain,  11,326 ;  principally  in  Adams  and  Pittsfield.] 

Adams. — Oct.  15,  1778.  East  Hoosuck.  See  Cheshire.  Gain,  7,462  over  8,298 ;  by  the  devel- 
opment of  manufactures. 

Alford. — Feb.  16,  1773.  "Westerly  part  of  Great  Barrington.  Part  of  latter  annexed  Feb.  18, 
1819.    See  Egremont.  o 

Becket. — June  21,  1765.  Old  "  No.  4."  Several  grants  of  land  annexed  to  Becket,  Feb.  3, 
1798.  Part  of  Loudon  (Bethlehem  District)  annexed  to  Becket,  March  1,  1810.  See  Otis  in  this 
county  and  Middlejield  in  Hampshire. 

Cheshire. — March  14,  1793.  From  parts  of  Lanesborough,  Windsor,  Adams  and  New  Ash- 
ford.  Part  of  New  Ashford  annexed  to  Cheshire,  Feb.  6,  1798.  See  Windsor.  The  stoppage  of 
a  cotton  fiictory  about  the  time  of  taking  the  Census,  and  the  breaking  up  of  a  settlement  of  wood- 
choppers  and  sand-diggers,  for  furnace,  caused  many  families  to  leave  town,  consequently  the 
town  shows  no  growth  in  population.    The  check  is  probably  temporary. 

Clarksburg.— March  2,  1798.  From  a  gore  of  unincorporated  land  lying  north  of  Adams. 
See  Florida. 

Dalton.— March  20,  1784.  Part  of  Windsor  annexed  Feb.  28, 1795.  Gain,  622  over  1,137; 
caused  by  rebuilding  four  paper  mills  and  one  woollen  mill,  burned  some  years  ago. 

Egremont.— Feb.  13,  1760.  From  lands  lying  west  of  Sheffield.  Boundary  line  between 
Egremont  and  Alford  established  Feb.  6, 1790.  Parts  of  Sheffield  annexed  to  Egremont,  Feb.  22, 
1790,  and  Feb.  16,  1824 ;  and  part  of  Mt.  Washington,  June  17,  1817.  Boundary  line  between 
Egremont  and  Sheffield  established  1869.    See  Mt.  Washington. 

Florida. — June  15,  1805.  From  Bcrnardston's  Grant  and  a  part  of  Bullock's  Grant,  unincor- 
porated lands.  Part  of  Clarksburg  annexed  to  Florida,  May  2,  1848.  Apparent  loss,  601. 
Population  in  1855  was  612;  in  1865,  1,173;  while  in  1875  it  dropped  to  572.  These  extreme 
variations  were  caused  by  the  work  on  the  Hoosac  Tunnel.  It  being  nearly  completed  when  the 
Census  was  taken,  in  1875,  the  workmen,  a  large  proportion  of  whom  lived  in  Florida  during  the 
work,  left,  and  the  town  resumed.its  former  position  as  to  population. 

Great  Barrington.— June  30,  1761.  North  Parish  of  Sheffield.  See  Alford.  Owing  to  the 
idleness  of  an  iron  furnace  usually  employing  a  large  number  of  men,  the  population  of  this  town 
is  several  hundred  less  than  it  probably  would  have  been,  as  the  men  thus  thrown  out  of 
employment  have  left  town  with  their  families.  A  brick  yard  and  a  flock  mill  are  also  unoccu- 
pied, while  the  woollen  and  cotton  mills  employ  smaller  forces  than  usual. 

Hancock.— July  2,  1776.  See  New  Ashford.  Loss  207.  Owing  to  depression  in  the  iron  busi- 
ness, the  demand  for  charcoal,  in  the  manufacture  of  which  this  town  is  largely  interested,  has 
been  very  small.    This  has  caused  the  removal  of  many  families. 

Hinsdale.— June  21,  1804.  Westerly  Parish  of  Partridgefield  [Peru].  The  stoppage  of  three 
woollen  mills,  early  in  1875,  compelled  large  numbers  of  people  to  leave ;  otherwise  Hinsdale 
would  have  shown  a  handsome  increase. 

Lanesborough. — June  21, 1765.  New  Framingham.  See  Cheshire.  This  to\^^l  has,  by  the 
stoppage  of  a  furnace  and  a  glass  factory,  lost  slightly  since  1870. 

Lee. — Oct.  21,  1777.  From  the  south-westerly  part  of  Washington,  north-easterly  part  of 
Great  Barrington,  the  Glass  Works  Grant,  and  part  of  Williams'  Grant.    See  Lenox. 


SOtt  CENSUS   OP   MASS.  — 1875.      COMPENDIUM. 

Lenox. — Feb.  26, 1767.  East  part  of  Richmond.  Parts  of  Washington  annexed  to  Lenox, 
Jan.  31,  1795,  and  Feb.  18, 1802.    Boundary  line  between  Lenox  and  Lee  established  Feb.  7, 1820. 

Monterey. — April  12,  1847.  Part  of  Tyringham.  Part  of  New  Marlborough  annexed  to 
Monterey,  May  24,  1851.    Part  of  Sandisfield  annexed  April  24,  1875. 

Mt.  "Washington. — June  21,  1779.  Taconic  Mountain.  Part  of  Egremont  annexed  to  Mt. 
Washington,  June  17, 1817.    Boundary  line  established  March  12,  1847.    See  Egremont. 

New  Ashfoed. — Feb.  26,  1781,  as  a  district,  and  as  a  town,  May  1,  1836.  Part  of  Hancock 
annexed  to  New  Ashford,  June  26,  1798.    See  Cheshire. 

New  Marlborough. — June  15,  1759.  Old  "  No.  2."  Parts  of  Sheffield  annexed  to  New 
Marlborough,  June  10,  1795,  and  Feb.  7,  1798,  and  April  19,  1871,  and  part  of  Tyringham,  Feb. 
27,  1811.    See  Monterey  and  Tyringham. 

Otis.— June  13,  1810.  Town  of  Loudon  and  District  of  Bethlehem  united  as  the  to\\Ti  of 
Loudon,  June  19,  1809,  and  the  name  changed  to  Otis,  June  13,  1810.  Part  of  East  (unincor- 
porated land)  annexed  to  Otis,  and  part  to  Sandisfield,  April  9,  1838.  Loss,  101 ;  by  the  burning 
of  an  iron  furnace  and  shutting  down  of  a  tannery 

Peru. — July  4,  1771,  under  the  name  of  Partridgefield.    Name  changed  to  Peru,  June  19,  1806. 

Pittsfield. — April  21,  1761.  Increase  has  been  steady,  but  the  shutting  down  of  two  woollen 
mills  and  one  paper  mill  the  year  before  the  census  made  the  number  of  the  population  smaller 
than  it  otherwise  would  have  been. 

Richmond. — June  21,  1765.  Yokum  and  Mount  Ephraim.  Name  changed  from  Richmont 
in  1785.  Boundary  line  between  Richmond  and  West  Stockbridge  established  March  24,  1834. 
See  Lenox. 

Sandisfield.— March  6,  1762.  Old  "No.  3."  District  of  Southfieid  united  with  Sandisfield, 
Feb.  8,  1819.  Portion  of  boundary  between  Sandisfield  and  Tolland  defined  May  4,  1853.  See 
Otis.    Part  of  Sandisfield  annexed  to  Monterey,  April  24,  1875. 

Savoy.— Feb.  20,  1797.  Old  "  No.  6."  Loss,  136 ;  owing  to  depression  in  iron  and  lime  busi- 
ness in  adjoining  towns,  which  furnished  employment  to  many  persons  in  Savoy. 

Sheffield. — June  22, 1733.    See  Egremont  and  New  Marlborough, 

Stockbridge. — June  22,  1739.  Housatonnuc  or  Housetonick.  Boundary  line  between  Stock- 
bridge  and  West  Stockbridge  changed  Feb.  6,  1830.    See  West  Stockbridge. 

Tyringham. — March  6,  1762.  Old  "No.  1."  Part  of  New  Marlborough  annexed  to  Tyring- 
ham, Feb.  11,  1812.    See  Neic  Marlborough  and  Monterey.    Loss,  133 ;  from  failure  of  paper  mills. 

Washington. — April  12,  1777.  See  Egremont,  Middlefield  aaA  Lenox.  Loss,  256;  resulting 
from  inclination  to  change ;  no  special  cause. 

West  Stockbridge. — Feb.  23,  1774.  West  part  of  Stockbridge.  Gore  of  land  annexed  to 
West  Stockbridge,  March  2,  1793.  Part  of  Stockbrtdge  annexed  to  West  Stockbridge,  Feb.  12, 
1824.    See  Richmond  and  Stockbridge. 

WiLLiAMSTOWN. — Juuc  21 ,  1765.  West  Hoosuck.  A  tract  of  unincorporated  land,  bounded 
west  by  State  of  New  York.  Annexed  to  Williamstown,  April  9,  1838.  Gain,  1,128  over  2,555; 
by  establishment  of  Williamstown  Manufacturing  Company. 

Windsor. — July  2,  1771.  Gageborough,  or  old  "No.  4."  Part  of  Cheshire  annexed  to 
Windsor,  Feb.  26,  1794.  See  Cheshire  and  Dalton.  Loss  129.  Population  gradually  decreases. 
This  town  was  formerly  on  direct  stage  line;  now  it  is  so  far  from  the  railroad  as  to  seriously 
injure  its  interests. 


APPENDIX.  305 


BRISTOL    COUNTY. 

[Incorporated  June  21, 16S5.    Gain,  41,692;  largely  in  cities  and  chief  towns,  from  the  unusual  development 

of  manufacturing  interests.] 

AcusHNET. — Feb.  13,  1860.  Northerly  part  of  Fairhaven.  Part  of  Acushnet  annexed  to  New- 
Bedford,  April  9,  1875,    Loss,  192;  from  loss  of  territory  as  above. 

Attleborough. — Oct.  19,  1694.  Boundary  line  between  it  and  Wrentham  established  Feb. 
18, 1819.  Gain,  3,024  over  6,200 ;  from  the  development  of  the  manufactm-e  of  jewelry ;  increase 
also  aided  by  building  North  Attleborough  Branch  Railroad. 

Berkley. — April  18,  1735.  From  parts  of  Taunton  and  Dighton.  Part  of  Dighton  annexed 
to  Berkley,  Fell.  26,  1799,  and  parts  of  Taunton,  Feb.  6,  1810,  and  March  3,  1842.  See  Freetoim. 
There  arc  no  manufactures  here,  and  Taunton  draws  the  young  men  on  account  of  her  facilities 
for  business ;  hence  Berkley  loses  gradually. 

Dartmouth. — June  8,  1664.  Boundary  line  between  it  and  Westport  changed  Feb.  20,  1828. 
See  Westjiort. 

Dighton. — May  30,  1712.  South  Precinct  of  Taimton.  Wellington  set  off  from  north  part  of 
Dighton,  June  9,  1814.  Boundary  between  Dighton  and  Wellington  established  Feb.  12,  1824. 
Wellington  and  Dighton  united  as  one  town,  Feb.  22,  1826,  and  March  3,  1827.  See  Berkley, 
Somerset  and  Freetown.  The  shutting  down  of  a  thread  mill  has  tended  to  a  slight  deci'ease  in 
population. 

Easton.— Dec.  21,  1725.    Part  of  Norton. 

Fairhatex. — Feb.  22,  1812.  Easterly  part  of  New  Bedford.  Part  of  Freetown  annexed  to 
Fairhaven,  June  15,  1815.    See  Acushnet  in  this  county,  and  Rochester  in  Plymouth. 

Fall  River. — Feb.  26,  1803.  Southerly  part  of  Freetown.  Name  of  Fall  River  changed  to 
Troy,  June  18,  1804.  Name  of  Troy  changed  to  Fall  River,  Feb.  12,  1834.  Incorporated  as  a 
city,  April  12,  1854.  Part  of  Fall  River,  R.  I.,  annexed  to  Fall  River,  Mass.,  1861.  See  Free- 
town  and  Tawtucket.  Gain,  27,859  over  17,481  population  in  1865,  or  159-f  per  cent.;  primary 
cause,  development  of  the  manuftxcture  of  textile  fabrics.  Annexation  of  territory  has  tended 
to  the  general  result  by  furnishing  room  for  increased  population  within  the  city  limits. 

Freetoavx. — July,  1683.  The  Free  Men's  land  at  Fall  River.  Centre  of  main  ship  channel 
in  Taunton  Great  River  established  as  boundary  line  of  Berkley,  Dighton,  Freetown,  Fall  River 
and  Somerset,  March  17,  1847.  See  Fairhaven  and  Fall  River.  Loss,  about  100 ;  from  proximity 
to  business  attractions. 

Mansfield. — April  26,  1770.    North  Precinct  of  Norton. 

New  Bedford. — Feb.  23,  1787.  Easterly  part  of  Dartmouth.  Part  of  Dartmouth  annexed 
to  New  Bedford,  March  20,  1845.  Incorporated  as  a  city,  March  9,  1847.  Act  accepted  March 
18,  1847.  Part  of  Acushnet  annexed  to  New  Bedford,  April  9,  1875.  See  Dartmouth  and  Fair- 
haven. Gain,  about  5,000  over  20,853.  The  decline  of  the  whaling  business  has  materially  inter- 
fered with  the  growth  of  New  Bedford.  On  the  other  hand,  the  erection  of  the  Potomska  Mills 
has  to  some  extent  offset  this,  and  assisted  in  the  continued  prosperity  of  the  city. 

Norton. — June  12,  1711.  North  Precinct  of  Taunton.  See  Easton  and  Mansfield.  Loss,  114, 
resulting  mainly  from  the  burning  of  the  Norton  Furnace  Company's  Works,  and  the  Norton 
Steam  Power  Company's  Works. 

Raynham. — April  2,  1731.  Part  of  Taunton.  Boundary  between  Raynham  and  Taunton 
established  Feb.  27,  1866.    Stagnation  in  shoe  and  iron  business  has  reduced  the  population  181 . 

Rehoboth. — June  4, 1645.  See  Seekonk.  The  closing  of  two  cotton  mills  early  in  1875,  before 
the  census  was  taken,  operated  against  an  increase  in  this  town,  which  would  otherwise  have 
been  realized. 

39 


30G  CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1ST5.       COMPENDIUIM. 

Seekonk. — Feb.  26, 1812.  Westerly  part  of  Rehoboth.  Part  of  Seekonk  annexed  to  Rhode 
Island,  1861. 

Somerset. — Feb.  20, 1790.  Part  of  Swansea.  Part  of  Dighton  annexed  to  Somerset,  April 
4, 1854.    See  Freetown. 

Swansea. — Oct.  30,  1667.    See  Somerset. 

Taunton. — Sept.  3,  1639.  Incorporated  as  a  city,  May  13,  1864.  See  LaJceville  (in  Plymouth 
County),  also  Raynham  and  Berkley.  Gain,  4,440  over  16,005;  from  natural  growth.  The 
burning  of  the  Taunton  Car  Company's  Works,  removal  of  American  Screw  Company's  Works 
to  Providence,  R.  I.,  the  depression  in  the  iron  and  brick  business,  are  causes  which  have  pre- 
vented a  large  increase  in  population. 

Westport.— July  2,  1787.  Parts  of  Dartmouth  annexed  to  Westport,  Feb.  28, 1785,  Feb.  25, 
1793,  and  March  4,  1805.  Part  of  Portsmouth,  R.  I.,  annexed  to  Westport  in  1861.  See  Dart- 
mouth. 

DUKES    COUNTY. 

[Incorporated  November  1, 1683.    Loss,  129.] 

Chilmark. — Oct.  30,  1714.  Manor  of  Tisbuiy.  In  1820  this  town  included  the  Elizabeth 
Islands.  Boundary  between  Chilmark  and  the  Indians  of  Gay  Head  established  March  9,  1855. 
See  Gay  Head  and  Gosnold. 

Edgartown. — July  8,  1671.  Boundary  line  between  Edgartown  and  Tisbury  established 
Feb.  5,  1830 ;  also  April  23,  1862. 

Gat  Head.— April  30,  1870.    Part  of  Chilmark. 

Gosnold. — March  17, 1864.    That  part  of  Chilmark  known  as  Elizabeth  Islands. 

TiSBURY. — July  8,  1671.  In  1810  Tisbury  included  the  Elizabeth  Islands.  See  Chilmark  and 
Edgartoion.  Loss,  173,  partly  from  removals  to  Oak  Bluffs,  in  Edgartown,  where  employment  has 
been  more  readily  obtained,  and  partly  from  the  fact  that  the  deaths  have  in  ten  years  past 
exceeded  the  births  by  75. 

ESSEX    COUNTY. 

[Incorporated  May  10,  1643.    Gain,  52,308 ;  general  cause,  development  of  manufactures.] 

Amesbury. — April  29,  1668.  New  Salisbury,  or  Salisbury  Newtown,  a  part  of  Salisbury. 
Pai't  of  Salisljury  annexed  to  Amesbury,  March  15,  1844.  See  Merrimac.  Loss,  365 ;  occasioned 
by  incorporation  of  town  of  Merrimac  from  west  part  of  Amesbury,  April  11,  1876;  otherwise 
Amesbury  would  show  a  gain  of  1,806. 

Andover. — May  6,  1646.  See  NortJi  Andover,  Middleton  and  Latorence.  Loss,  217 ;  by  the 
closing  up  of  the  Whipple  File  and  Steel  Works  at  Ballardvale. 

Beverly. — Oct.  14,  1668.    Bass  River.    See  Danvers. 

BoxFORD. — Aug.  12,  1685.  Rowley  Village.  Part  of  Rowley  annexed  to  Boxford,  June  10, 
1808,  and  part  of  Ipswich,  March  7,  1846.  Boundary  between  Boxford  and  Rowley  estabhshed 
June  18,  1825.    See  Groveland  and  Middleton. 

Bradford. — 1675.    Men-imac.    See  Groveland  and  Newbury. 

Danvers. — June  16,  1757.  Village  and  Middle  parishes  of  Salem.  Boundary  between 
Danvers  and  Salem  changed  March  17,  1810.  May  18,  1855,  Danvers  was  divided  into  two 
towns ;  that  part  known  as  North  Danvers  received  the  name  of  Danvers,  and  the  remaining 
portion  the  name  of  South  Danvers  (changed  to  Peabody,  April  13,  1868).  Boundary  line 
between  Danvers  and  South  Danvers  established  May  31,  1856.  Part  of  Beverly  annexed  to 
Danvers,  April  27,  1857. 

Essex.- Feb.  18, 1819.    Second  Parish  of  Ipswich. 


APPENDIX.  307 

Georgetown. — April  21,  1838.    New  Rowley.    Part  of  Rowley. 

Gloucester. — May  22,  1639.  Cape  Ann.  See  Rockport.  Incorporated  as  a  city,  April  28, 
1873.    Increase  in  the  fishing  business  has  stimulated  the  growth  of  Gloucester. 

Groveland. — March  8,  1850.  East  Parish  of  Bradford.  Part  of  Boxford  annexed  to  Grove* 
land,  March  21,  1856.    Gain,  465 ;  owing  largely  to  additions  made  by  Groveland  Mills  Company. 

Hamilton. — June  21,  1793.    Ipswich  Hamlet.    A  Parish  of  Ipswich. 

Haverhill. — 1645.  Haverhill  originally  included  a  large  part  of  the  territory  of  the  present 
towns  of  Salem,  Plalstow,  Atkinson  and  Hampstead  in  New  Hampshire,  and  Methuen  and  Law- 
rence in  Massachusetts.  Incorporated  as  a  city,  March  10,  1869.  See  Bradford.  Gain,  nearly 
4,000  over  10,740 ;  but  during  the  past  two  years  it  has  lost  probably  1,500  by  depression  in  shoe 
business. 

Ipswich. — August  5,  1634.    See  Boxford,  Essex  and  Hamilton. 

Lawrence. — April  17,  1847.  From  parts  of  Andover  and  Methuen.  Incorporated  as  a  city, 
March  21, 1853.  A  small  portion  of  Methuen  annexed  to  Lawrence,  April  4, 1854.  See  Haverhill. 
Gain,  13,218  over  21,698 ;  caused  in  a  large  degree  by  the  enterprise  of  the  manufacturers  of  Law- 
rence ;  the  building  of  Water  Works  has  also  done  considerable  to  enhance  the  growth  of  the 
city. 

Lynn. — Nov.,  1637.  Boundary  between  Lynn  and  Chelsea  defined  July  21, 1830.  Incorporated 
a  city,  April  10,  1850.  Gain,  11,853  over  20,747.  The  unusual  growth  of  the  shoe  business  of 
Lynn  is  the  prime  cause.  Like  all  manufacturing  places,  the  city  has  suffered  a  cheek  during 
the  past  two  or  three  years. 

Lynnfield. — July  3,  1782.  Set  off  from  Lynn,  July  3,  1782,  as  a  district.  Incorporated  as  a 
town,  Feb.  28,  1814.  Boundary  line  between  it  and  Reading  established  April  10,  1854.  Line 
between  it  and  Wakefield  defined  1870.    See  North  Reading. 

Manchester. — May  14,  1645.    Jeffry's  Creek. 

Marblehead. — May  2,  1649.    Marble  Harbor. 

Merrimac. — April  11,  1876.    From  west  part  of  Amesbury. 

Methuen. — Dec.  8, 1725.  Part  of  Haverhill.  Sqq  Lawre7ice  and  Haverhill.  Gain,  1,629  over 
2,576 ;  induced  by  activity  in  manufacturing. 

MiDDLETON.^June  20,  1728.    From  parts  of  Salem,  Topsfield,  Boxford  and  Andover. 

Nahant. — March  29.  1853.  Set  off  from  Lynn.  Gain,  453  over  a  population  of  313.  Many 
persons  who  were  formerly  summer  residents  have  become  permanent  settlers. 

Newbury. — May  6,  1635.  Boundary  line  between  it  and  Bradford  established  June  16,  1809. 
See  Newburyport  and  West  Newbury. 

Newburyport. — Jan.  28,  1764.  Part  of  Newbury.  Part  of  Newbury  annexed  to  Newbuiy- 
port,  April  17, 1851.    Incoi-porated  a  city,  April  17,  1851. 

North  Andover. — April  7, 1855.    North  Parish  of  Andover. 

Peabody. — May  18, 1855.    Formerly  South  Daavers.    Name  of  Peabody  given  April  13, 1868. 

Rockport.— Feb.  27, 1840.    Part  of  Gloucester. 

Rowley.— Sept.  4, 1639.    See  Boxford  and  Georgetown. 

Salem. — June  24,  1629.  Incorporated  as  a  city,  March  23,  1836.  Part  of  Salem  annexed  to 
Swampscott,  April  3,  1867.  See  Danvers,  Peabody  and  Middleton.  The  decay  of  the  commerce 
of  Salem,  with  decrease  in  the  tanning  and  currying  business,  the  jute  manufacture,  the  fishery 
business  and  in  some  other  industries,  has  interfered  materially  with  the  growth  of  Salem. 

Salisbury.— Oct.  7,  1640.    See  Amesbury. 


308  CEITSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1S75.       COMPENDIUM. 

Saugus.— Feb.  17, 1815.    Part  of  Lynn.    Part  of  Chelsea  annexed  to  Saugus,  Feb.  22, 1841. 
See  Lynn. 

SwAMPscoTT. — May  21,  1852.    Easterly  part  of  Lynn.    See  Salem. 

TopsFiELD. — Oct.  18,  1650.    New  Meadows.    See  Middleton. 

Wenham. — May  10,  1643.    Enon,  or  Salem  Village. 

West  Neavbuet. — June  14,  1820.    Formerly  Parsons.    Name  changed  Jane  14,  1820.    Par- 
sons a  part  of  Newbury.    Incorporated  Teh.  18,  1819. 

FKANKLIN    COUNTY. 

[Incorporated  June  24,  1811.    Gain,  2,356.] 
AsHFiELD. — June  21, 1765.    Iluntstown. 

Bernardstox. — March  6,  1762.  Falltown.  Part  of  Deerfield  annexed  to  Bemardston,  April 
14,  1838.    See  Leyden. 

BucKLAND. — April  14,  1779.  "  No  Town."  Part  of  Conway  annexed  to  Buckland,  April  14, 
1838.    Improvements  on  Troy  and  Greenfield  Railroad  stimulate  the  growth  of  this  town. 

Charlemont. — June  21,  1765.  Plantation  of  Charlemont.  Sec  Roroe,  Heath  and  Shelbxirne. 
Work  on  Troy  and  Greenfield  Railroad  increases  the  i^rosperity  of  Charlemont. 

CoLRAiN.— June  30,  1761. 

Conway. — June  16,  1767.  South-west  part  of  Deerfield.  Part  of  Deerfield  annexed  to  Conway, 
June  17,  1791.  Boundary  line  between  Conway,  Deerfield  and  Whatclj'  defined  June  21,  1811. 
See  Buckland.  A  few  months  prior  to  the  census,  about  forty  people  died  in  this  town  from 
diphtheria,  making  a  loss  in  population  for  five  years. 

Deerfield. — May  24,  1682.  See  Bemardston,  Comoay,  Shelburne  and  Whately.  The  removal 
of  the  John  Russell  Cutlery  Works  to  Turner's  Falls  has  interfered  with  the  anticipated  growth 
of  Deerfield.    Gain,  376  over  3,038. 

Erving.— April  17,  1838.  Erving's  Grant.  Part  of  Northfield— knoAvn  as  Hack's  Grant- 
annexed  to  Erving,  Feb.  10, 1860.    See  Neiv  Salem  and  Orange. 

Gill.— Sept.  28, 1793.  Easterly  part  of  Greenfield.  Part  of  Northfield  annexed  to  Gill,  Feb. 
28,  1795,  and  Great  Island,  in  Connecticut  River,  March  14,  1805. 

Greenfield. — June  9,  1753.    North-easterly  part  of  Deerfield.    See  Gill. 

Hawley.— Feb.  7,  1792.    Plantation  "  No.  7." 

Heath.— Feb.  14,  1785.    North-easterly  part  of  Charlemont. 

Leverett.— May  5,  1774.    Part  of  Sunderland. 

Leyden.— Feb.  22,  1809.    Part  of  Bemardston. 

Monroe. — Feb.  21,  1822.  From  a  part  of  Rowe  and  a  gore  of  unincorporated  land  north  of 
Florida. 

Montague.— Dec.  22,  1753.  North  Parish  of  Sunderland.  See  Wendell.  Gain,  1,806  over  a 
population  of  1,574;  caused  by  establishment  at  Turner's  Falls,  a  village  in  Montague,  of  large 
manufacturing  interests,  especially  cutlery.  Small  concerns  in  adjoining  towns  have  removed 
here  and  consolidated.  Montague  gains,  while  Greenfield,  Deerfield  and  some  other  towns  suffer 
by  the  changes.    The  increase  in  Montague  is  legitimate  and  permanent. 

New  Salem.— June  15,  1753.  Part  of  Shutesbury  annexed  to  New  Salem,  Feb.  20,  1824. 
Loss,  nearly  200 ;  owing  to  distance  from  railroad. 

Northfield.— Feb.  22,  1713.    See  Erving  and  Gill. 


APPENDIX.  309 

Orangp. — Feb.  24,  1810.  Parts  of  Erving's  Grant  and  New  Salem  annexed  to  Orange,  March 
16,  1837.  Boundary  Ijctweeu  Orange  and  Erving  established  Feb.  27,  18-11.  Gain,  588;  by 
development  of  manufactures. 

RowE.— Feb.  9,  1785.  Myrifield  and  several  tracts  of  land.  Part  of  Zoar,  in  Berkshire  County, 
annexed  to  Piowe,  and  part  to  Charlemont,  April  2,  1838.  See  Monroe.  The  building  of  the 
Troy  and  Greenfield  Railroad  lias  aided  Rowe,  in  population. 

SHELBt'ENE. — Juuc  21,  1768.  North-wcstcrly  part  of  Deerfleld.  Gore  of  unincorporated  land 
annexed  to  Shelburne  and  Charlemont,  March  19,  1793. 

Shutesbuet. — June  30,  1761.  Roadstown.  See  New  Salem.  Loss,  230  on  788.  No  special 
cause.    General  depression. 

Sunderland. — Nov.  12,  1714.    Swampfield.    See  Leverett  and  Montague. 

"Warwick. — Feb.  17,  1763.    Roxbury  Canada. 

"Wendell. — May  8,  1781.  Part  of  Shutesbury  and  Erving-shire.  Part  of  Montague  and  a 
gore  of  unincorporated  land  annexed  to  "Wendell,  Feb.  28,  1803. 

"Whatelt.— April  24,  1771.  North  part  of  Hatfield  (in  Hampshire  Comity).  Part  of  Deer- 
field  annexed  to  Whatcly,  March  5,  1810.  Boundary  line  between  Williamsl)urg  and  Whately 
establislicd  Feb.  2,  1849.  See  Comcay.  The  destruction  of  a  manufacturing  establishment  has 
given  Whatcly  a  temporary  checlc. 

HAMPDEN    COUNTY, 

[Incorporated  Feb.  20, 1812.    Gain,  29,734;  from  increased  manufacturing  facilities.] 

Agaavam. — May  17,  1855.  Part  of  West  Springfield, — the  parishes  of  Feeding  Hills  and 
Agawam. 

Blandford. — April  10,  1741.  Glasgow.  Boundary  line  between  Blandford  and  Chester  estab- 
lished Feb.  22,  1809,  and  June  13,  1810;  and  between  Blandford  and  Russell,  Feb.  22,  1809.  See 
Huntington  in  Hampshire. 

Brimfield. — July  14,  1731.    Loss,  115,  caused  by  destruction,  by  fire,  of  woollen  mill. 

Chester. — Oct.  31,  1765.  Murrayfield,  changed  to  Chester  in  1783.  See  Blandford  and  Tol- 
land in  this  county,  and  Huntington  and  Middlefield  in  Hampshire. 

Chicopee. — April  29, 1848.    Northerly  part  of  Springfield.    Business  enterprise  gives  Chicopee 
*a  steady  growth.    Gain,  nearly  3,000  over  7,577. 

Granville. — Jan.  25,  1754.  See  Tolland.  Loss,  127;  from  want  of  railroad  facilities  and  lack 
of  manufacturing. 

Holland. — July  5, 1785.  East  Parish  of  South  Brimfield.  Incorporated  as  a  district,  July  5, 
1785,  and  as  a  town.  May  1,  1836.    See  Wales. 

HoLTOKE. — March  14,  1850.  Part  of  "West  Springfield.  Incorporated  as  a  city,  April  7, 1873. 
Gain  on  5,648  population,  10,012,  or  187+  per  cent.,  the  largest  gain  in  any  city  in  the  State; 
owing  to  increased  manufacturiug  facilities,  extensive  works  by  Water  Power  Company  and 
general  business  enterprise. 

Longmeadow. — Oct.  17,  1783.    Second  Parish  of  Springfield. 

Ludlow. — Feb.  28,  1774.    Stony  Hill.    See  Springfield. 

MoNSON. — April  25,  1760.  Westerly  part  of  Brimfield.  Boundary  line  between  Monson  and 
Palmer  established  Feb.  8,  1828. 

Montgomery. — Nov.  28,  1780.  Easterly  part  of  "No.  5."  Part  of  Norwich  (now  Hunting- 
ton) and  Southampton  annexed  to  Montgomery,  March  6,  1792.    See  Russell. 


310  CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPEXDIUM. 

Palmer.— Jan.  30,  1752.  The  Elbows.  Part  of  Western  (now  Warren)  annixed  to  Palmer, 
Feb.  7,  1831.  See  Monson.  Gain,  1,492  over  3,080;  from  bnilding  a  large  cotton  mill  at  the  vil- 
lage of  Three  Rivers,  and  the  growth  of  the  Depot  Village  on  the  Boston  and  Albany  Railroad. 

Russell. — Feb.  25,  1792.  North-westerly  part  of  Westfield  and  part  of  Montgomery.  See 
Blandford. 

SouTHWiCK.— Nov.  17, 1770.    Southerly  part  of  Westfield. 

Springfield. — May  14,  1636,  as  a  town.  Boundary  between  Springfield  and  Ludlow  estab- 
lished June  5,  1830.  Incorporated  as  a  city,  April  12,  1852.  See  West  Springfield,  Wilbraham, 
Loyigmeadoio  and  Chicopee.  Gain,  9,018  over  22,035 ;  from  no  special  cause,  but  from  the  gradual 
growth  of  manufiicturing  establishments  and  the  ordinary,  legitimate  and  healthy  increase  of  a 
flourishing  inland  city. 

Tolland. — June  14,  1810.  West  Parish  of  Granville.  See  Sandisfield.  Distance  from  rail- 
road operates  to  cause  a  loss  of  population. 

Wales.— Sept.  18,  1762.  Incorporated  as  District  of  South  Brimfield,  Sept.  18,  1762.  As 
Town  of  Wales,  Feb.  20,  1828.  See  Holland.  Gain,  324  on  696 ;  from  the  increased  manufacture 
of  woollen  goods. 

Westfield. — May  19,  1669.  Boundary  line  between  Westfield  and  Southwick  changed 
March  20,  1837.  See  SoiithtcicJi,  Russell  and  West  Springfield.  Gain,  2,797  on  5,634;  owing  to 
the  beauty  and  healthfulness  of  the  to^vn  and  the  steady  employment  usually  furnished  by 
manufacturing  establishments. 

West  Springfield.— Feb.  23,  1774.  West  part  of  Springfield.  Part  of  Westfield  annexed 
March  3,  1802.  See  Agaioam  and  Hohjoke.  Gain,  1,639  on  2,100;  caused,  in  large  degree,  by 
removal  from  Springfield  to  West  Springfield  of  the  engine  houses  and  repair  shops  of  the 
Boston  and  Albany  Railroad. 

WiLBRAHAM.— June  15,  1763.  Fourth  Parish  of  Springfield.  A  tract  of  land  called  The 
Elbows  annexed  to  Wilbraham,  June  11,  1799- 


HAMPSHIEE    COUNTY. 
[Incorporated  May  7,  1662.    Gain,  5,552.] 

Amherst. — Feb.  13, 1759.  Second  Precinct  of  Hadley.  Parts  of  Hadley  annexed  to  Amherst, 
Feb.  28,  1811,  Feb.  18,  1812,  and  Feb.  17,  1814. 

Belchertown. — June  30,  1761.  Cold  Stream.  Sea  Enfield.  Loss,  321 ;  caused  partially  by 
burning  of  one  woollen  mill  and  one  paper  mill. 

Chesterfield. — June  11,1762.  NewHingham.  Part  of  Norwich  (now  Huntington)  annexed 
to  Chesterfield,  Feb.  22,  1794.  Boundary  between  Chesterfield  and  Goshen  established  Feb.  7, 
1797,  and  between  Chesterfield,  Goshen  and  Williamsburg,  Feb.  16,  1810.    See  Williamsburg. 

Cummington. — June  23, 1779.  East  part  of  "  No.  5,  W."  See  Plainfield.  Small  loss,  occa- 
sioned by  decline  in  the  manufacture  of  scythes,  and  by  the  transfer  of  some  parts  of  the  paper 
making  business  to  North  Adams. 

Easthampton. — June  17,  1785.  Parts  of  South  and  North  Hampton.  Incorporated  as  a  dis- 
trict, June  17,  1785,  and  as  a  town,  June  16,  1809.  Boundary  line  between  Easthampton  and 
Southampton  established  Feb.  1,  1828.  Changed  February  21,  1862.  Parts  of  Southampton 
annexed  to  Easthampton,  March  13,  1841,  and  April  4,  1850.  Boundary  line  between  Easthamp- 
ton and  Northampton  established  March  26,  1855.    See  Southampton  and  Westhampton. 

ENFiELD.^Feb.  16, 1816.    Parts  of  Greenwich- and  Belchertown. 

Goshen. — May  14,  1781.  From  a  gore  of  unincorporated  land,  called  Chesterfield  Gore,  and 
northerly  part  of  Chesterfield.    See  Chesterfield. 


APPENDIX.  311 

Granbt.— June  11,  1768.  Second  Parish  of  South  Hadley.  Part  of  South  Hadley  annexed 
to  Granby,  March  6,  1792.  Boundary  line  between  Granby  and  South  Hadley  changed  June  12, 
1824,  June  20,  1826,  and  June  16,  1827.  Loss,  96 ;  occasioned  principally  by  the  destruction  by 
fire,  in  1870,  of  a  woollen  mill. 

Greenwich.— April  20, 1754.    See  Dana,  Enfield  and  Petersham. 

Hadley.— May  22, 1661.  Boundary  line  between  Hadley  and  Amherst  chanjrcd  March  1, 
1815.    See  South  Hadley,  Amherst  and  Northampton.    Loss,  121 ;  from  business  failures. 

Hatfield.— May  11,  1670.  Boundary  line  between  Hatfield  and  Williamsburg  established, 
March  14,  1845,  and  March  19,  1846.    See  WilUatnsbiirg  in  this  county,  and  Whatebj  in  Franklin. 

Huntington.— June  29, 1773.  Norwich.  Parts  of  Chester  and  Blandford  annexed  to  Norwich, 
April  28, 1853.  Name  changed  to  Huntington,  March  9,  1855.  See  Chesterfield  in  this  county, 
and  Montgoinery  in  Hampden. 

MiDDLEFiELD.— March  12,  1783.  From  parts  of  Worthington,  Chester,  Becket,  Patridgefield, 
Washington,  and  all  of  Prescott's  Grant.  Loss,  124 ;  partly  from  reservoir  disaster  in  1874,  causing 
suspension  of  business  for  some  months. 

Northampton.— Oct.  18,  1654.  Hockanum  Meadows  set  off  from  Hadley,  and  annexed  to 
Northampton,  April  15,  1850.  See  Easthampton,  Southampton  and  Westhampton.  Gain,  3,183 
over  7,925.  The  Mill  River  disaster  in  May,  1874,  checked  to  a  considerable  extent  the  usual 
growth  of  this  town,  otherwise  quite  rapid;  it  is  recovering  from  the  effects  of  its  losses. 

Pelham.— Jan.  15,  1742.  See  Prescott.  Loss,  104;  from  aggregation  of  farms,  and  consequent 
decline  in  agricultural  interests. 

Plainfield.— March  16,  1785,  as  a  district;  as  a  town,  June  15, 1807. 

Pkescott.— Jan.  28, 1822.    East  Parish  of  Pelham  and  south  part  of  New  Salem. 

South  Hadlet.— April  12,  1753.  Second  Precinct  of  Hadley.  See  Granby.  Gain,  1,271  on 
2,099;  from  development  of  textile  manufactures. 

Southampton.— Jan.  5,  1753,  South  Hampton.  Second  Precinct  of  Northampton.  Part  of 
Easthampton  annexed  to  Southampton,  March  13,  1841.  See  Easthampton  and  Westhampton 
in  this  county,  and  Montgomery  in  Hampden.  Loss,  166 ;  from  deaths  over  births,  and  removals 
to  larger  towns. 

Ware.— Nov.  25,  1761.  Ware  River  Parish.  Parts  of  Brooktield  and  Western  (now  Warren) 
annexed  to  Ware,  Feb.  8,  1823. 

Westhampton.— Sept.  29, 1778.  West  part  of  Northampton.  Boundary  line  between  North- 
ampton, Easthampton,  Westhampton  and  Southampton  changed  March  12,  1872. 

Williamsburg.— April  24,  1771.  West  part  of  Hatfield.  Boundaiy  between  Williamsburg 
and  Chesterfield  established  June  24,  1795.  See  Chesterfield  and  Hatfield  in  this  county,  and 
Whately  in  Franklin.    The  Mill  River  disaster  in  May,  1874,  checked  the  growth  of  Williamsburg. 

Worthington.— June  30, 1768.  "  No.  3,  W."  Part  of  Chester  annexed  to  Worthington,  June 
21, 1799.    See  Middlefield. 

MIDDLESEX    COUNTY. 

[Incorporated  May  10,1643.  Gain,  63,728.  Including  Charlestown  and  Brighton,  annexed  to  Boston  in  1873, 
the  gain  would  have  been  103,484,  those  places  having  a  population  of  39,756.  The  gain  is  from  the 
use  of  many  portions  of  the  county  for  residence  of  gentlemen  doing  business  in  Boston,  and  from  the 
general  increase  in  manufactures,  with  the  usual  natural  growth  of  a  large  community.] 

AcTON. — July  3, 1735.    Part  of  Concord.    See  Carlisle. 

Arlington.— Feb.  27, 1807.  As  West  Cambridge.  The  Westerly  Parish  of  Cambridge.  Part 
of  Charlestown  annexed  to  West  Cambridge,  Feb.  25,  1842.  Name  changed  to  Arlington,  April 
30,1867.    See  Winchester,  Belmont  and  Cambridge.    Gain,  1,146  over  2,760;  from  tho  extension 


312  CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1S75.      CO^IPENDIUM. 

of  the  Lexington  and  Arlington  Puailroad  to  Concord,  tlic  enterprise  of  the  Arlington  Land  Co., 
the  completion  of  water-works,  and  from  its  general  desirableness  as  place  of  residence. 

AsHBY. — March  6,  1767.  From  parts  of  To^ynsend,  Fitchbnrg  and  Ashburnliam.  Part  of 
Ashburnham  annexed  to  Ashby,  Nov.  16,  1792,  and  part  of  Fitchbnrg,  March  3,  1829. 

Ashland. — March  16,  1846.    From  parts  of  Hopkinton,  Framingham  and  Ilolliston. 

Ater. — Feb.  14,  1871.    Parts  of  Groton  and  Shirley.    See  Groton  as  to  change  in  population. 

Bedford. — Sept.  23,  1729.    From  parts  of  Billerica  and  Concord. 

Belmont. — March  18,  18.59.  From  parts  of  West  Cambridge  (Arlington),  Watcrtown  and 
Waltham.    Boundaries  defined,  1862. 

Billerica. — May  29,  1655.    See  Bedford  and  Carlisle. 

BoxEORoroH. — Feb.  25,  1783.  From  parts  of  Stow,  Harvard  and  Littleton.  Incorporated  as 
a  district,  Feb.  25,  1783 ;  as  a  town,  May  1,  1836.    See  Littleton. 

Brighton. — See  Boston. 

Burlington. — Feb.  28,  1799.    Part  of  "Woburn.    See  Lexington. 

Cambridge. — Sept.  8,  1633.  "  New-town."  Parts  of  Charlcstown  annexed  to  Cambridge, 
March  6,  1802,  Feb.  12,  1818,  and  June  17,  1820.  Incorporated  as  a  city,  March  17,  1840.  Part 
of  Watertown  annexed  to  Cambridge,  April  27,  1855.  Boundary  line  between  Somerville  and 
Cambridge  changed  April  30,  1856,  and  April  29,  1802.  See  Belmont,  Brighton,  Lexington  and 
West  Cambridge.  Gain,  18,726  over  29,112;  principally  from  use  as  place  of  residence.  Devel- 
opment of  furniture  manufacturing  also  enters  into  causes. 

Carlisle. — April  28,  1780.  Parts  of  Concord,  Acton,  Chelmsford  and  Billerica  incorporated 
as  the  District  of  Carlisle,  April  28,  1780,  and  as  a  town,  Feb.  18,  1805.    See  Chelmsford. 

Charlestown. — See  Boston. 

Chelmsford. — May  29,  1655.  Part  of,  annexed  to  Lowell,  May  18,  1874.  See  Loxcell, 
Carlisle  and  Westford. 

Concord. — Sept.  2,  1635.    See  Acton,  Bedford,  Lincoln  and  Carlisle. 

Draci-t.— Feb.  26,  1701.  Part  of,  annexed  to  Lowell,  May  18,  1874.  See  Loicell.  Loss,  789 
from  1,905;  owing  partly  to  loss  of  territory  in  1874  as  stated,  and  partly  from  shutting  down  of 
the  Merrimack  Woollen  Company's  Mills. 

Dunstable. — Oct.  15,  1073.  Boundary  between  Dunstable  and  Tyngsborongh  established, 
Jan.  29, 1798. 

Everett. — March  9,  1870.  Southerly  part  of  Maiden.  Part  of,  annexed  to  Mcdford,  April 
20, 1875.    Population,  3,651.    See  Maiden,  which  loses  this  number  of  persons. 

Framinghaji. — June  25,  1700.  Part  of  Ilolliston  annexed  to  Framingham,  Feb.  11,  1833. 
Part  of  Natick  annexed  1871.    See  Ashland,  Hollislon,  Hojjkinton  and  Marlborough. 

GROTON.-^May  29,  1655.  Part  of  Pepperell  annexed  to  Groton,  Feb.  3,  1803.  Boundary  line 
between  Groton  and  Dunstable  established  Feb.  15,  1820.  See  Pepperell,  Dunstable,  Harvard, 
Shirley  and  Ayer.  Population  of  Groton,  1,908;  with  Ayer,  which  was  set  oIT  in  1871,  it  would 
have  been  3,780 ;  showing  a  gain  of  about  600  instead  of  a  loss. 

HoLLiSTON. — Dec.  3,  1724.  Part  of  Sherburne.  Boundary  line  between  Holliston  and  Med- 
way  changed  March  3,  1829,  and  established  between  Holliston,  Hopkinton  and  Medway,  March 
27,  1835.    See  Ashland,  Framingham  and  Milford. 

Hopkinton. — Dec.  13,  1715.    See  Ashland,  Ilolliston  and  Uj^ton. 


APPENDIX.  313 

Hudson. — Marcli  19,  1866.  From  parts  of  Marlborough  and  Stow.  Part  of  Bolton  annexed 
Marcb  20,  1868.  Population,  3,493.  Bolton,  Marlborough  and  Stow  lose  in  consequence  of  the 
incorporation  of  Hudson. 

Lexington. — March  29,  1712.  Part  of  Cambridge.  Part  of  Burlington  annexed  to  Lexington, 
Jan.  10,  1810.    See  Lmcoln. 

Lincoln. — April  19,  1754.    From  parts  of  Concord,  Lexington  and  "Weston. 

Littleton. — Dec.  3,  1715.  Boundary  line  between  Littleton  and  Boxborough  established 
Feb.  20,  1794.    See  Boxborough, 

LoAVELL. — March  1,  1820.  Part  of  Chelmsford.  Incorporated  as  a  town,  March  1,  1826,  and 
J!S  a  city,  April  1,  1836.  Parts  of  Tcwksbury  annexed  to  Lowell,  March  22,  1832,  and  March 
29,  1834;  and  part  of  Dracut  (Ccntralville),  Feb.  28,  1851.  Parts  of  Chelmsford  and  Dracut 
annexed  May  18,  1874.  The  second  city  in  the  State.  Gain,  18,698  over  30,990 ;  from  general 
causes,  but  especially  from  increased  manufacturing.  Annexation  of  territory  has  not  added 
much  to  the  population. 

Malden. — May  2,  1649.  See  Meclford,  Melrose  and  Everett.  Gain,  4,003,  even  with  the  loss  of 
Everett,  set  off  Marcli  9,  1870,  the  latter  having  a  population  of  3,651.  The  growth  of  the  two 
places  is  due  to  the  facilities  of  communication  with  Boston,  giving  it  advantages  as  a  residence 
for  business  men. 

MAELKOROL'Gn. — May  31,  1660.  Part  of  Framingham  annexed  to  Marlborough,  Feb.  23, 
1791 ;  and  part  of  Southborough,  March  24,  1843.  See  Bolton,  Norihboroufjk,  Southboroitgh  and 
Ilndson.  Marllwrough  makes  a  gain  of  1,260  over  7,164,  notwithstanding  losses  of  territory  to 
Hudson,  etc. 

Matnard. — Apiil  19,  1871.  Parts  of  Stow  and  Sudbury.  Population,  1,965,  a  great  part  of 
which  Stow  and  Sudbury  lose. 

Medfokd.— September  28,  1630.  Part  of  Maiden  annexed  June  10,  1817.  Part  of  Medford 
annexed  to  Cliarlcstown  (now  part  of  Boston),  June  21,  1811.  See  Winchester.  Part  of  Everett 
annexed  to  Medford,  April  20,  1875.    Gain,  1,428 ;  from  its  use  as  place  of  residence. 

Melrose.— May  3,  1850.  Part  of  Maiden.  Gain,  1,125  over  2,865;  from  development  of 
building  lands  and  settlements  on  same. 

Natick. — 1762.  Incorporated  as  a  district  in  1762,  and  as  a  town,  Feb.  19,  1781.  Part  of 
Sherburne  annexed  to  Natick,  Feb.  7,  1820.  Boundary  between  Naticli  and  Wayland  established 
April  20, 1850.  Part  of  Isatick  annexed  to  Framingham,  April  22,  1871.  See  Xeedham.  Gain, 
2,211  over  5,208 ;  from  development  of  business  enterprises  and  building  projects. 

Newton. — Dee.  15,  1691.  New  Cambridge.  An  island  between  Necdham  and  Newton 
annexed  to  Newton,  June  21,  1803.  Part  of  Waltham  annexed  April  16,  1849.  Sec  Roxhury. 
Incorporated  as  a  city,  June  2,  1873.  Part  of  city  of  Boston  annexed  May  5,  1875.  Gain,  7,130 
over  8,975 ;  due  principally  to  opening  building  lands  and  the  enterprise  which  has  made  Newton 
a  desirable  place  of  residence. 

North  Peading.— March  22,  1353.  Northern  part  of  Reading.  Boundary  between  Lynn- 
field  in  Essex  County  and  North  Reading  changed  May  27, 1857. 

Pepperell. — April  6,  1753.  Incorporated  as  a  district  from  Second  Precinct  of  Groton. 
Part  of  Pepperell  annexed  to  Groton,  Feb.  3,  1803,    See  Groton. 

Reading.— May  29,  1644.  Lynn  Village.  See  Wilmington  and  Wakefield  (formerly  South 
Reading) ;  also  Lynnficld  in  Essex  County.  Gain,  750  over  2,436 ;  from  its  advantages  as  a  resi- 
dence and  the  opening  of  building  lands. 

Sherborn.— May  27,  1674.  Name  changed  from  Sherburne  to  Sherborn,  May  3, 1852.  See 
Holliston,  Natick  and  Medway. 

40 


314  CENSUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 

Sjiihley. — Jan.  5,  1753.  South-west  part  of  Groton.  Part  of  Groton  annexed  to  Shirley, 
Feb.  6,  1798.  Part  of  Shirley  set  off  as  part  of  Ayer  (new  town),  Feb.  14,  1871.  See  Lunenburg 
and  Ayer.    Loss,  135,  largely  from  loss  of  territory  as  above. 

SoMERviLLE. — March  3,  1842.  Part  of  Charlcsto^v"n  (now  part  of  Boston).  Incorporated  as 
a  city,  April  14,  1871.  See  Cambridge.  Gain,  12,515  over  9,353.  This  gain  is  owing  to  the 
development  of  building  lands,  the  filling  of  Miller's  River,  the  laying  out  of  a  public  park,  and 
to  the  many  means  of  reaching  Boston,  which  makes  Somerville  desirable  as  a  residence. 

South  Reading. — Sec  V/akejleld. 

Stoxeham. — Dec.  17,  172-5.  Part  of  Charlcstown.  See  Wakefield  (formerly  South  Reading). 
Gain,  1,686  over  3,298;  from  increased  manufactures  and  building  projects. 

Stow. — May  16, 1683.  Sec  Boxborough,  Ilarvard  and  Maynard.  Part  of  Stow  set  off  as  part 
of  Maynard,  April  19,  1871.    Loss,  515;  from  loss  of  territory  as  described. 

Sudbury. — Sept.  4,  1639,  Part  of  Sudbury  set  off  as  part  of  Maynard,  April  19, 1871.  Loss, 
526;  from  loss  of  territory  as  above. 

Teavksbuuy.— Dec.  23,  1734.  Northerly  part  of  Billerica.  Part  of,  annexed  to  Lowell,  June 
5,  1874.    See  Loicell. 

TowxsEND. — June  29,  1732.    See  Ashby. 

Tyngsboeough. — June  22, 1789.  Southerly  and  easterly  parts  of  Dunstable.  Incorporated  as  a 
district,  June  22,  1789 ;  as  a  town,  Feb.  23,  1809.  Part  of  Dunstable  annexed  to  Tyngsborough, 
March  3, 1792.  Boundary  between  Tyngsborough  and  Dunstable  established  June  10,  1814.  See 
Dunstable. 

Wakefield. — Feb.  25, 1812.  As  South  Reading.  South  Parish  of  Reading.  Part  of  Stone- 
ham  annexed  to  South  Reading,  April  5,  1856.  See  Lynnfield  in  Essex  County.  Name  changed 
to  Wakefield,  June  30,  1868.  Gain,  2,105  over  3,244;  due  to  enlargement  of  Rattan  Works  and 
to  the  building  enterprises  of  the  past  few  years,  together  with  the  excellent  railroad  facilities  of 
the  town. 

Waltham. — Jan.  4,  1737.  Westerly  Pi-ecinct  of  Watertown.  Sec  Belmont  and  Netcton. 
Gain,  3,071  over  6,896 ;  due  to  manufactures,  especially  watchmaking. 

Watertown. — Sept.  7,  1630.  S&q  Belmont,  Weston  and  Cambridge.  Gain,  1,320;  from  build- 
ing enteii^rises. 

Wayland. — April  10,  1780.  East  part  of  Sudbury,  called  East  Sudbury.  Name  changed  to 
Wayland,  March  11,  1835.  See  Natick.  Gain,  629  over  1,137;  due  largely  to  increase  in  shoe 
manufacturing. 

West  Cambridge. — See  Arlington. 

Westford.— Sept.  23,  1729.  Westerly  Precinct  of  Chelmsford.  Gain,  365  over  1,568;  from 
growth  of  manufiicturing  interests  in  the  villages  of  Graniteville,  Forge  Village  and  Brookville. 

Wkston. — Jan.  1,  1712.    Part  of  Watertown.    See  Lincoln. 

Wilmington. — Sept.  25,  1730.    From  parts  of  Woburn  and  Reading. 

Winchester. — April  30,  ISoO.  From  parts  of  Wobura,  Medford  and  West  Cambridge  (now 
Arlington).  Part  of,  annexed  to  Woburn,  May  12,  1873.  Gain,  1,131  over  1,968;  owing  to  build- 
ing enterprises  and  proximity  to  Boston. 

Woburn. — May  18,  1642.  Charlestown  Village.  Sec  Burlington,  Wilmington  and  Winchester. 
Gain,  2,569  over  6,999 ;  principally  due  to  development  of  manufactures,  especially  of  leather. 
Building  operations  have  also  tended  to  increase  the  population. 


APPENDIX.  315 


NANTUCKET    COUNTY. 

[Incorporated  Jwno  20,  1695.    Loss,  1,547.    From  lack  of  employment  at  home,  the  younger  portion  of  the 

inhabitants  seek  it  abroad.] 

Nantucket. — June  27,  1687.  Formerly  Sherburn.  Name  changed  June  8,  1795.  Only  toA\-n 
in  Nantucket  County. 

NORFOLK    COUNTY. 

[Incorporated  March  26,  1793.  Loss,  27,985;  owing  to  annexation  to  Boston  of  Dorchester,  Roxhury  and 
West  Roxbury,  with  a  population  of  78,000.  Otherwise  Norfolk  County  would  have  shown  a  gain  of 
50,015.1 

Bellingiiam. — Nov.  27,  1719  From  parts  of  Dedliam,  Wrcntham  and  Mendon.  Boundary 
between  Bcllingliam,  Franklin  and  Medway  established  Feb.  23,  1832. 

Braintree. — May  13,  1640.    Sec  Qumcy  .and  Randolph. 

Brookline. — Nov.  13,  1705.  Part  of  Roxbury  annexed  to  Brookline,  Feb.  24, 1844.  Part  of 
Brookline  annexed  to  Boston,  May  8,  1874.  See  Boston.  Gain,  1,413  over  5,262;  due  to  building 
enterprise. 

Canton.— Feb.  23,  1797.  Northerly  part  of  Stoughton.  See  Stovghton.  Gain,  874 ;  from 
manufactures. 

CoHASSET. — April  26,  1770.    Second  Precinct  of  Hingham. 

Dedham. — Sept.  8,  1636.  Boundary  between  Dedham  and  Dover  defined  March  7,  1791. 
Part  of  Dedham  annexed  to  Dorchester,  June  17, 1831.  See  Bellingliam,  Dover,  Dorchester,  Need- 
ham,  Medjield,  Walpole,  West  Roxbury,  Hyde  Park  and  Norwood.  Loss,  1,439 ;  from  loss  of  South 
Dedham,  set  off  as  town  of  Norwood,  1872,  and  territory  set  off  to  Hyde  Park,  1868.  Chief  loss 
from  South  Dedham,  now  Norwood,  the  population  of  which  is  1,749. 

Dorchester — Sec  Boston. 

Dover. — July  7,  1784.  Part  of  Dedham  incoi-porated  as  a  district,  July  7,  1784,  and  as  a  toM-n, 
March  31,  1836.  Boundary  betAveen  Dover  and  Dedham  defined  March  7,  1791 ;  between  Dover 
and  Walpole  changed  Feb.  27,  1872. 

FoxBOROuGH. — June  10, 1778.  From  parts  of  Wrentham,  Walpole,  Stoughton  and  Stoughton- 
ham  (Sharon).  Parts  of  Stoughton  and  Sharon  annexed  to  Foxborough,  March  12, 1796 ;  part  of 
Wrentham  annexed  Feb.  7,  1831 ;  and  part  of  Sharon,  Feb.  28, 1850.  See  Sharon,  Walpole  and 
Wrentham. 

Franklin. — March  2,  1778.  Westerly  part  of  Wrentham.  Part  of  Medway  annexed  to 
Franklin,  June  27, 1792.  Boundary  between  Franklin  and  Medway  established  Nov.  3,  1792,  and 
Feb.  23,  1832.    See  Bellingham  and  Norfolk. 

HoLBROOK. — Feb.  29, 1872.    Part  of  Randolph.    S(tQ  Randolph. 

Hyde  Park. — April  22,  1868.  From  parts  of  Dorchester,  Dedham  and  Milton.  Population, 
6,316,  which  the  towns  named  lose.  Hyde  Park  has  lost  since  1873,  by  the  burning  of  a  large 
woollen  mill,  and  the  shutting  down  of  a  rolling  mill  and  a  machine  shop. 

Medfield. — May  23,  1651.    Dedham  Village.    See  Medway. 

Medway. — Oct.  24,  1713.  Part  of  Medfield.  Boundary  between  Medway  and  Sherborn 
established  March  3, 1792.  See  Bellingham,  Franklin  and  Norfolk  in  this  count}',  and  Holliston 
in  Middlesex.    Gain,  1,023  over  3,219 ;  due  to  establishment  of  several  boot  manufactories. 

MiLTON.—May  7, 1662,    See  Byde  Park.    Small  loss,  from  loss  of  territory  to  Hyde  Park. 


316  CENSUS   OF   MASS. -1875.      COMPEXDIUM. 

Neeeham.— Nov.  5,  1711.  Part  of  Dcdlifim.  Boundaiy  between  Nccdham  and  Natick 
changed  June  22,  1797.  Sec  Newton.  Gain,  1,755  over  2,793;  from  general  development  of  the 
building  and  manufaeturing  interests  of  the  tomi,  and,  perhaps,  from  the  establishment  of 
Wellesley  College. 

Norfolk.— Feb.  23,  1S70.  From  parts  of  Wrentham,  Franldin,  Medway  and  Walpolc. 
Boundary  between  it  and  Wrcntham  changed  in  1S71.  Popnlation,  920,  which  the  towns  named 
lose. 

NouAvooD.— Feb.  23,  1872.  From  tliat  part  of  Dedham  called  South  Dedham  and  small  part 
of  Walpole.    Population,  1,749,  taken  chiefly  from  Dcdliara,  which  sec. 

QuiNCY.— Feb.  23,  1792.  North  Precinct  of  Braintrce.  Parts  of  Dorchester  annexed  to 
Qiiincy,  Feb.  12,  1819,  and  May  2,  1855,  and  a  part  of  Braintrce,  April  24,  1856,  Gain,  2,437 
over  6,718;  from  building  operations  and  the  deshableness  of  Quincy  as  a  residence. 

RANDOLini.— March  9,  1793.  Part  of  Braintrce.  Portion  of  boundary  defined  June  22,  1811. 
Part  set  off  into  new  town  of  Ilolbrook,  which  sec.    Loss,  1,670 ;  from  loss  of  territory  as  above. 

RoxBURY. — Sec  Boston. 

Sharon.— June  20,  1765.  Formerly  Stoughtonh.am,  Second  Precinct  of  Stoughton.  Part  of 
Stoughton  annexed  to  Sharon,  Feb.  12,  1792;  also,  ]\Iarch  26,  1864.  Boundary  between  Sharon 
and  Foxborough  established  Jan.  30,  1833.  Part  of  Sharon  annexed  to  Walpole,  May  1,  1874. 
See  Foxborough  and  Walpole.    Small  loss,  from  loss  of  territory  in  1874,  as  above. 

Stoughton.— Dec.  22,  1726.  Part  of  Dorchester.  Part  of  Canton  annexed  to  Stoughton, 
March  31,  1847.    See  Canton,  Foxborough  and  Sharon. 

WALroLE.— Dec.  10, 1724.  Part  of  Dedham.  Parts  of  Sharon  annexed  to  "Walpole,  Feb.  28, 
1804,  and  June  21,  1811;  part  of  Dedham,  June  21,  1811;  and  parts  of  Foxborough,  March  27, 
1833,  and  March  28,  1834.  Line  between  Dover  and  AValpole  changed  Feb.  27,  1872.  See  Fox- 
borough, Norfolk  and  Nonoood. 

West  Roxbury. — See  Boston. 

"Weymouth.— Sept.  2,  1635.  Boundary  between  Weymouth  and  Abington  established  March 
31, 1847. 

Wrentham.— Oct.  15, 1673.  Boundary  between  Wrcntham  and  Foxborough  established  Feb. 
3,  1819;  between  Wrcntham  and  Norfolk  changed  in  1871.  Part  set  off  to  Norfolk,  Feb.  23, 
1870.  See  Attleborough,  Bellingham,  Foxborough,  Franklin  and  Norfolk.  Loss,  about  700;  from 
loss  of  territory  as  above. 

PLYMOUTH    COUNTY. 

[Incorporated  June  2,  16S5.      Gain,  6,255.] 

Abington. — June  10,  1712.  Easterly  part  of  Bridgewatcr.  North  and  east  part  of  Abington 
made  into  the  new  town  of  Rockland,  IMarch  9,  1874 ;  South  Abington  incorporated  as  a  separate 
town,  March  4,  1875.  See  Weymouth,  Rockland  and  South  Abington.  Loss,  5,335  from  8,576  in 
1865 ;  occasioned  by  loss  of  territory  to  Rockland  and  South  Abington,  as  above,  otherwise 
Abington  would  have  shown  a  gain  of  1,324. 

Bridgeavater.— June  3,  1656.  Boundary  between  it  and  East  Bridgewatcr  established  Feb. 
23,  1838,  and  March  20, 1846.  See  East  Bridgeioater,  Ilalifax,  North  Bridgewatcr  (now  Brockton) 
and  West  Bridgewatcr. 

Brockton.— June  15,  1821,  as  North  Bridgewatcr ;  name  changed  to  Brockton,  March  28, 1874. 
Part  of  Brockton  annexed  to  South  Abington,  April  24,  1875,  and  pai-t  of  South  Abington  to 
Brockton  same  date.  Gain,  4,246  over  6,332 ;  almost  entirely  due  to  the  growth  of  the  manu- 
facture of  boots  and  shoes  during  the  past  five  years. 

Carver. — Jan.  9,  1790.  South  part  of  Plympton.  Boundary  between  Middle  borough  and 
Carver  established  March  24,  1849.    See  Plympton. 


APPENDIX.  317 

DrxufRT. — June  7, 1637.  Boundary  between  Duxbury  and  Marshficld  established  June  14, 
1S13.    See  Kingston  and  Pembroke.    Loss,  139 ;  from  decline  of  shipbuilding. 

East  Bridoewater. — June  14, 1823.  Part  of  Bridgewater.  Part  of  Halifax  annexed  to  East 
Bridgewater,  April  11,  1857.  Sec  Bridgeioater  and  South  Ahington,  Part  of  East  Bridgewater 
annexed  to  Brockton,  April  24,  1875.    Loss  of  168,  from  loss  of  territory. 

Halifax. — July  4,  1734.  From  parts  of  Plympton,  Middleborough  and  Pembroke.  Part  of 
Bridgewater  annexed  to  Halifax,  Felj.  20,  1824,  and  part  of  Plympton,  March  16, 1830.  Boundary 
between  it  and  Plympton  established  Feb.  6,  1SG3.  See  East  Bridgeioater.  Loss,  154;  by 
removals  to  Brockton  and  to  Abington  of  boot  and  shoe  mechanics  who  formerly  worked  in  their 
own  shops. 

Hanover.— June  14,  1727.  Boundary  between  Hanover  and  South  Scituate  determined  May 
15,  1857,  by  Resolve  of  May  31,  1856. 

Hanson.— Feb.  22,  1820.    Westerly  part  of  Pembroke. 

HiNGHAM. — Sept.  2,  1635.  Hingham  and  Hull  taken  from  Sufifolk  County,  June  18,  1803. 
See  Cohasset. 

Hull. — May  29,  1644.    Nantasket.    See  Hingham. 

Kingston. — June  16,  1726.  Pait  of  Plymouth.  Part  of  Duxbury  annexed  to  Kingston,  April 
14, 1857. 

Lakeville.— May  13,  1853.  South-westerly  part  of  Middleborough.  Boundary  between 
Lakeville  and  Taunton  defined,  1867. 

Marion. — May  14,  1852.  South-easterly  part  of  Rochester.  Boundary  between  Marion  and 
Wareham  established  Feb.  18,  1859,  and  Feb.  13,  1866. 

Marshfield. — March  2, 1640.    See  Duxbury. 

Mattapoisett. — May  20,  1857.  Mattapoisctt  Precinct — a  part  of  Rochester.  This  town  has 
lost  since  its  organization,  through  decline  in  shipbuilding,  but  is  growing  again  from  its  having 
become  a  seaside  resort  to  some  extent. 

MiDDLEEOROuGu. — June,  1669.    See  Carver  and  Lakeville. 

North  Bridgewater.— See  Brockton. 

Pembroke. — March  21,  1711.    Westerly  part  of  Duxbury.    See  ffawson. 

Plymouth. — Dec.  11,  1620.    See  Kingston,  Wareham  and  Plympton. 

Pltmpton. — June  4,  1707.  South-westerly  part  of  Pl.vmouth.  Boundary  between  Plj^mpton 
and  Carver  established  Feb.  8,  1793.    See  Carver  and  Halifax. 

Rochester. — June  4,  1686.  Boundary  line  between  Rochester  and  Fairhavcn  established 
April  9,  1836.    See  Marion  and  Mattajwisett. 

Rockland. — March  9,  1874.  North  and  east  part  of  Abington.  Population,  4,203,  which 
Abington  loses.    See  Abington, 

Scituate. — Oct.  5,  1636.    See  Cohasset  and  South  Scituate. 

South  Scituate. — Feb.  14,  1849.    Part  of  Scituate.    See  Hanover. 

South  Abington. — March  4,  1875.  Parts  of  Abington  and  East  Bridgewater.  Part  of, 
annexed  to  Brockton,  April  24,  1875.  Population,  2,456,  largely  a  loss  to  Abington.  See 
Abington. 

Wareham.— July  10,  1739.  Part  of  Plymouth  annexed  to  Wareham,  Jan.  20,  1827.  Bound- 
aiy  between  Wareham  and  Rochester  defined  1864  and  1866.    See  Marion. 

West  Bridge-water.— Feb.  16, 1822.    Part  of  Bridgewater.    See  North  Bridgewater. 


318  CENSUS   OF  MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 


SUFFOLK    COUNTY. 

[Incorporated  May  10, 1643.    Gain,  156,674,  of  which  117,756  is  from  annexation,— 78,000  from  Norfolk 

County,  and  39,766  from  Middlesex.    See  Boston.] 

Boston. — Sept.  7,  1630.  Indian  name,  Shawmut.  Tri-Mountain.  Noddle's  Island  (East 
Boston)  granted  to  Samuel  Maverick,  April  1,  1633,  and  annexed  to  Boston,  March  9,  1636-7, 
Long,  Spectacle,  Deer  and  Hog  islands  granted  to  Boston,  March  4,  1634.  Dorchester  Point 
(South  Boston)  annexed  to  Boston,  March  6,  1804.  Boston  incorporated  as  a  city,  Feb.  23,  1822. 
Act  accepted  March  4,  1822.  Boundary  line  between  Boston  and  Brookline  established,  and  part 
of  Brookline  annexed  to  Boston,  Feb.  22,  1825 ;  annexed  portion  joined  to  Ward  6,  March  3, 1826 ; 
Thompson's  Island  granted  to  Dorchester,  March  4, 1634,  and  annexed  to  Boston  from  Dorchester, 
March  25,  1834.  Boundary  line  between  Boston  and  Roxbury  established  March  16,  1836; 
changed  April  19,  1837 ;  established  May  3,  1850 ;  and  changed  April  3,  1860.  Part  of  Dorches- 
ter, kno^vn  as  Washington  Village,  annexed  to  Boston,  May  21,  1855.  Dorchester  annexed  1869. 
Part  of  Brookline  annexed  1870.  Boundary  line  between  Brookline  and  Boston  changed  April 
27,1872.  Roxbury  annexed  to  Boston  June  1,1867.  Brighton,  West  Roxbury  and  Charlestown 
annexed  by  chapters  303,  314  and  286  of  the  Acts  of  1873.  Part  of,  annexed  to  the  city  of  New- 
ton, May  5, 1875.  Gain,  149,601  over  192,318;  present  population,  341,919.  Boston  has  grown, 
by  annexation  of  Roxbury,  50,429 ;  by  annexation  of  Dorchester,  15,788 ;  by  annexation  of  West 
Roxbury,  11,783 ;  by  annexation  of  Brighton,  6,200 ;  by  annexation  of  Charlesto\vn,  33,556.  Total, 
117,756.  The  present  population  of  the  territory  which  formed  Boston  in  1865,  is  224,163,  so  that 
the  city  of  1865  has  gained,  exclusive  of  annexations,  31,845.  The  annexed  territory,  with  117,756 
population,  has  gained  41,448  over  the  population  of  same  territory  in  1865,  which  was  76,308. 

Chelsea. — Jan.  10,  1738.  See  Satigus  and  North  Chelsea  (now  Heveve) .  Gain,  6,334;  largely 
from  building  enterprises. 

NouTH  Chelsea. — See  Revere. 

Revere. — March  19,  1846,  as  North  Chelsea.  See  Winthrop.  Name  changed  to  Revere, 
March  24,  1871.    Gain,  745  over  858 ;  due  to  its  selection  as  a  residence. 

Winthrop. — March  27,  1852.  Easterly  part  of  North  Chelsea  (Revere).  Slight  loss  from 
ehutting  down  of  Revere  Copper  Works. 

WORCESTER    COUNTY. 

[Incorporated  April  2, 1731.    Gain,  47,384;  principally  in  cities  of  Worcester  and  Fitchburg,  and  a  few 
manufacturing  towns,  induced  by  extended  facilities  for  manufacturing.] 

AsHBURNHAM  — Feb.  22,  1765.  Part  of  Gardner  annexed  Feb.  16, 1815;  and  part  of  West- 
minster,  Jan.  28,  1824.    See  Ashby  and  Gardner. 

Athol.— March  6,  1762.  Part  of  Gerry  (now  Phillipston)  annexed  to  Athol,  Feb.  26,  1806; 
part  of  Orange,  Feb.  7,  1816;  and  parts  of  New  Salem,  Feb.  5,  1830,  and  March  16,  1837.  See 
Royalston,  Phillipston  and  Boylston.    Gain,  1,320  over  2,814;  due  to  manufacturing  facilities. 

Auburn. — April  10,  1778.  Formerly  Ward ;  from  parts  of  Worcester,  Sutton,  Oxford  and 
Leicester.    Name  changed  to  Auburn,  Feb.  17,  1837. 

Barre. — March  28,  1753.  North-westerly  part  of  Rutland  incorporated  as  Rutland  District, 
March  28,  1753 ;  as  Town  of  Hutchinson,  June,  1774 ;  and  name  changed  to  Barre,  Nov.,  1776. 
Loss,  396 ;  from  shutting  down  of  woollen  mill  and  of  powder  manuftictory. 

Berlin. — March  16, 1784.  South  Painsh  of  Bolton  incorporated  as  District  of  Berlin,  March 
16,  1784 ;  and  as  a  town,  Feb.  6,  1812.  Part  of  Lancaster  annexed  to  Berhn,  Feb.  8,  1791 ;  and 
part  of  Northborough,  Feb.  14,  1806. 

Blackstone. — March  25,  1845.  Part  of  Mendon.  Loss,  217 ;  occasioned  by  destruction  of 
several  manufactories  by  fire  within  two  years.  These  have  not  yet  been  rebuilt;  otherwise 
Blackstone  would  have  gained  considerably. 


ATPENDIX. 


319 


Bolton.— June  24,  1738.  Part  of  Lancaster.  Part  of  Marlborough  annexed  to  Bolton,  Feb. 
11,  1829.  Boundary  between  Bolton  and  Westborough  established  March  16,  1838.  See  Berlin; 
also  Hudson,  in  Middlesex  County.    Loss,  515 ;  cause  loss  of  territory. 

BoTLSTON.— March  1,  1786.  North  Parish  of  Shrewsbury.  See  West  Boyhton.  Slight  gain 
from  extension  of  mills. 

Brookfield.— Nov.  12, 1718.  Boundary  between  Brookfield  and  New  Braintrec  established, 
June  10,  1791,  and  March  8,  1792.  Part  of  North  Brookfield  annexed  to  Brookfield,  April  15, 
1854.    See  North  Brookfield  and  Ware. 

Charlton.— Nov.  2,  1754.    West  part  of  Oxford.    See  Oxford,  Southhridge  and  Sturbridge. 

Clinton.— March  14,  1850.  Part  of  Lancaster.  Gain,  2,760  over  4,021 ;  due  to  manufactures. 
Mills  are  newly  constructed,  which  will  swell  the  population  in  the  future. 

Dana.— Feb.  18,  1801.  From  parts  of  Petersham,  Hardwick  and  Greenwich.  Boundary  line 
established  Feb.  12,  1803.  Boundary  line  between  Dana  and  Greenwich  established  June  19, 
1811.    Parts  of  Petersham  and  Hardwick  annexed  to  Dana,  Feb.  4,  1842. 

Douglas. ,  1746.    Boundaiy  between  it  and  Uxbridge  established  April  25, 1864.    See 

Webster. 

Dudley.— Feb.  2,  1731.  From  lands  between  "Woodstock  and  Oxford.  Middlesex  Gore, 
unincorporated  lands,  annexed  to  Dudley  and  Sturbridge,  June  25,  1794.  See  Southbridge  and 
Webster.    Gain,  577 ;  from  establishment  of  a  linen  mill  and  a  paper  mill. 

FiTCHBURG.— Feb.  3,  1764.  "West  part  of  Lunenburg.  See  Ashby  and  Westminster.  Incor- 
porated as  a  city,  March  8,  1872.    Gain,  4,171  over  8,118;  from  manufacturing  enterprises. 

Garbner.— June  27,  1785.  From  parts  of  "Westminster,  Ashbumham,  Winchendon  and  Tem- 
pleton.  See  Ashbumham,  Ashhj  and  Westminster.  Gain,  1,177  over  2,553.  The  building  of  the 
Boston,  Barre  and  Gardner  Railroad  has,  with  the  increase  in  the  manufacture  of  chairs,  induced 
the  growth  of  Gardner. 

Grafton.— April  18,  1735.  Gore  of  public  land  annexed  to  Grafton,  June  14, 1823 ;  part  of 
Shrewsbury  annexed  March  3,  1826,  and  part  of  Sutton,  March  3, 1842.    See  Worcester. 

Hard-wick.- Jan.  10,  1738.  Lambstown.  Part  of  New  Braintree  annexed  to  Hardwick, 
June  10, 1814,  and  gores  of  public  lands,  Feb.  7, 1831,  and  Feb.  6, 1833.  See  Da7ia  and  Petersham. 
Shutting  down  of  a  factory  at  Gilbertvillc  has  interfered  with  the  recent  growth  of  this  town. 

Harvard.— June  29,  1732.    From  parts  of  Lancaster,  Groton  and  Stow.    See  Boxborough. 

HoLDEN.— Jan.  9,  1740.  North  part  of  "Worcester.  Boundary  between  it  and  Paxton  estab- 
lished March  27, 1793.  Part  of  Paxton  annexed  to  Holden,  March  19,  1831.  See  Paxton  and 
West  Boylston. 

Hubbardston.— June  13,  1767.  North-easterly  part  of  Rutland.  See  Princeton.  Loss,  106 ; 
from  the  loss  of  a  few  small  manufactories  and  the  removal  of  laborers  previously  employed  on 
the  county  roads. 

Lancaster.— May  18,  1653.— Boundary  line  between  Lancaster  and  Sterling  established, 
March  7,  1837.    See  Berlin,  Holden,  Leominster  and  Sterling. 

Leicester. — Feb.  15, 1713.    See  Ward  {Auburn),  Spencer  and  Paxton. 

Leominster.— June  23,  1740.  Part  of  Lancaster.  Part  of  No-town  (not  now  in  existence) 
annexed  to  Leominster,  April  13,  1838.  Gain,  1,888  over  3,313;  from  increased  facilities  for 
manufacturing. 

Lunenburg.- Aug.  1,  1728.  Boundary  between  it  and  Shirley  fixed,  March  3,  1846.  See 
Fitchburg  and  Townsend. 

Mendon. — May  15,  1667.    See  BelUngham ,  Blackstnne  and  Milford. 


320  CEN^SUS   OF   MASS.  — 1875.       COMPENDIUM. 

MiLFORD. — April  11,  1780.  East  Precinct  of  Mendon.  Part  of  Holliston  annexed  to  Milford, 
April  1, 1859. 

MiLLBURY. — June  11,  1813.    North  Parish  in  Sutton. 

New  Braintree. — Jan.  31, 1751.    See  Brookfield  and  Hardwick. 

NoRTHBORouGH.— Jan.  24,  1766.  North  Precinct  of  Westborough.  Part  of  Marlborough 
annexed  to  Northborough,  June  20,1807.  Sea  Berlin.  Loss,  225;  resulting  from  the  change  of 
cotton  manufacture  to  woollen,  and  the  entire  discontinuance  of  the  manufacture  of  boots. 

NoRTHBRiDGE.— July  14,  1772.  North  part  of  Uxbridge.  Parts  of  Sutton  annexed  to  North- 
bridge,  Feb.  17,  1801,  and  March  16,  1844.  See  Sutton  and  Uxbridge.  Gain,  1,388  over  2,642; 
from  manufacturing  enterprises. 

North  Brookfield.— Feb.  28,  1812.  North  Parish  in  Brookfield.  See  Brookfield.  Gain, 
1,235  over  2,514 ;  owing  to  enterprise  in  shoe  manufacturing. 

Oakham. — June  11,  1762.    West  part  of  Rutland. 

Oxford. ,  1713.    Part  of  Sutton  annexed  to  Oxford,  Feb.  18,  1793 ;  Oxford  South  Gore 

annexed  Feb.  6, 1807 ;  part  of  Charlton,  Feb.  23,  1809 ;  and  Oxford  North  Gore,  March  22, 1838. 
See  Charlton,  Ward  {Auburn)  and  Webster. 

Paxton. — Feb.  12,  1765.  South  part  of  Rutland  and  north  part  of  Leicester  incorporated  as 
District  of  Paxton,  Feb.  12,  1765.  Parts  of  Ilolden  annexed  to  Paxton,  Feb.  13, 1804,  and  April 
9,  1838;  and  part  of  Rutland,  May  24,  1851.  See  Ilolden  and  Rutland.  Loss,  26;  from  destruc- 
tion by  fire  of  boot  manufactory. 

Petersham. — April  20,  1754.  See  Dana.  Loss,  225 ;  principally  owing  to  distance  from  rail- 
road. 

Phillipston. — Oct.  20,  1786.  Formerly  Gerry;  name  changed  Feb.  5, 1814.  From  parts  of 
Templeton  and  Athol.  Boundary  between  Phillipston  and  Royalston  changed  March  29,  1837. 
See  Royalston  and  Athol. 

Princeton. — April  24,  1771.    East  wing  of  Rutland.    Part  of  Hubbardston  annexed  to  Prince- 
ton, Feb.  16,  1810,  and  part  of  No-town,  April  4,  1838.    See  Westminster. 

Royalston. — Feb.  17,  1765.  Parts  of  Athol  and  Gerry  (now  Phillipston)  annexed  to  Royals- 
ton, Feb.  26,  1799,  and  part  of  Athol,  March  7,  1803.    See  Phillipston. 

Rutland. — Feb.  23,  1713.  Boundary  between  Rutland  and  Paxton  established  Feb.  20,  1829. 
See  Barre,  Ilubbardston,  Oakham  and  Paxton. 

Shrewsbury.— Dec.  19,  1727.    See  Boylston  and  Grafton. 

SouTHBOROuGH. — July  6,  1727.  Part  of  Marlborough.  Boundary  line  between  Southborough 
and  Westborough  established  March  5,  1835.    See  Marlborottjh. 

Southbridge. — Feb.  15,  1816.  From  parts  of  Sturbridge,  Charlton  and  Dudley.  Pai-t  of 
Dudley  annexed  to  Southbridge,  Feb.  23,  1822,  and  part  of  Sturbridge,  April  6,  1839.  Boundary 
between  it  and  Sturbridge  changed  in  1871.  Gain,  1,609  over  4,131;  caused  in  large  degree  by 
the  erection  and  operation  of  "  Southbridge  Print  Works,"  aided  also  by  the  extension  of  the 
American  Optical  Company's  works,  and  of  the  Hamilton  Print  Works. 

Spencer.— April  3,  1753.  Second  Precinct  of  Leicester.  Gain,  2,427  over  3,024.  No  special 
cause ;  due  to  general  development  of  manufactures. 

Sterling. — April  25,  1781.    Second  Precinct  of  Lancaster.    See  Lancaster  and  West  Boylston. 

Sturbridge.— June  24,  1738.  New  Medfield.  Part  of  Charlton  annexed  to  Sturbridge,  June 
27, 1792.    See  Dudley  and  Southbridge.    Boundary  between  it  and  Southbridge  changed  in  1871. 


APPEXDIX.  321 

Sutton. — June  21,  1715.  Part  of  Northbridge  annexed  to  Sutton,  June  1-5,  1831.  Boundary 
between  Sutton  and  Nortlibridge  changed  March  7,  1837.  See  IVard  {Auburn),  Grafton,  Mill- 
bury,  Northbridge  and  Oxford.  Gain,  688  over  2,363 ;  largely  from  the  establishment  of  a  new 
cotton  mill. 

Templeton. — March  6, 1762.    See  Gerry  (Phillipston)  and  Gardner. 

Upton. — June  14,  1735.    From  parts  of  Mendon,  Sutton,  Uxbridge  and  Hopldnton. 

UxBRiDGE.— June  27,  1727.  Part  of  Mendon.  Boundary  between  "Oxbridge  and  Northbridge 
changed  April  30,  1856.    See  Douglas. 

Wakken. — Jan.  16,  1741.  Incorporated  as  Western;  name  changed  to  Warren,  March  13, 
1834.  See  Palmer  and  Ware.  Western  was  made  from  parts  of  Brookiicld,  Brimfield  and  the 
easterly  part  of  what  was  Kingsfield.  Gain,  1,080  over  2,180;  from  the  erection  of  a  new  cotton 
mill,  and  from  a  general  increase  in  manufactures. 

Webster. — March  6, 1832.  From  parts  of  Dudley  and  Oxford.  Boundary  between  Webster 
and  Douglas  established  Feb.  27,  1841.  Gain,  1,456  over  3,608.  Owing  to  the  shutting  down  of 
several  concerns,  Webster  shows  less  increase  than  she  ordinarily  would. 

WESTBOEoroH.— Nov.  18,  1717.  Chauncy.  See  Bolton  and  Southborovgh.  Gain,  2,000  over 
8,141 ;  from  the  healthy  growth  of  established  business. 

West  Boylston. — Jan.  30,  1808.  From  parts  of  Boylston,  Holden  and  Sterling.  Part  of 
Boylston  annexed  to  West  Boylston,  Feb.  10,  1820,  and  June  17,  1820.    See  Bolton. 

West  Brookfield. — March  3,  1848.    Part  of  Brookfield. 

Westminster. — April  26,  1770,  Part  of  Fitchburg  annexed  to  Westminster,  Feb.  12, 1796, 
and  Feb.  16,  1813,  and  part  of  what  was  called  "  No-town,"  April  10,  1838.  Part  of  Westminster 
annexed  to  Princeton,  April  22,  1870.    See  Ashburnham  and  Gardner. 

WiNCHENDON. — Juuc  14,  1764.  Sec  Gardner.  Gain,  961  over  2,801 ;  caused  by  the  growth  of 
manufactures. 

Worcester.— Oct.  15,  1684.  Grafton  Gore  (unincorporated  land)  annexed  to  Worcester, 
March  22,  1838.  See  Holden  and  Ward  {Auburn).  Incorporated  as  a  city,  Feb.  29,  1848.  Gain, 
19,262  over  30,055;  due  to  geographical  position  (being  a  railroad  centre)  erection  of  public 
buildings,  etc.,  with  general  and  healthy  growth  of  industries. 

41 


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